辉发河流域景观格局与土壤侵蚀的关系研究

为分析景观格局对流域土壤侵蚀的影响,本文应用基于GIS的修订通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),计算了吉林省中低山水蚀区辉发河流域的土壤侵蚀量。选择聚集度、Shannon多样性等6个景观指数,在RS、GIS和Fragstats软件平台下得到两个尺度的土地利用数据和二级土地利用类型的景观指数数据。以流域内29个子流域为样本,用SPSS软件计算侵蚀模数和景观指数的相关性。把29个子流域分为低强度侵蚀区和高强度侵蚀区,分别探讨景观格局对低、高强度侵蚀区土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)辉发河流域的土壤侵蚀主要为微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀,占流域总面积的90.27%。流域平均侵蚀模数为13.89 t/hm~2·a.为轻度侵蚀,但远超过土壤容许流失量。(2)在各种植被类型区中,草地的侵蚀较为强烈,平均侵蚀模数为31.28 t/hm~2·a,高出流域平均侵蚀模数125%,侵蚀贡献水平达到1.74.成为辉发河流域土壤侵蚀的风险区。(3)6个景观指数与侵蚀模数间均存在显著的相关性,除斑块密度外,均与土壤侵蚀模数高度相关。其中聚集度与侵蚀模数的相关性最大,相关系数为—0.602,聚集度和侵蚀模数间有较强的非线性关系。(4)研究区低、高强度侵蚀区的景观格局对土壤侵蚀的影响不同,在低强度侵蚀区的影响更为显著。     

吕家河流域侵蚀模数和洪量模数的确定

侵蚀模数和洪量模数是淤地坝工程设计中两个非常重要的参数,取值的合理性直接关系到工程的设计规模和运行安全。通过3种不同的途径,对吕家河流域的侵蚀模数进行了分析论证,并最终将该流域的侵蚀模数确定为9 000t/(km2.a);同时用环县洪德水文站39年实测水文资料等,对该流域洪量模数进行了详细的计算,确定了一组吕家河流域洪量模数取值。     

2000-2014年徐州地区土壤侵蚀的变化趋势

[目的]精确估算江苏省徐州市黄泛平原及丘陵地区土壤侵蚀量并探究其时空变化规律,为区域水土流失监测和防治提供合理依据。[方法]应用USLE模型计算出徐州黄泛平原和丘陵地区2000-2014年的土壤侵蚀模数,逐年统计侵蚀模数的最大值、平均值,不同等级侵蚀面积,分析这些指标15 a间的变化规律,并计算出多年来侵蚀模数的回归系数分布,从时间尺度和空间尺度阐述徐州地区土壤侵蚀程度的变化规律。[结果]①徐州黄泛平原和丘陵地区的土壤侵蚀以轻度（排除微度）侵蚀为主,其中丘陵地区侵蚀具有带状分布特征,并且侵蚀等级跨度更大;②徐州地区的水土流失在逐渐减弱,其中丘陵地区的侵蚀减弱程度和显著性大于黄泛平原;③各等级侵蚀面积随侵蚀程度的加重逐级递减,黄泛平原极强度侵蚀面积控制在5%以内,丘陵地区极强度侵蚀面积控制在10%以内,两区域剧烈侵蚀均得到了遏制;④侵蚀减弱程度较大的地区多分布于各河流域及湖泊周围,并且变化显著性强的区域也多分布于各河流附近。[结论]多年来徐州地区土壤侵蚀程度总体上有所减弱,各河流域侵蚀减弱尤为明显,但在黄泛平原的某些地区侵蚀仍在加重,徐州市有关部门应在这些区域加强防治力度。     

黄丘区不同空间尺度地貌单元产沙特征及其动力机制

以黄土丘陵沟壑区桥沟流域为原型观测流域,利用流域内的水文站网、不同地貌单元大型径流场等观测设施,定量研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区不同空间尺度地貌单元产沙特征,揭示不同空间尺度地貌单元产沙机制.结果表明,侵蚀模数随着空间尺度的增加,呈现出“增加-峰值-减小”的涨落变化过程.在坡面尺度,侵蚀产沙主要与径流深有关,径流剪切力可以较好地描述其侵蚀产沙关系,输沙率随径流剪切力的增加而增加,而流域尺度的侵蚀产沙不仅与径流深有关,还与洪峰流量有关,径流侵蚀功率可以较好地表征其侵蚀产沙关系.     

