粘粒矿物和有机质对土壤胶体比表面的影响

分别从黑土、黄绵土、黄棕壤、红壤和砖红壤提取<2nm的胶体,测定去有机质前后土壤胶体比表面;并用猪粪中提取的胡敏酸与上述5种土壤胶体相作用,由泥炭中提取的胡敏酸与蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石相作用,测定其复合胶体的比表面;研究了粘粒矿物类型和胡敏酸对土壤胶体比表面的影响。结果表明,土壤胶体比表面大小与其所含主要粘粒矿物类型密切相关。5种土壤胶体比表面大小为:黑土>黄棕壤>黄绵土>红壤>砖红壤。砖红壤胶体去游离氧化铁后,胶体比表面明显降低;但黄棕壤胶体去游离氧化铁后比表面反而增加。有机质对土壤胶体比表面的影响因土壤类型不同而异,去除有机质后,黑土、黄绵土和黄棕壤胶体的比表面增加;而红壤、砖红壤胶体的比表面无明显变化。黑土和黄棕壤胶体与猪粪胡敏酸复合后,比表面降低;而砖红壤胶体与猪粪胡敏酸复合后反而增加。泥炭胡敏酸与蒙脱石、伊利石胶体复合后比表面降低;而高岭石却增加。     

土壤和粘粒矿物对亚硒酸盐的吸附和解吸

本文研究了三种土壤(砖红壤、红壤和黄棕壤)、高岭土和两种合成氧化铁(无定形氧化铁和针铁矿)对亚硒酸盐的吸附和解吸作用。讨论了亚硒酸盐的吸附特征,以及土壤中氧化铁对亚硒酸盐吸附和解吸的影响,根据实验资料与吸附等温方程式的拟合情况,作者认为以Freundlich和Langmuir公式为宜。此外,供试样品对亚硒酸盐的吸附和解吸结果表明,Se的吸附量随Se的添加量的增加而增加,但由于矿物组成各异,吸附量的差异显著。其吸附量的大小顺序为:无定形氧化铁>针铁矿>砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤>高岭土;而被吸附Se的解吸能力则是高岭土>黄棕壤>红壤>砖红壤>针铁矿>无定形氧化铁。实验结果还表明,在各种矿物组成中,亚硒酸盐的吸附和解吸受氧化铁的影响很明显,三个土壤样品的吸附等温线都表现出氧化铁在初始阶段对亚硒酸盐吸附快而强烈的特征,而在去除氧化铁以后,这一特征也随之消失,硒的吸附量显著降低,而解吸率则明显上升。     

土壤对重金属离子的竞争吸附

本文研究了理化性质不同的黄棕壤、红壤和砖红壤对Zn、Ni、Co的竞争吸附。采用含有不同重金属离子量的0.05molL^₁Ca(NO₃)₂溶液平衡,pH为5.5。结果表明,其吸附量的顺序:黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤。对各离子的选择性为:Zn>Ni≥Co。竞争吸附的机制与非竞争吸附有明显的不同。其特征首先表现在吸附量上,竞争吸附要比非竞争吸附高得多。特别明显的,土壤去掉游离氧化铁后其吸附量不但不降,反而有不同程度的增加,Zn²⁺表现尤为突出;影响吸附量很大的陪伴阴离子作用受到严重抑制;反映土壤与重金属离子间作用能力大小的pH₅₀的变化符合吸附等温线的特点。其次根据土壤对重金属离子的吸附和解吸的情况,可以认为,红壤胶体表面吸附位数量远不及黄棕壤和砖红壤,但高能吸附位的比例高。     

