江淮流域白浆化土壤的矿物组成与化学特性的研究

对采自江淮流域的7个典型白浆化工土壤剖面不同粒级的矿物特性与化学组成进行了研究。结果表明：该区域白浆化土壤的质地为粉砂质壤土及粘壤土，粉粒含量为45%～76%。粘粒矿物以水云母为主，含量为60%～80%，继承了黄土母质的特性，土体硅铝率（Sa)与硅铁铝率（Saf）分别为7.70～14.05与6.43～10.24，而粘粒的分别为3.53～4.22和2.40～3.35。各剖面土体Sa与Saf以表层较高或最高，有明显富硅现象；而粘粒的Sa和Saf及矿物组成，颗粒组成的层次差异则表现出母质层次上的不连续性，白土层与粘化层的显著分异是由于全新世黄土性沉积物，经过冲积淤积交替更迭，加上后期淋溶淀积而成；脱硅、脱盐基和富铝化及氧化还原淋溶淀积是其重要成土过程，后一过程不同的利用方式，强度有所差别，以水稻土较强。     

我国北亚热带白浆化土壤粘化过程的主组元分析

运用主组元分析方法，研究了白浆化土壤的粘化过程，认为粘粒的化学组成与粘粒的矿物组成相一致；在淋溶过程中，矿物分解可形成蒙脱石和高岭石粘淀层是土体脱硅脱硅富铁铝化过程的粘粒形成，淋溶，淀积的结果。     

北京低山与山前地带土壤发生过程及不同分类系统的对比

本文论述了北京低山和山前地带７个土壤剖面的主要发生过程,即粘化过程和碳酸钙淋溶淀积过程。残积粒化过程不仅仅表现在土体中部,在各个层次均存在,是土壤中普遍存在的发生学过程。本文认为钙积层存在与否取决于母质类型。并对比了７个研究剖面在不同土壤分类系统中的地位。     

福建漳浦金刚山土壤主要属性的垂直分布特点

通过对福建漳浦金刚山土壤垂直分布调查分析，结果表明，土壤有机质，风化淋溶状况，粘土矿物组成，铁铝水合系数及淀积层粘粒交换量等属性随海拔高度升高呈有规律的变化，这些属性为山地土壤分类提供参考数据，同时也为山地丘陵开发利用提供科学依据。     

不同脱沼泽阶段土壤中铁锰的比较研究

本文以沼泽土、起源于沼泽土的潜育型水稻土和潴育型水稻土系列为研究对象，研究了土壤脱沼过程中铁锰的变化规律。根据铁锰的剖面分布特征、土体和各粒级硅铁率与钛锰率，以及游离铁和活性铁的变化规律，土壤脱沼过程可分为两个阶段：（1）铁锰强烈淋失阶段。脱沼过程初期，土壤有机质含量甚高，且随着有机质分解加速而破坏性有机物如酸、酚类等物质的含量增加，故土壤还原能力增强，加之随着排水而提高了渗漏性，铁锰便强烈淋失。主要是以较粗粒级中的铁锰，特别是以游离态和活性态淋失为主，然后较细粒级中的铁锰亦发生明显淋失。（2）铁锰再淀积阶段。当土壤有机质下降到一定程度之后，还原能力便减弱，铁锰则氧化淀积。主要是以铁锰新生体等游离态形式向较细粒级再淀积。由于长期渍水，阻碍了铁的老化，因而再淀积的铁活性甚高，其活化度达80%以上。     

我国中部沿海陆域与海岛土壤属性差异的研究

以我国浙江、江苏、山东三省沿海陆域和海岛酸性母岩风化物上发育的 8个土壤剖面为对象 ,以海岛和陆域同纬度方向比较研究海陆不同生境下发育的土壤基本属性 ,阐明陆域和海岛土壤在同纬度同类型母质上发育程度的差异。结果表明 :海岛土壤pH值、盐基饱和度、粉粘比、粘粒的硅铝率和硅铁铝率比同纬度相邻陆域土壤高 ,土体红化率、粘化率比相邻陆域土壤低 ;海岛土壤区别于陆域土壤的最明显特征是其具有复盐基作用 ;成土过程的强度均是在海岛低于同纬度相邻的陆域土壤。     

