pH对水稻离体根系吸收亚硒酸盐生理机制的影响

利用水稻幼苗离体根,分别研究pH3.0、pH5.0和pH8.0条件下对根系吸收不同形式亚硒酸盐生理机制的影响。结果显示,pH3.0和pH8.0时0.10 mmolL-1DNP,1.0 m molL-1NaF和低温(4℃)仅能较小程度地抑制水稻根系对亚硒酸盐的吸收,根系随硒浓度变化的吸收曲线为一直线,而pH5.0时,能够抑制绝大多数亚硒酸盐的吸收,吸收曲线为一饱和曲线。进一步研究显示,pH3.0时,HgCl2和AgNO3能够抑制绝大多数亚硒酸盐的吸收,pH8.0时,阴离子通道抑制剂仅能抑制小部分亚硒酸盐的吸收。可见,pH5.0时,亚硒酸盐主要以主动方式进入水稻根内,而pH3.0和pH8.0时以被动方式进入水稻根内,此外,pH3.0时亚硒酸盐主要通过水通道途径进入水稻根内,而pH8.0时亚硒酸盐可能不是通过阴离子通道而是通过其他被动方式进入水稻根内。     

NaCl胁迫对葡萄幼苗根际pH值及营养成分的影响

采用多隔层根际培养的方法,研究了NaCl胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗根际土和非根际土的pH值以及主要营养成分的变化。结果表明,NaCl处理对赤霞珠葡萄幼苗的生长造成了不同程度的抑制。不同NaCl处理下,葡萄幼苗根际土壤pH均低于非根际土,各层土壤的pH随盐胁迫程度加深而增高;水溶性K+在根际含量较低,水溶性Na+ 和Ca2+在根际富集。非盐渍条件下,葡萄幼苗根际碱解氮增高,而在盐胁迫下下降。在4 g/kg NaCl胁迫下,葡萄根际有效磷降低,其它处理下升高;而水溶性Mg2+ 则相反。试验结果还表明,Na+的存在阻碍了根系对多种矿质营养的吸收和利用,影响了葡萄的正常生理活动,不同程度地限制了葡萄根系的生活力和吸收能力。在Na+的作用下,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的迁移和吸收受到不同程度的影响,与对照相比,各层土壤中的几种离子的含量均有所变化。     

有色稻与常规稻富硒能力比较及其机理初探

利用根袋盆栽试验,初步比较了有色稻(龙晴四号和黑米120)和常规稻(秀水 48 和S.Andrea)苗期富Se能力的差异,并分析了富Se能力与根际特征的相关性.结果表明,植株富Se能力与稻种颜色无直接关系,而与茎叶Se转运能力关系更为密切.无论土壤施Se与否,富Se品种均表现出较强的茎叶Se转运能力,但与有色稻相比常规品种显示出较高的Se肥效应.富Se品种在植株N、P养分的吸收利用上同样表现出强的能力,其累积顺序与Se累积顺序一致:秀水48＞龙晴四号＞黑米120＞S.Andrea;相关分析表明,4个水稻品种茎叶Se含量与茎叶N、P含量及根际速效P亏缺率显著相关,而与根际K和pH值无关.无论有色稻还是常规稻,较高的茎叶Se转运能力可能是其富Se原因之一.     

富硒和非富硒水稻品种苗期硒吸收和转运差异

利用水培试验研究了富Se和非富Se水稻品种苗期Se吸收和转运差异。结果表明:不同供Se水平,富Se水稻品种根系Se吸收速率和茎叶Se含量明显高于非富Se品种,而两类品种间根部Se含量无明显差异。低Se水平下(20μg/L),富Se品种茎叶/根Se总量比明显高于非富Se品种。可见Se吸收转运差异可能是引起两类水稻品种稻米Se含量差异的主要原因。     

不同价态外源硒对小白菜生长及养分吸收的影响

采用土壤外源加入两种不同价态的硒 [Se(Ⅳ)和 Se(Ⅵ)]的盆栽试验,研究了其对小白菜生长、营养元素和硒吸收的影响。结果表明,施硒对小白菜的生长均表现出低浓度(5 mg/kg)促进,高浓度(5 mg/kg)抑制趋势。Se(Ⅵ)处理小白菜地上部硒含量大于地下部;而Se(Ⅳ)处理则与Se(Ⅵ)相反。硒从根部转运到地上部的转移因子Se(Ⅵ)处理大于Se(Ⅳ)。两种价态硒处理,小白菜对氮、磷、钾、硫、镁和锌的吸收也表现出低浓度时为促进作用,高浓度为抑制作用。Se(Ⅵ)显著增加了钙的吸收,Se(Ⅳ)却无显著影响;Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)均能促进小白菜对铁的吸收。相同浓度下, Se(Ⅵ)对各个营养元素吸收的影响显著大于Se(Ⅳ)。综合硒对生长和养分吸收的影响看出,小白菜施硒量以Se(Ⅵ)不超过2.5 mg/kg或Se(Ⅳ)不超过5 mg/kg为宜。     

