磷石膏对提高氮肥效率的研究

磷石膏与碳铵和尿素混合或制成尿素磷石膏复混肥施用均可提高氮肥生产率及氮肥利用率,改善小麦、玉米的农艺性状,提高作物的产量。碳铵与磷石膏混施其氮肥利用率提高２．８２％～３．７０％,每公斤Ｎ增产小麦１．２３ｋｇ、玉米１．８５ｋｇ;尿素与磷石膏混施其利用率提高６．３２％～８．８２％,其生产率增加２．１１ｋｇ（小麦）、１．１４ｋｇ（玉米）;尿素与磷石膏制成复混肥其利用率提高１３．３８％,其生产率增加３．０６ｋｇ（玉米）。小麦及玉米的产量因添加磷石膏而分别增加５．２％～９．２％、５．５％～８．６％。     

磷石膏与氮肥混合施用对氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响

分别在草甸土和轻度碱化草甸土上进行了磷石膏与尿素和碳铵混合后施用的室内模拟试验,并在轻度碱化水稻土上进行了水稻盆栽试验,结果表明,磷石膏与氮素化肥混施具有降低氨态氮挥发损失和提高氮素利用率的显著作用,其中以１／２ＳＯ４＾２－：ＮＨ４＾＋之比为１：１型的磷石膏碳铵和磷石膏尿素可使氨态的近轨损失率降低４１．０８－５０．３４％和２７．６２－３３．４６％;１：１和２：１型的磷石膏碳铵分别使水稻的氮素利用提     

红萍在稻田氮素平衡中的作用

应用１５Ｎ示踪法研究了红萍在稻田氮素平衡中的作用。红萍作基肥，当季水稻的１５Ｎ－红萍Ｎ素利用为２７．８％；第二季５．３８％；土壤残留３６．１％。红萍可排出体内１２％以上的氮素。红萍的排氮和吸氮有助于调节稻田的氮素平衡，稻田养萍抑制藻类生长，降低ｐＨ值和ＮＨ浓度，减少ＮＨ３挥发损失，以及减少蓝藻（颤藻）反硝化反应释放的Ｎ２Ｏ，提高化学肥料１５Ｎ的回收率：它比１５Ｎ－尿素不养萍处理１５Ｎ回收率增加４．２５％，比１５Ｎ－尿素追肥不养萍处理１５Ｎ回收率增加８．３５％～２５．１１％。     

花生根瘤菌与氮素化肥配合施用技术

本文研究了花生根瘤与氮素化肥配合施用技术。盆栽，小区试验和大田示范结果证明，贫瘠土地花生接种根瘤菌与４．６０ｋｇ／亩（纯Ｎ）的尿素配合施用，增产率能提高到３６．８％，中产地每亩配施２ｋｇ纯Ｎ的尿素，增产率达２７．２％，高产地不论是否接种根瘤菌或施氮素化肥，还是根瘤菌与氮素化肥配合施用效果均不明显。     

太湖水旱轮作条件下施用氮肥的环境和经济效益

本文报道了太湖地区稻麦轮作和不同氮肥施用水平条件下，田间原位测定和模型计算了ＮＯ＾－３淋溶污染和经济效益分析结果。土壤溶液中，ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ含量几乎均低于饮用水标准，高于富营养化水南标准。麦季当地氮肥施用量减少３１．８％，末显著降低作物产量，作物未利用氮减少５０％左右，且具有经济效益；水稻季节减少氮肥施用量４０．１％，虽然显著减少氮素淋溶和作物未利用氮，但减产８．５％，经济上略有损失。     

旱塬冬小麦氮磷肥效及其利用率的变异性研究

多年试验研究结果表明,氮（Ｎ）磷（Ｐ）肥对旱塬冬小麦有显著增产效果,但其随小麦品种、年度波动性很大。Ｎ、Ｐ肥利用率年际间变化很大,且随其用量的增加而降低。１９８４～１９９５年（供试品种“长武－１３１”）Ｎ肥利用率变幅为６．４％～５８．６％,变异系数为４８．７％;Ｐ肥利用率变幅为３．７％～１９．８％,变异系数为３９．５％。１９９６～１９９８年（供试品种“长武－１３４”）肥料用量由４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２增     