土壤对铜离子的专性吸附及其特征的研究

供试土壤专性吸附铜的等温线均符合Langmuir方程。红壤吸附量最低,砖红腹与黄泥土最大吸附量相近,但在铜浓度低时砖红壤吸铜量远低于黄泥土,而在高浓度则反之。土壤专性吸附铜是在溶液中Na⁺浓度比Cu²⁺高8.3—100倍条件下,Na⁺离子仍不足以与之竞争的那些专性吸附点所吸持的铜。按其解吸条件区分为松结合铜(可为N NH₄Cl解吸)和紧结合铜(仅能为0.1 N HCl解吸)两种。紧结合铜受平衡溶液铜浓度影响很小,所占据的吸附点对Cu²⁺有较强亲和力。松结合铜则随平衡铜溶液浓度增大而增加,符合Langmuir方程。对于砖红壤和黄泥土,在铜浓度低时紧结合铜>松结合铜;浓度高时则反之。红壤专性吸附铜始终以松结合铜为主。三种土壤比较,紧结合铜是砖红壤>黄泥土>红壤;松结合铜则是黄泥土>砖红壤>红壤。造成这些差别的原因可能与土壤性质、氧化物、有机质和粘土矿物组成等不同有关。用平衡法研究三种土壤专性吸附铜在不同浓度NH₄Cl和HCl溶液中的解吸表明,可进一步区分为三或四种不同的结合状况。红壤对铜吸附容量最小,且最易解吸。     

有机质和陪伴阴离子对土壤吸附Zn的影响

本文研究了土壤有机质和陪伴阴离子对黄棕壤、红壤和砖红壤吸附Zn²⁺的影响。结果表明:土壤有机质含量与吸附Zn²⁺的数量呈正相关;陪伴阴离子对土壤吸Zn²⁺量有显著的制约作用,土壤从ZnCl₂溶液中吸附的Zn²⁺数量高于Zn(NO₃)₂的0.77-1.16倍;△pH值与吸Zn²⁺量呈直线关系。由解吸情况可以判明红壤胶体表面的高能吸附位占的比例明显大于黄棕壤或砖红壤。     

硫酸根离子添加顺序对可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子的影响

研究了SO2-4添加顺序对三种可变电荷土壤(昆明铁质砖红壤、徐闻砖红壤和江西红壤)吸附Cu2+的影响,作为对照,也研究了其对恒电荷土壤(黄棕壤、棕壤)以及两种不同矿物(高岭石与针铁矿)吸附铜离子的影响。实验结果表明,在同等条件下,SO2-4添加顺序对两类表面性质不同的土壤吸附Cu2+有着不同的影响。对于恒电荷土壤,SO2-4添加顺序对土壤吸附Cu2+几乎没有影响。同等pH条件下,对可变电荷表面而言,加入CuSO4者具有最高的Cu2+吸附率;对昆明砖红壤、徐闻砖红壤以及针铁矿和高岭石而言,先加入Cu2+者相对先加入SO2-4者Cu2+吸附率更高;对江西红壤而言,上述这个次序则刚好相反。SO2-4浓度和有机质去除对同等pH条件下铜离子吸附率高低的排序并无实质性影响。     

土壤砷吸附及砷的水稻毒性

在砖红壤、红壤和黄棕壤上的试验结果表明，砖红壤对Ａｓ＾５＋和Ａｓ＾３＋的吸附最强，红壤次之，黄棕壤最弱，但土壤中砷对水稻的毒性却以砖红壤最大，红壤次之，黄棕壤最小，表明土壤砷对植物的毒性，未必受土壤吸附性能所制约。     

五氯酚在酸性土壤表面的吸附-解吸特征研究

本实验研究五氯酚在江西红壤和南京黄棕壤表面的吸附-解吸特征,结果表明:Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程均能较好地描述PCP在两种土壤表面的吸附,且黄棕壤表面的最大吸附量大于红壤。用动力学方程对PCP在红壤中的吸附过程进行拟合,Elovich方程、双常数方程和一级动力学方程均得到较好的结果,其相关系数(R2)在0.96 ~ 0.99之间,达到极显著水平。Elovich方程反映出PCP在土壤表面吸附的能量非均质分布;而抛物线扩散方程不能描述PCP的吸附过程,其相关系数0.46 ~ 0.48。PCP在土壤中的解吸率与有机质含量和pH值相关,随有机质含量增加,PCP解吸率降低,即黄棕壤表土<黄棕壤底土,红壤表土<红壤底土;随模拟酸雨的pH值降低,土壤因对PCP的吸附能力增加,其解吸率降低。     