超富集植物李氏禾根系对Cr（Ⅵ）吸收机制的研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了超富集植物李氏禾根系对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸收特征。结果表明,解偶联剂2,4-二硝基苯酚（DNP）,ATP酶抑制剂（Na3VO4）和低温（2℃）处理均显著地抑制了李氏禾根对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸收（P〈0．05）.其中,低温处理的抑制作用最明显,李氏禾根中铬的浓度较对照降低69．8％,说明李氏禾根对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸收是需要能量的主动过程。此外,李氏禾根系对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸收符合Michaelis-Menten方程,其米氏常数（k）为91．08μmol·L-1。在5mmol·L^-1SO4^2-处理下,该米氏常数是对照的1．27倍;而在SO4^2-缺失的条件下,李氏禾根对Cr（Ⅵ）吸收的米氏常数较对照减少了24．3％。这种拮抗关系表明李氏禾根对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸收可能与硫酸根吸收体系有关。     

铝胁迫下不同小麦基因型根际pH的变化、NH4+和NO3-吸收及还原与其耐铝性的关系

以耐Al性明显差异的 2个小麦基因型为材料 ,采用溶液培养试验和动力学方法研究了根际 pH变化、NH4+和NO3- 的吸收以及NO3- 还原与其耐Al性的关系。结果表明 ,A1胁迫下鉴 86.4(耐性基因型 )比扬麦 5号 (敏感基因型 )能维持较高的根际 pH值 ,当溶液 pH值下降到最低时 ,前者比后者高 0.23个pH单位。吸收动力学研究表明 ,鉴 86-4在无Al和有Al胁迫时对NO3- 的吸收速率和亲和力大于扬麦 5号 ;而对NH4+的吸收速率和亲和力却小于扬麦 5号。Al还降低叶片和根系的硝酸还原酶活性 ,但鉴 86.4的叶片和根系硝酸还原酶活性均高于扬麦 5号。此外 ,在Al胁迫下 ,植株体内游离脯氨酸含量迅速提高 ,但扬麦 5号积累量高于鉴 86.4。鉴 86.4具有较高的耐Al能力可能与其在Al胁迫下对NO3- 的吸收速率、亲和力以及硝酸还原酶活性较高 ,而对N4+的吸收速率和亲和力较低 ,从而能维持较高的根际 pH值有关     

苏南典型区农田土壤硒-镉拮抗作用研究

以苏南典型区2027套稻米-土壤样品的Se、Cd含量及其相关的元素地球化学调查数据为基础,通过元素相关性统计分析及生物富集系数(BCF)等分布特征研究,本文探讨了农田土壤中Se与Cd的拮抗作用及其控制因素。结果表明：1)土壤中Se和Cd分布共消长特征明显,两者之间具有显著正相关性、相关系数R最高可达0.87；2)有关岩石、陶瓷原料、河泥等均可成为农田富集Se、Cd的物质来源,且多为富Cd强于富Se,只有源于富硒岩石的富硒土壤可排除Cd污染干扰、其开发利用价值最高；3)稻米Se与Cd的生物富集系数多介于0.1～0.8之间,土壤偏碱性有利于稻籽吸收Se、偏酸性则有助于稻籽吸收Cd,受土壤Se、Cd同富集之影响,富硒米与镉超标大米可能同时出现；4)土壤富Se抑制稻米Cd吸收是有条件的,当土壤Se大于0.4mg/kg、总有机碳大于1.5%时,稻米Cd与土壤Se、Cd生物富集系数与土壤Se之间均存在显著负相关性,相关系数R分别为-0.74、-0.56；5)pH与Cd生物富集系数、TOC与Se生物富集系数之间也有显著负相关性,其相关系数R分别为-0.79、-0.65。     