中国黄土高原古土壤中粘粒移动问题探讨

黄土高原黄土沉积剖面中常出现若干古土壤层,该层往往是碳酸钙被淋失而粘粒含量特高的土壤发生层。因而对于该层粘粒来源引起了很大的争论。残积粘化论者认为黄土层中古土壤中的粘粒以伊利石为主,且为钙镁饱和,亲水能力差,不易发生机械淋溶现象。但是不论现代或古代土壤发生层中的确发生粘粒局部位移和富聚等现象,如结耕体外常见有发亮胶膜的出现和在薄片观察中可见光性定向粘粒和螺纹状聚集等现象。本文除确认上述现象存在外,     

福建红壤和砖红壤性红壤的发生和分类的探讨

本文研究了发育于福建中亚热带和南亚热带13个土壤剖面的理化性质、微形态性质和粘粒矿物性质,讨论了这些土壤的富铝化程度、红壤和砖红壤性红壤土类划分指标的选择及分类问题,结果表明,供试土壤均处于中度脱硅富铝化阶段,但在程度上有差别。以B层粘粒高岭石的平均含量为主要指标,平均硅铝率为辅助指标,将供试土壤分为两个土类:第一类是砖红壤性红壤,其B层粘粒高岭石平均含量大于70%,或介于60—70%之间,但硅铝率小于2.10;第二类为红壤,其B层粘粒高岭石平均含量小于60%,或介于60—70%之间,但硅铝率大于2.10,这里红壤和砖红壤性红壤的概念不完全等同于地带性土壤的概念。     

三江平原白浆土发生学特性

本文对三江平原三个典型白浆土剖面的理化性质、土壤微形态和矿物学性质的研究，探讨了白浆土的发生学特性。土体中Ｚｒ／Ｓｒ和Ｔｉ／Ｚｒ比率的变异系数表明，所研究的土壤剖面其成土母质岩性是连续的。典型白浆土具有一个松软的表土层、一个漂白层和一个相当厚的粘化淀积层。研究还表明，粘粒的悬浮迁移是白浆土的主要成土过程。表层和白浆层在成土过程中有Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ结核形成，且是原地形成的，其Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ明显源于原生矿物的风     

北京地区不同土纲典型剖面的土壤微形态特征

以北京地区不同土纲典型剖面为例,通过观察土壤薄片,利用ENVI图像统计分析功能,从土壤微结构、粗骨颗粒、土壤形成物与孔隙几个方面研究其微形态特征。结果表明:北京地区不同土纲典型剖面土壤之间微形态差异明显。淋溶土典型剖面土壤发育完全,Bt层常见到黏粒淀积胶膜;雏形土与新成土土壤微结构发育程度较低,没有淀积黏粒存在,但雏形土形成了B层,存在孔洞状结构,钙积现象明显,土壤发育较新成土成熟。人为土明显表现出大量人类活动的痕迹,侵入物、动植物遗迹多见,土壤发育最为成熟。     

THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNESIUM AND OF EASILY WEATHERED MINERALS ON HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY CHANGES IN A SODIC SOIL

Exchangeable Mg appears to have no specific effect on soil hydraulic conductivity of A and C horizons of a sodic sandy loam soil (montmorillonite and kaolinite clay minerals) leached with solutions which cause clay swelling to be the dominant mechanism reducing conductivity (SAR < 20, electrolyte concentration 10 meq per litre). There is some evidence of a specific effect when these soils are subsequently leached with water which causes clay dispersion to become important. Fresh loess in the A horizon dissolves in percolating rainwater, causing difficulties in the replication of experiments. It seems to give a small degree of ‘self protection’ to soil structure, a property likely to be operating in other soils affected by recent loess deposits.     

Long-term dynamics of the properties of leached chernozems under different forest plantations

The long-term dynamics of the main morphological, physical, chemical, and physicochemical properties of leached chernozems under introduced (Weymouth pine and Siberian larch) and aboriginal (English oak, Scotch pine, and whitewood) trees are discussed. The trees were sown in 1928–1930 in the Mokhovoe Forestry of Orel oblast (the Shatilovo Forest). A comparative analysis of published data and the results obtained in our study has shown some positive changes in the humus horizons under the impact of forest vegetation. The thickness of the humus layer (A + AB) has increased. It has become less compact. The soil structure and the water stability of the soil aggregates in the upper 30-cm-deep layer have improved. The total humus content in the A horizon and its reserves in the layers of 0–20, 0–50, and 0–100 cm have increased. In general, the properties of the leached chernozems have improved under the impact of the artificially planted trees.     