有机酸对几种土壤胶体吸附解吸镉离子的影响

用平衡法研究了有机酸对土壤胶体吸附 解吸Cd2 的影响。结果表明 ,黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤胶体Cd2 最大吸附容量 (Qm)分别为 4 3 7、16 8、1 5 8mmolkg-1。在加入Cd2 浓度相同的条件下 ,土壤胶体Cd2 吸附量随有机酸浓度的升高呈峰形曲线变化。当有机酸与Cd2 共存时 (竞争吸附 ) ,低浓度的草酸 (小于0 5～ 2mmolL-1)或柠檬酸 (小于 0 0 2 5～ 0 2mmolL-1)提高Cd2 吸附量 ,高浓度的草酸或柠檬酸能降低Cd2 吸附量。吸附有机酸后的土壤胶体 (次级吸附 )对Cd2 次级吸附量的影响与竞争吸附一致 ,但两者的Cd2 吸附量变化幅度不一样。这是由于两种吸附体系液相中有机酸残留浓度不同所致。土壤胶体吸附态Cd2 的解吸结果表明 ,草酸浓度不仅影响Cd2 的总解吸量、总解吸率 ,还影响土壤胶体表面KNO3 解吸态与DTPA解吸态Cd2 的分配比例     

红壤主要土壤组分对低分子量有机酸吸附的研究

通过一次平衡法研究了双氧水去除有机质、添加1%腐殖酸和DCB法(连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠)去除游离氧化铁、铝对红黏土发育的红壤吸附草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸的影响。结果表明,去除有机质后,由于受溶液pH、表面吸附点位变化、土壤结构变化、表面基团活性变化、草酸根生成等多种因素的影响,红壤对低分子量有机酸的吸附量虽略有增加,但增加并不明显。添加腐殖酸培养一个月后,由于受土壤表面电荷变化、吸附点位覆盖、氧化铁活性改变、基团质子化等因素的影响,红壤对低分子量有机酸的吸附量虽有轻微的减少,但减少也不明显。去除占土壤总量3.79%的游离氧化铁、铝后,土壤表面正电荷将会显著减少,而导致红壤对低分子量有机酸的吸附量显著减少,其减少程度因有机酸种类而异,与原土对有机酸的最大吸附量(Sm)大小顺序相反。     

我国几种主要土壤胶体的NH4+吸附特征

本文讨论我国几种主要土壤胶体的NH₄⁺吸附特征。土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的吸附符合两种表面Langmuir方程。土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的结合能力强弱顺序是:黄棕壤>黑土、(土娄)土>红壤>砖红壤,而NH₄⁺的解吸率大小顺序与此相反。Langmuir吸附方程参数K₁与土壤胶体的粘粒矿物组成有关,并与土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的相对偏好性(A值)呈正相关。Langmuir参数(M₁+M₂)与土壤胶体的CEC呈正相关,去有机质(OM.)前后△K₁与△OM.呈反相关。去有机质可增加土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的偏好性。土壤胶体的NH₄⁺吸附和解吸特征决定于其组成和表面性质,并受有机无机复合作用的影响。永久电荷吸附位对NH₄⁺的偏好性较强,而可变电荷吸附位则较弱。     