硒与黄腐酸组配对水稻镉吸收的影响

以Cd污染水稻土为研究对象,采用盆栽试验研究不同用量Se(0.5,1.0 mg/kg)与黄腐酸(0.6,1.2 g/kg)组配对水稻吸收积累镉的影响,并探讨其作用机理,以期为Cd污染稻田的安全利用提供科学依据。结果表明:单施Se可使土壤pH提高0.08～0.23个单位,土壤CaCl_2提取态Cd含量降低8.6%～20.9%,水稻地上部各器官Cd含量显著降低29.4%～39.5%,单施Se能有效降低水稻吸收Cd,并阻控Cd向地上部以及籽实中的转运。单施黄腐酸能显著降低土壤pH,但对土壤CaCl_2—Cd含量、水稻各器官Cd和Se含量(除低量黄腐酸处理叶片和糙米Cd含量外)及水稻各器官Cd的分配无显著影响。Se与黄腐酸组配对土壤pH的影响取决于二者的用量,黄腐酸与高量Se组配处理显著降低CaCl_2提取态Cd 16.5%～21.9%。Se与黄腐酸组配处理能显著减少水稻Cd的吸收及向地上部和籽粒的转运,更为有效地降低稻米Cd含量,高量Se与黄腐酸组配的2个处理与对照相比,稻米Cd含量分别降低38.1%和50.2%。总体来看,施Se能有效降低稻米Cd含量,而Se与黄腐酸配合施用降Cd效果更佳。     

低温寡照影响番茄幼苗根系有机酸代谢和养分吸收

低温寡照气象灾害严重制约设施番茄产量和品质,本研究拟从番茄根系有机酸代谢和养分吸收的角度,探究低温寡照影响番茄生长的潜在机制。通过人工控制试验,设置不同低温（最高温/最低温：12℃/2℃、14℃/4℃、16℃/6℃、18℃/8℃）和弱光（200、400μmol·m-2·s-1）的交互处理,研究低温寡照处理2、4、6、8、10d后苗期番茄根系活力、氮磷钾含量、植株干重以及根系分泌低分子量有机酸（LMWOAs）的动态变化。结果表明：低温寡照显著抑制番茄根系活力和氮、磷、钾吸收,抑制根、茎叶干重增加,温度越低抑制作用越强;最低温（12℃/2℃）和最弱光（200μmol·m-2·s-1）处理下,番茄根系活力仅为对照的7.70%～22.1%,根系氮、磷、钾的净吸收量分别为对照的3.75%～18.1%、1.28%～27.1%和19.1%～35.5%,根系、茎叶干重分别为对照的23.4%～55.9%和42.6%～66.5%。低温寡照胁迫下番茄根系分泌低分子量有机酸的总量显著降低,土壤pH值升高,其中草酸的分泌量最大,下降幅度最明显。表明低温寡照对番茄生长的抑制作用可能与根系活力下降,草酸分泌减少和养分吸收降低有关,推测在低温寡照胁迫初期施加适量草酸或氮、磷、钾复合肥料或许可提高番茄的抗灾能力。     

L-cysteine Stimulates Selenite Uptake through GSH Involving in Selenite Reduction in Rice Roots

The effect of L-cysteine on selenite uptake rate in rice roots was investigated in this study. The results indicated that L-cysteine stimulated selenite uptake significantly, but D-cysteine had no effect on selenite uptake. Selenite uptake increased significantly when the roots were exposed to the L-cysteine solution following a cleanup of the adsorbed L-cysteine on the root surface. Exogenous reduced glutathione stimulated selenite uptake significantly, but oxidized glutathione had no effect on selenite uptake. Split-root experiments showed that exogenous L-cysteine and reduced glutathione applied to one-half of the root system induced selenite uptake by the untreated half. Furthermore, reduced glutathione concentration in rice roots was increased or reduced significantly when exposed to L-cysteine or selenite solution, respectively. A correlation analysis revealed selenite uptake rate was positively correlated with reduced glutathione concentration in rice roots but not in rice leaves. L-cysteine stimulates selenite uptake through reduced glutathione involving in selenite reduction in rice roots.     