Specific surface area and wetting heat of different soil types in European Russia

The surface properties (specific surface area and wetting heat) of the solid phase were estimated for the main soil types of European Russia: soddy-podzolic, alluvial, and gray forest soils; typical, leached, ordinary, and vertic chernozems; and soils of the solonetzic complex. It was found that the values of the specific surface area and wetting heat are indicative of particular features of the genetic horizon of each soil type. Changes in these soil properties under the effect of different anthropogenic impacts were studied. The bonding strength between the adsorbed water and the soil solid phase was characterized. It was shown that the water content at the potential of the first wetting film layer is close to the content of strongly bound water calculated from the wetting heat of the soils.     

土壤侵蚀作用对黄土高原黏化层鉴定和淋溶土分类的影响

黏化层是淋溶土的首要诊断标准。一般情况下,黏化层是在长期相对稳定的湿润淋溶条件下形成的。但黏化过程很可能因为气候变化和土壤侵蚀作用而被打断。本文以山西土系调查16个淋溶土剖面为研究对象,通过对各剖面黏化层与上覆下伏层、各剖面间的基本特征及其理化性状分析,探索土壤侵蚀作用对黄土高原黏化层鉴定和淋溶土分类的影响。结果表明:（1）黄土高原16个淋溶土剖面中大多数黏化层与上覆层之间的形态特征过渡明显,胶膜、黏化率、粉黏比以及石灰性强弱等理化性质均表明黏化层主要是淋溶淀积的结果;（2）根据诊断层与诊断特性,将这16个淋溶土剖面进一步分为表蚀铁质干润淋溶土、石化钙积干润淋溶土、简育钙积干润淋溶土和普通简育干润淋溶土等不同亚类;（3）表蚀亚类的黏化率明显低于其他几个亚类,而粉黏比与之相反;（4）依据胶膜存在而被鉴别为黏化层的诊断层是古土壤黏化层受地质剥蚀作用剥蚀后而出露地表的。这一结果与土壤系统分类诊断剖面只限于近地表1.5 m、最多不超过2.0 m深度有关,而如果按土壤地理发生分类,则这些古土壤黏化层会被认定为“红黏土母质”并在土属一级得到反映。     

Genesis,hydrology, and properties of soils in mesodepressions waterlogged by surface water in the northern Ryazan forest-steppe

On the interfluves and in small depressions of the Ryazan forest-steppe, under periodic stagnation of surface water, acid chernozem-like soils with a relatively thick humus horizon, podzolic horizons, and marble-colored gleyed B1 and B2 horizons are formed. The eluvial horizons of these soils contain Mn-Fe nodules, and dark humus coatings occur in the illuvial horizons. In the spring, the eluvial horizons of these soils are excessively moistened and gravitational water stagnates on the soil surface for 3–4 weeks. The formation of the acid light-colored eluvial horizons of the soils on leached rocks is related to gleying under the conditions of the stagnant-percolative regime. Their total thickness is 15–25 cm and more. According to the properties of their solid phase, these horizons are similar to the podzolic horizons of soddy-podzolic gleyed soils. These soils have not been represented in the classification systems of soils of the USSR and Russia. Based on the principles of the substantial-genetic classification, one of the authors of this article [9] referred this soil to gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils, thus, considering it as an individual genetic soil type. The gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils differ from the leached chernozems by their low productivity and difficulty of tillage. In humid and moderately moist years, the death of crops or a reduction in yield are probable because of the excess of moisture.     

Systems of solutions,minerals, and humic substances in soils

The equilibrium composition of solutions, minerals, and humic substances of the humus-clay plasma from the humus horizon of a leached chernozem was calculated using the method of computerized physicochemical simulation based on Gibbs’ principle of minimum free energy in the equilibrium state of the system. It was shown that the plasma from the humus horizons of chernozems and soddy-deeply podzolic soil mainly consists of oxides, hydroxides, humic substances, kaolinite, and 2: 1 illite-smectite minerals. The stoichiometry of the humic substances corresponds to calcium-saturated humus acids with appreciable contents of iron and aluminum. The crystallochemical composition of the 2: 1 layered minerals classifies them among ferruginated mixed-layered illite-montmorillonites. Simulation at an increased concentration of carbon dioxide indicated the degradation of the humus-clay plasma in a leached chernozem under extensive soil use, which can be restored by application of potassium at rates 1-to ?1.5-fold its removal.     