陕西关中湿沉降输入农田生态系统中的氮素

在陕西关中杨陵、乾县枣子沟和澄城县杨家陇３个试验点多年收集了降水（即湿沉降）,并对其中的矿质进行了测定。结果表明,湿沉降年输入农田生态系统的氮素６．２８￣２６．６２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,平均（１６．３±８．１）ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,其中以铵态氮为主,占６６．３％￣８８．５％平均（８０．２±８．５）％;硝态氮占１１．５％￣３３．７％,平均（１９．８±８．５）％湿沉降输入的氮素,不权在收集地点间有明显的分异性,而     

不同施氮量及分配对小麦生长发育和产量的影响

不同施氮量及分配试验表明,未施氮素较施用氮素的小麦早熟６天,施用氮素（Ｎ,下同）３００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,倒伏严重,产量低。以每公顷施２４０ｋｇ氮素,基肥：追肥＝６：４最好,分蘖比对照多０．５４个／株,有效穗比对照、施氮素１８０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２、３００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２分别多５１、４５、２７万／ｈｍ＾２,每穗粒数分别多１０．７、０．５、０．９粒,产量达８９７１．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,比对照、施氮素１８０ｋｇ／ｈ     

不同施氮水平条件下烤烟对氮素的利用研究

大田中设置盆栽试验，采用＾１５Ｎ示踪法对不同施氮水平条件下的烤烟的氮素吸收、肥料氮素的利用和土壤ＡＮ值进行研究。试验结果表明，烤烟全生育期吸收的氮素主要来自于土壤可利用性氮。随着氮肥用量的增加，烤烟对肥料氮的吸收量增加，对土壤氮的吸收量减少，土壤对肥料氮素的固定和氮肥损失量增加。ＡＮ值有随氮素用量的增加而逐渐减小的趋势，但以处理４的（６７．５ｋｇ氮素／ｈｎ＾２）最小。肥料中的氮素利用率以处理４最高     

生姜对不同氮肥品种的效应

氮素可显著促进生姜的生长,提高叶片叶绿素含量,增强光合作用,提高生姜产量,改进生姜品质。但不同氮肥品种的作用存在差异,幼苗期ＮａＮＯ３的促长作用最大,而盛长期则其促长作用不及ＮＨ４ＮＯ３,ＣＯ（ＮＨ２）２和ＮＨ４ＨＣＯ３,因此最终产量仅３８６４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,尽管比ＣＫ增产４７．３７％,但有比基它氮肥处理低９．７％￣１１．７％。     

冀北高原草甸栗钙土春小麦中化肥氮去向的研究

在冀北高原张北县的草甸栗钙土上，采用＾１５Ｎ质量平衡法和微气象学技术，对春小麦中氮肥的去向，以及氨挥发进行了田间原位观测。试验中的氮肥用量为Ｎ４．８３ｋｇ／亩，１／３作基肥、２／３作追肥。基肥随播种施入，追肥于拔节期撤施，随即灌水。结果表明，小麦回收、土壤残留和损失的肥料氮各占施入氮量的３７．８％－４８．３％、３３．８％－４０．４％和１４．３％－２５．４％。其中，尿素作基肥与作追肥的处理之间，其氮     

Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate,urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

The effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.     

Leaching and Recovering of Nitrogen Following N Fertilizers Application to the Soil in a Laboratory Study

Following soil fertilization, nitrogen (N) is partially lost. The objective of this study was to evaluate leaching and recovery of N after addition of fertilizers to the soil. Two experiments were conducted in leaching columns submitted to frequent water percolations. In the leaching experiment, urea, ammonium nitrate, and six coated N fertilizers were utilized; in the N recovery experiment, treatments consisted of urea, potassium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate, combined or not with percolation. Percolations were performed weekly with quantification of ammonium and nitrate in the percolated. The recovered N was obtained by summing total N percolated with N in the soil. Nitrate leaching was highest from amide-N fertilizers, with no differences between them showing that coating urea was not efficient to decrease N leaching. Nitric fertilizers had the lowest recovery of N, probably due to the occurrence of denitrification caused by the frequent water percolation.     

Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

We studied the effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.     

间歇淋洗干湿交替条件下氮肥的氮行为研究

采用土柱淋洗试验方法 ,对包膜尿素、尿素和硝酸铵在石碴土和粘壤质石灰性土壤中氮的行为进行了评价。结果表明 ,包膜尿素、尿素和硝酸铵的回收总氮量 (包括淋洗溶液中各种形态氮 ,土壤吸附的肥料氮和残余的肥料氮 )分别为施入总氮量的 90.5%、74.2 %、93.5%和91.5%、58.5%、91.1%。在 1750mL淋洗溶液中NO3--N分别占淋洗溶液中总氮量的 90%以上。在 7次淋洗干湿交替之后 ,土壤吸附的肥料氮 (NH4+-N和NO3--N)均不超过施氮总量的2.1% ;包膜尿素有62.7%和70.8%的氮以颗粒肥料存在于土壤中。 3种氮肥中包膜尿素较尿素和硝酸铵在土壤中释放持续的时间显著延长 ,尿素的氨挥发损失较高 ,硝酸铵淋失较快     

氮磷复(混)合肥料的氮素肥效

研究复合肥料中氮素的利用率、残留率、损失率、肥效和残效表明:在作基肥施用的条件下,复(混)肥料对春小麦籽粒的增产效果相同。春麦对肥料氮素的吸收利用取决于氮素的形态,尿素磷铵中的铵态氮利用率为35.0％,硝酸磷铵普钙中的铵态氮为31.4％,尿素磷铵中的尿素氮为28.1％,硝酸磷铵普钙中的硝态氮为24.8％。硝酸磷铵普钙中的硝态氮具有最高的土壤残留率(48.9％),尿素磷铵中的铵氮损失率最低(22.7％)。不同复(混)合肥均有明显残效,水稻的籽粒产量都高于对照,不同复(混)合肥之间差异不明显。水稻对残留氮的利用率不同复(混)合肥之间的差异也不明显。     

碳酸氢铵和尿素在山东省主要土壤类型上的氨挥发特性研究

采用全程密闭通气法研究了山东省四种主要土壤类型 (棕壤 ,褐土 ,潮土和砂姜黑土 ) ,尿素和碳酸氢铵表施后的氨挥发特点。结果表明 :碳酸氢铵初始的氨挥发强度大于尿素 ,而氨挥发总量小于尿素 ,尿素在四种类型土壤上铵挥发强度次序为 :褐土 >潮土≈砂姜黑 >棕壤 ,氨挥发总量次序为 :褐土 >潮土≈砂姜黑土 >棕壤 ;碳酸氨氢在四种类型土壤上氨挥发强度次序为 :褐土 >潮土≈砂姜黑土 >棕壤 ,挥发总量次序为 :褐土 >棕壤 >潮土≈砂姜黑土。影响氨挥发的因素主要有 :氮素形态 ,土壤 pH、CEC、粘粒含量和粘土矿物类型、有机质含量等 ,但在不同土壤中其影响的主导因素又有较大差异。     

Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers with and without gypsum

Abstract. Ammonia volatilization with and without gypsum incorporation was measured in Gujranwala soil (Udic Haplustalf) in an incubation study using different nitrogen fertilizers e.g. urea, ammonium sulphate (AS), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), and urea nitrophos (UNP). Nitrogen from different fertilizers was applied at the rate of 200 mg N kg⁻¹ to two sets of soils in plastic bags (1.0 kg soil) and plastic jars (0.5 kg soil). Soil moisture was maintained at field capacity. Application of urea increased soil pH to 9, three hours after its addition. Ammonium sulphate and calcium ammonium nitrate had little effect on soil pH. Ammonium volatilization losses from fertilizers were related to the increase in soil pH caused by the fertilizers. Consequently maximum losses were recorded due to application of urea. Losses through ammonia volatilization were significantly lower with AS, CAN and UNP in descending order. Gypsum incorporation significantly reduced the losses. Therefore, application of gypsum to soil before urea may substantially improve N use efficiency for crop production by reducing N losses.     