L-半胱氨酸对水稻根系吸收亚硒酸盐的影响

硒是人和动物体内必需的微量营养元素。许多地方性疾病如克山病、大骨节病等均与环境中硒水平低有关[1]。硒对人和动物健康从有益到有害的范围很窄[2-4],摄入过量硒会引起人畜中毒[5-6]。由于人体内的硒主要通过植物性食物获得[7-8],因此探讨根外环境中影响植物吸收硒的因素,进一步通过施肥措施调节植物对硒的吸收以及调控植物性产品可食部分硒含量,确保食用安全和人体健康是非常必要的。在土壤中,硒主要以元素硒(Se0)、硒化物(Se2-)、亚硒酸盐(SeO32-)、硒酸盐(SeO42-)和有机态硒[(CH3)Se]五种形态存在。其中可以被植物根系直接吸收利用的无机硒主要有硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐[8]。研究表     

Physiological characteristics of selenite uptake by maize roots in response to different pH levels

In selenite solutions, H₂SeO₃, HSeO , and SeO<$>_3^{2‐}<$> are in equilibrium in proportions that vary with solution pH. The physiological characteristics of selenite uptake were studied with excised roots of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings at pH 3.0, 5.0, and 8.0. The results showed that 0.10 mM 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP), 1.0 mM sodium fluoride (NaF), and a temperature of 4°C inhibited selenite uptake by maize roots by 16%, 20%, and 23% at pH 3.0, by up to 80%, 79%, and 78% at pH 5.0, and by 5%, 9%, and 16% at pH 8.0. Hence, selenite may enter roots at pH 5.0 in an energy‐dependent manner, in contrast to pH 3.0 and 8.0. The uptake kinetics for selenite were determined for excised roots of maize, and the curves were linear at pH 3.0 and 8.0, but saturated at pH 5.0, showing that carrier‐mediated uptake of selenite occurred at pH 5.0, but not at pH 3.0 or 8.0. Further studies showed that HgCl₂ and AgNO₃ inhibited selenite uptake separately by 81% and 76% at pH 3.0 and indicated that selenite was absorbed by maize roots through aquaporins at pH 3.0. At pH 8.0, anion‐channel inhibitors only inhibited a small fraction of selenite uptake, indicating that the major absorption pathway of SeO<$>_3^{2‐}<$> species into roots was not absorbed passively through anion channels, but might involve other processes. According to these results, it is proposed that selenite uptake occurs via different mechanisms depending on its species in solution in response to pH levels.     

缺铁水稻根表铁膜对硒的转运和吸收的影响

Under anaerobic conditions, ferric hydroxide deposits on the surface of rice roots and affects uptake and translocation of certain nutrients. In the present study, rice plants were cultured in Fe-deficient or sufficient solutions and placed in a medium containing selenium （Se） for 2 h. Then, FeSO4 was added at the various concentrations of 0, 10, 40, or 70 mg L-1 to induce varying levels of iron plaque on the root surfaces and subsequent uptake of Se was monitored. The uptake of Se was inhibited by the iron plaque, with the effect proportional to the amount of plaque induced. The activity of cysteine synthase was decreased with increasing amounts of iron plaque on the roots. This may be the important reason for iron plaque inhibition of Se translocation. At each level of iron plaque, Fe-deficient rice had more Se than Fe-sufficient rice. Furthermore, with plaque induced by 20 mg Fe L-1, plants from Fe-deficient media accumulated more Se than those from Fe-sufficient media, as the Se concentration was increased from 10 to 30 or 50 mg L^-1. We found that phytosiderophores, highly effective iron chelating agents, could desorb selenite from ferrihydrite. Root exudates of the Fe-deficient rice, especially phytosiderophores in the exudates, could enhance Se uptake by rice plants with iron plaque.     

Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation of upland rice on uptake kinetics of arsenate and arsenite

We assessed the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on short‐term uptake kinetics of arsenate and arsenite by excised roots of upland rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Zhonghan 221). A concentration of 0.01–0.05 mM arsenic (As) differentially affected the influx rates of both arsenate and arsenite into rice roots non‐inoculated or inoculated with Glomus mosseae and G. versiforme. While V_max for arsenate uptake by non‐mycorrhizal roots was 1.02 µmol g^?1 fresh weight h^?1, it was reduced by a factor of 2.4 for mycorrhizal roots (about 0.42 µmol g^?1 fresh weight h^?1) in the high‐affinity uptake system. However, at high concentrations of 0.5–2.5 mM As only G. versiforme was able to reduce As influx. The results show that mycorrhizal effects on As uptake of upland rice are both concentration and species‐specific.     