EXTRACTABLE SESQUIOXIDES IN SIX MEDITERRANEAN SOILS DEVELOPED ON BASALT AND SCORIA

Iron, Al, and Mn were extracted by oxalate and dithionite from two Brown Mediterranean Soils, two Red Mediterranean Soils, one Vertisol and one Gley soil, all derived from basalt or scoria in the sub-humid and humid Mediterranean regions of the Golan Heights. Ratios of oxalate: dithionite extracted iron (Fe_o:Fe_d) were low in all soils, indicating that the predominant form of free iron is crystalline. Fe_o accumulates in the argillic B horizons of the Mediterranean soils, while Fe_d accumulates in the surface horizons. A large part of the free iron oxide in the surface horizons of Mediterranean soils is associated with non-clay fractions. While manganese behaves in a manner somewhat similar to that of iron, no definite trends could be discerned in the vertical distribution of free aluminium. In the Vertisol, Fe_o and Mn_o accumulate in the subsoil. Fe_d and Mn_d increase slightly with soil depth. In the Gley soil, amorphous iron accumulates in the surface horizon, total free iron in the bottom horizon. Both amorphous and total free Mn had been depleted from the upper horizons of the Gley soil.     

土壤对镉的吸附与解吸——Ⅱ.吸附势与解吸势

本文提出了吸附势(logK_a)和解吸势(logK_d或相对解吸势logK_dr)两个有关吸附和解吸的强度概念,并进行了理论推导和实验验证。logK_a和logK_d或logK_dr是影响土壤或胶体吸附和解吸因素的综合反应。实验证实logK_a可用于表征土壤胶体对Cd的相对选择性,并且对胶体吸附Cd有着良好的预测性;logK_dr可用于表征土壤胶体对Cd的相对固定能力,并可用于估测Cd的污染程度。盆栽试验表明,随着土壤胶体logK_a的增加,或logK_dr的降低,稻草或糙米中Cd的含量下降。可以预期,吸附势和解吸势不但在土壤物理化学,土壤环境化学研究中,而且在植物营养化学、水化学、以及界面化学等方面有可能获得实际应用。     

The effect of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption behavior of phosphate

As repeatedly reported, soil flooding improves the availability of P to rice. This is in contrast with an increased P sorption in paddy soils. The effects of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption of P of two paddy soils of Zhejiang Province in Southeast‐China were studied in anaerobic incubation experiments (submerging with water in N₂ atmosphere). Soil flooding significantly increased oxalate‐extractable Fe (Fe_ox), mainly at the expense of dithionite‐soluble Fe (Fe_DCB), as well as oxalate‐extractable P (P_ox), but decreased the ratio of P_ox/Fe_ox. Flooding largely increased both, P adsorption and the maximum P adsorption capacity. The majority of newly sorbed P in the soils was P_ox, but also more newly retained P was found to be not extractable by oxalate. Flooding also changed the characteristics of P desorption in the soils. Due to a decrease of the saturation index of the P sorption capacity, P adsorbed by flooded soils was much less desorbable than that from non‐flooded soils. There are obviously significant differences in the nature of both, the Fe_ox and P_ox fractions under non‐flooded and flooded conditions. The degree of the changes in Fe_ox, P_ox, P adsorption and P desorption by flooding depended on the contents of amorphous and total Fe oxides in non‐flooded soils. Our results confirm that the adsorption and desorption behavior of P in paddy soils is largely controlled by the transformation of the Fe oxides. The reasons of the often‐reported improved P availability to rice induced by flooding, in spite of the unfavorable effect on P desorbability, are discussed.     

名山河流域黄壤组分对微团聚体吸附解吸镉的影响

选取名山河流域4种土地利用方式（林地、水田、茶园、旱地）的黄壤为研究对象,采用平衡液等温吸附法和NH4OAC、EDTA溶液解吸法,研究土壤组分（有机质、游离氧化铁）对微团聚体吸附解吸Cd2＋的影响。结果表明：去除土壤组分前后,原土及各粒径微团聚体对Cd2＋的吸附量均随Cd2＋初始浓度增大而增大,吸附量均按以下次序递减：（〈0.002mm）〉2～0.25mm〉原土〉0.053～0.002mm〉0.25～0.053mm,与有机质、游离氧化铁、CEC呈极显著正相关。吸附减少量大小关系为：去除有机质〉去除游离氧化铁,有机质的贡献率大于游离氧化铁。Freundlich方程拟合效果最佳,达到极显著水平,分布系数Kd值与Cd2＋初始浓度呈曲线负相关。NH4OAC解吸率随原吸附Cd2＋初始浓度增大而增大,以最大解吸率计,递减规律为：0.25～0.053mm〉0.053～0.002mm〉原土〉2～0.25mm〉（〈0.002mm）;EDTA解吸率随原吸附Cd2＋初始浓度增大而减小,递减规律与NH4OAC解吸率相反。去除土壤组分后,NH4OAC解吸率上升,EDTA解吸率下降,茶园与旱地黄壤非解吸率减小,林地与水田黄壤非解吸率增大。去除土壤组分后,非专性吸附与吸附总量呈极显著正相关,专性吸附与吸附总量呈极显著负相关。     