Chemical soil properties and bromegrass hay composition as affected by 23 annual fall and spring applications of ammonium nitrate and urea

Abstract

The influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization on grass forage yield and quality as well as soil properties may vary with type of N fertilizer and time of application. The effects of 23 annual applications (from 1974 to 1996) of ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea (112 kg N ha^‐1) applied in early fall, late fall, early spring and late spring on chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay were evaluated in a field experiment on a thin Black Chernozemic soil located near Crossfield, Alberta, Canada. The influence of N addition, fertilizer type and application time on the soil properties was most pronounced in the 0–5 cm layer and declined in deeper soil layers. Application of N increased extractable ammonium (NH₄)‐N, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in the 0–5 cm layer; and sodium (Na), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) in the 0–10 cm layer. But, N addition reduced extractable phosphoras (P) in the 0–30 cm; potassium (K) in the 0–60 cm; and pH, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the 0–5 cm soil layers. There was little effect of N fertilization on nitrate (NO₃)‐N in soil. Soil pH, and extractable Ca and Mg in the 0–5 cm layer and Zn in the surface 15‐cm soil depth were lower with AN compared to urea, whereas the opposite was true for Fe, Mn, and Cu in the 0–5 cm layer and Na and Al in the top 15‐cm soil depth. Most of the changes in chemical soil properties due to N fertilization were reflected in elemental concentration of bromegrass hay, except for the increase of P concentration in bromegrass with N fertilization. In bromegrass hay for example, N addition increased total N and Cu with both N fertilizers and Mn and Zn with AN, but it lowered K and Ca with both fertilizers. There was more N and less Na with AN than urea in bromegrass hay. The effect of application time on chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay was much less pronounced than N addition and fertilizer type. In conclusion, both N fertilizers changed chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay, but the effects of 23 annual applications on soil properties were confined to shallow soil layers only. The greater lowering of soil pH with AN than urea may have implications of increased liming costs with AN.     

施用方式和氮肥种类对砂姜黑土氮素迁移的影响

采用田间微区试验,在砂姜黑土中研究了施肥方式(上层12 cm土混施、土下12 cm点施、土下12 cm条施)和氮肥种类(尿素、磷酸氢二铵)对氮素垂直运移和水平迁移动态的影响。不同施用方式试验结果表明,在处理的90 d内,砂姜黑土中土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N含量均呈现土下12 cm点施土下12 cm条施上层12 cm土混施的趋势。尿素在土下12 cm点施条件下,土壤NH_4~+-N主要集中在垂直方向6~18 cm土层和水平距离0~7 cm范围内;而NO_3~–-N的分布核心区土层超过21 cm,水平距离大于15 cm;NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N核心区浓度均随处理时间延长而明显下降。土下12 cm点施90 d后,尿素和磷酸铵的氮素养分在砂姜黑土中的横向移动距离为5~7 cm,垂直方向上养分主要集中在6~18 cm的土层范围;点施90 d时,磷酸铵处理在土下18 cm和水平距离12 cm处无机态氮(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N)含量分别为148.9和77.4 mg/kg,其含量远大于尿素处理(96.3和53.2 mg/kg),而在施肥点两种氮肥处理土壤无机态氮含量差异更大,说明磷酸铵较尿素具有更高的保肥性。研究表明:点施延缓了NH_4~+-N向NO_3~–-N转化速率,提高了肥际养分供应浓度。结合作物生长和需肥特性,预示通过优化施肥位置和氮肥种类,采用一次施肥可以实现90 d持续供应高浓度养分以满足旱地作物生长发育的养分需求。