植物对硒的吸收转运和形态转化机制

阐述了植物对不同形态硒的吸收、转运和形态转化机制。植物主要吸收水溶性硒,包括部分有机硒、硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐。多数研究表明植物对硒酸盐的主动吸收是通过高亲和力的硫酸盐转运子完成,最近的研究表明磷酸盐可以调节亚硒酸盐的吸收,磷酸盐转运子在亚硒酸盐的主动吸收过程中有重要作用;植物吸收的硒酸盐很快从根部转移到地上部,在叶片中被还原成亚硒酸盐,进而转化为有机硒化物进入其他组织;而亚硒酸盐及其代谢产物主要积累在根部,极少转移到地上部。进入植物体中的硒转化为含硒氨基酸和硒蛋白参与植物的代谢。     

水稻对外源硒的吸收利用研究

硒是人体必需的微量营养元素,食物是人体硒的主要来源,外源硒调控是生产富硒农产品的重要手段之一。通过盆栽试验,研究外源硒添加条件下水稻对硒的吸收利用问题。结果表明,土壤添加外源硒为0.2~0.6 mg Se·kg~(-1)土的条件下,对水稻的生长性状没有显著影响,但能显著增加水稻各部位的全硒含量。硒在水稻体内各部位的含量大小关系为:稻根茎叶糙米精米谷壳;但在各主要部位的总累积大小为:茎叶糙米精米稻根谷壳。在自然土壤上硒相对更多地富集于水稻根系,而外源添加四价硒处理,水稻吸收的硒相对更容易转移至地上部位,甚至更容易在糙米和精米中富集。水稻植株对外源硒的吸收利用率为2.87%~3.75%,地上部和籽粒累积外源硒的量占添加外源硒总量分别为2.60%~3.45%和0.94%~1.32%。     

Arsenic uptake is suppressed in a rice mutant defective in silicon uptake

Possible mechanisms of the effects of silicon (Si) on arsenic (As) uptake were explored using a wild‐type rice and its low‐Si mutant (lsi1). Hydroponic experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of internal and external Si on the As accumulation and uptake by rice in excised roots (28 d–old seedlings) and xylem sap (61 d–old plants). The presence of Si significantly decreased the As concentrations in both shoots and roots of the wild type but not in the mutant with 13.3 μM–arsenite or 10/20 μM–arsenate treatments. The Si‐defective mutant rice (lsi1) also showed a significant reduction in arsenite or arsenate uptake. Moreover, As concentrations in xylem sap of the wild type were reduced by 51% with 1 mM Si– and 15 μM–arsenate treatments, while Si had no effect on As concentrations in the xylem sap of the mutant. Arsenic‐species analysis further indicated that the addition of 1 mM Si significantly decreased As(III) concentrations but had little effect on As(V) concentrations in the xylem sap of the wild type with 15 μM–arsenate treatments. These results indicated that external Si‐mediated reduction in arsenite uptake by rice is due to the direct competition between Si and arsenite during uptake. This is because both share the same influx transporter Lsi1. In addition, internal Si‐mediated reduction in arsenite uptake by rice is due to competition of the Si/arsenite efflux transporter Lsi2 during the As(III)‐transportation process. Silicon also inhibited arsenate uptake by rice. It is proposed that this could actually be due not to the inhibition of arsenate uptake per se but rather the inhibition of arsenite transformed from arsenate, either in the external solution or in rice roots.     

Selenium speciation in soil and rice: influence of water management and Se fertilization

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for half of the world's population, but the selenium (Se) concentrations in rice grain are low in many rice-growing regions. This study investigated the effects of water management on the Se speciation dynamics in the soil solution and Se uptake and speciation in rice in a pot experiment. A control containing no Se or 0.5 mg kg(-1) of soil of selenite or selenate was added to the soil, and plants were grown under aerobic or flooded conditions. Flooding soil increased soluble Se concentration when no Se or selenite was added to the soil, but decreased it markedly when selenate was added. Selenate was the main species in the +selenate treatment, whereas selenite and selenomethionine selenium oxide were detected in the flooded soil solutions of the control and +selenite treatments. Grain Se concentration was 49% higher in the flooded than in the aerobic treatments without Se addition. In contrast, when selenate or selenite was added, the aerobically grown rice contained 25- and 2-fold, respectively, more Se in grain than the anaerobically grown rice. Analysis of Se in rice grain using enzymatic hydrolysis followed by HPLC-ICP-MS and in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) showed selenomethionine to be the predominant Se species. The study showed that selenate addition to aerobic soil was the most effective way to increase Se concentration in rice grain.