Temperature and soil moisture effects on dissolved organic matter release from a moorland Podzol O horizon under field and controlled laboratory conditions

Organic upland soils store large amounts of humified organic matter. The mechanisms controlling the leaching of this C pool are not completely understood. To examine the effects of temperature and microbial cycling on C leaching, we incubated five unvegetated soil cores from a Podzol O horizon (from NE Scotland), over a simulated natural temperature cycle for 1 year, whilst maintaining a constant soil moisture content. Soil cores were leached with artificial rain (177 mm each, monthly) and the leachates analysed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and their specific C‐normalized UV absorbance determined (SUVA, 285 nm). Monthly values of respiration of the incubated soils were determined as CO₂ efflux. To examine the effects of vegetation C inputs and soil moisture, in addition to temperature, we sampled O horizon pore waters in situ and collected five additional field soil cores every month. The field cores were leached under controlled laboratory conditions. Hysteresis in the monthly amount of DOC leached from field cores resulted in greater DOC on the rising, than falling temperature phases. This hysteresis suggested that photosynthetic C stimulated greater DOC losses in early summer, whereas limitations in the availability of soil moisture in late summer suppressed microbial decomposition and DOC loss. Greater DOC concentrations of in‐situ pore waters than for any core leachates were attributed to the effects of soil drying and physico‐chemical processes in the field. Variation in the respiration rates for the incubated soils was related to temperature, and respiration provided a greater pathway of C loss (44 g C m⁻² year⁻¹) than DOC (7.2 g C m⁻² year⁻¹). Changes in SUVA over spring and summer observed in all experimental systems were related to the period of increased temperature. During this time, DOC became less aromatic, which suggests that lower molecular weight labile compounds were not completely mineralized. The ultimate DOC source appears to be the incomplete microbial decomposition of recalcitrant humified C. In warmer periods, any labile C that is not respired is leached, but in autumn either labile C production ceases, or it is sequestered in soil biomass.     

Bulk sediment bioassays with five species of fresh-water oligochaetes

The fluxes of metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in two spruce forest soils in S. Sweden were quantified using the lysimeter technique. Amounts in precipitation (dry and wet), throughfall, litterfall and annual accumulation in biomass were also quantified, as well as stores in soil and biomass. The metal concentrations of the soil solutions varied greatly according to season. The leaching of some metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, and organic forms of Al) was associated with the leaching of organic matter. These complexes were leached from the A horizon in considerable amounts. They were precipitated in the upper B horizon and only small amounts were transported further downward. By contrast, the leaching of Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Cd, Zn, Ni, and inorganic forms of Al increased with increasing soil depth. The concentrations of these metals also increased with increasing soil solution acidity. The highest concentrations were often found at the transition to the C horizon. The amounts of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Al, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Ni leached from the rooting zone were found to be larger than the amounts deposited from the atmosphere, the main source of these metals being the mineral soil. The reverse was true of Ph, Cu, and Fe, the sink being the upper part of the B horizon.     

玉米对土壤深层标记硝态氮的利用

采用将15N标记的硝态氮注射于土壤剖面110cm处的田间微区试验法,在施氮和不施氮两种条件下研究玉米对深层累积硝态氮的利用程度。结果表明,对于试验土壤在施氮和不施氮的条件下,玉米对注射于土壤剖面110cm处15N标记的硝态氮的回收率分别为11.9％和6.7％;土壤耕层施用氮肥促进了玉米中下层根系的发育,提高了对深层标记NO3--N的回收率;在偏旱气候年份,土壤深层110cm处标记的硝态氮没有发生明显向下迁移,仅以标记区域为中心向上和向下扩散了20cm左右。研究结果还表明,通过植物利用土壤深层累积NO3--N,避免硝态氮进一步向浅层地下水迁移具有一定的可行性。     

Distribution and Concentration of Pb and Cd in Two Adjacent Luvisols under Grassland and Forest in Denmark

The effect of land use (forest and grassland) on the deposition and mobility of Pb and Cd has been studied by extraction with 1M HCl, 1M NH₄Ac/HAc and 1M NH₄Ac. The soils were described pedologically and the main physical and chemical parameters were determined. The Pb concentration in the A horizon is higher in the profile under forest than in the profile under grassland. We assign this difference to the filter action of the forest. The Cd concentration is highest in the grassland profile because the forest soil is more degraded and Cd is leached to a higher degree in this soil. Both metals are more mobile (easier to extract) in the forest because the forest soil is most acidic, and because a greater part is bound to organic compounds (humic and fulvic acids) which are more abundant in the forest than in the grassland. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in the A horizons are 26 ppm and 0.1 ppm under the forest and 9 ppm and 0.2 ppm under grassland, respectively.