土壤中可变电荷表面磷的解吸特性

本文研究了土壤中可变电荷表面磷的解吸特性。结果表明,磷解吸量与吸附量成正相关,并与直线方程和指数方程拟合。其平均解吸百分数依次为:高岭石(66%)>无定形硅酸铝(60%)>砖红壤粘粒(55%)>>无定形氧化铁(29%)>三水铝石(23%)>>火山灰粘粒(9%)。解吸体系的pH是借对磷酸根质子的解离和表面电荷的影响而制约解吸量。F^-和OH^-离子对磷酸盐化的三水铝石连续解吸的结果表明,磷酸根和氟离子在三水铝石表面的吸附量或剩余量之和均较为接近,这揭示了H₂PO₄^-和F^-离子之间既竞争又相互补充表面空位。它可作为一种区分磷吸附形态和沉淀的定量方法来进一步研究。     

土壤和氧化铁对氟化物的吸附和解吸

本文研究了两种土壤(砖红壤和黄棕壤)和两种合成氧化铁(无定形氧化铁和针铁矿)对氟化钠溶液的吸附和解吸现象,讨论了氟离子吸附的吸附等温线特征.根据实验资料和吸附等温线的拟合情况,我们认为,砖红壤和无定形氧化铁用Langmuir公式来描述,黄棕壤和针铁矿用Freundlich公式来描述更为适宜.氟离子的解吸量均低于吸附量.研究结果表明,由于水洗和醇洗,一部分以静电引力所吸附的氟离子被洗去,造成氟离子解吸量偏低.     

Sorption of poly(ethylene oxide) to soil: Role of soil mineral composition

Abstract

Poly(ethylene oxide) impacts on soil physical properties are thought to be a function of its adsorption by the soil material. The objective of the present paper is to evaluate the importance of microchemical surface composition of soil colloids on PEO adsorption. The microchemical surface composition of soil colloids was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis (EDAX). Results obtained from batch adsorption tests indicate that a correlation between the atomic ratio of Si:(Al+Fe) on soil colloids surface and PEO sorption capacity exist, where those soil colloids with larger value of Si:(Al+Fe) ratio are able to sorb PEO more efficiently. This correlation allows us to predict that the PEO sorption capacity for soil colloids decrease with progressively increasing degrees of soil weathering.     

我国几种土壤中铁锰结核的元素组成和地球化学特点

The objective of this research was to isolate a dichlorvos （2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate）-degrading strain of Ochrobactrum sp., and determine its effectiveness in remediation of a dichlorvos-contaminated soil. A dichlorvos-degrading bacterium （strain DDV-1） was successfully isolated and identified as an Ochrobactrum sp. based on its 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain DDV-1 was able to utilize dichlorvos as a sole carbon source, and the optimal pH and temperature for its cell growth and degradation were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. Also, the growth and degradation of strain DDV-1 showed the same response to dissolved oxygen. In addition, the soil degradation test indicated that in soil spiked with 100 mg L^-1 or 500 mg L^-1 dichlorvos and inoculated with 0.5% or 1.0% （v/v） strain DDV-1, complete degradation of dichlorvos could be achieved in 24 h. The present study showed that strain DDV-1 was a fast dichlorvos-degrading bacterium in soil. However, further research will be needed to clarify the degradation pathway and the properties of the key enzymes involved in its biodegradation.