辽河重污染支流招苏台河径流和泥沙模拟研究

在3S技术和基础信息数据库的支撑下,应用SWAT模型对招苏台河流域径流和泥沙进行了模拟研究,利用2004—2009年的日径流量、输沙率等水文实测数据对模型进行校准和验证,评价参数满足要求。模拟结果表明:研究区年平均径流量和输沙量为1.64m3/s、6.90万t,土壤侵蚀模数为62.93t/(km2·a),侵蚀强度为微度侵蚀,耕地的土壤侵蚀模数最大,是该河泥沙的主要来源;径流量和输沙量在时间分布上具有季节性特点;根据研究区的水土流失特征,提出拟采取的水土保持措施,并模拟了河流两岸不同尺度植被缓冲带控制情景条件下的水文响应。该研究揭示了招苏台河流域径流和泥沙产生的规律和特征,为研究区水土保持和重污染河流的治理提供数据和管理决策支持。     

基于SWAT模型的黄土高原典型区水土流失格局模拟评价

运用分布式生态水文模型SWAT对黄土高原典型区汭河流域的本底径流深度、本底侵蚀模数、现状径流深度、现状侵蚀模数分别进行了模拟研究,并以本底径流深度和本底侵蚀深度为标准分别对流域的现状径流和现状侵蚀进行定量空间评价。研究结果表明:(1)SWAT模型能够准确地模拟汭河流域水土流失总量及其空间格局。(2)汭河流域上游的多数集水区本底径流深度为70mm,占流域面积的68.68%,流域中下游集水区本底径流深度多数为60mm,占流域面积的28.96%。流域土壤侵蚀模数普遍在8t/hm2以下,只有极少数集水区的侵蚀模数在8～20t/hm2之间。(3)随着土地覆被盖度的增高,流域径流量减小,输沙量也减小,蒸发量增加,径流深度和侵蚀模数的空间异质性变小,水土流失的风险降低。(4)土壤侵蚀模数的空间异质性比径流深度的空间异质性对土地覆被变化更为敏感,5种土地覆被情景中,土壤侵蚀模数的空间异质性的大小顺序是:耕地、低覆盖度草地>裸地、沙化土地>当前土地覆被>疏林、草地>林地。     

南汀河流域土壤侵蚀的时空分异

[目的]分析南汀河流域坡面土壤侵蚀的时空分异特征,为流域水土保持和边疆生态环境建设提供科学参考。[方法]基于通用土壤流失方程(USLE),运用RS和GIS技术计算南汀河流域1990,2000及2010年3个时段的土壤侵蚀模数。[结果]3个时段内研究区侵蚀模数呈现先升后降的趋势,年均侵蚀模数从24.75t/(hm2·a)升到30.05t/(hm2·a),然后降为25.87t/(hm2·a)。3个时段内,流域内强烈侵蚀及其以上的侵蚀面积仅占总侵蚀面积的19.94%,但对流域总侵蚀量的贡献高达73.56%。1990—2000年,强烈及强烈以下侵蚀面积减少了1 059.85km2,强烈侵蚀以上的侵蚀面积则增加了112.29km2;2000—2010年,微度侵蚀面积有小幅增加,其余侵蚀等级的侵蚀面积都有所下降。当坡度小于20°时,侵蚀模数随着坡度的增加而增加,坡度超过20°后,侵蚀模数有降低的趋势;从海拔上看,高侵蚀模数区域主要位于海拔500~2 000m范围。[结论]流域内的土壤侵蚀治理已初见成效,但在局部地区,土壤侵蚀仍有加剧现象。     

基于侵蚀力学机制的流域土壤侵蚀模型研究—以长江三峡库区王家桥流域为例

根据王家桥流域观测资料及人工降雨实验成果,从侵蚀力学机制出发,严格区分了坡面侵蚀与流域侵蚀两个不同的概念,建立了坡面侵蚀模数和流域侵蚀模数。计算结果表明,流域内坡面侵蚀只占流域侵蚀模数的7.1%～11.7%,流域侵蚀物质主要来源于沟蚀、部分重力侵蚀。因此在王家桥流域如何开展水保工作是一个值得深思的问题。     

流域系统径流侵蚀链内泥沙输移的空间尺度效应

尺度问题在地貌过程及水文模拟研究中具有重要意义,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区岔巴沟小流域为例,基于毛沟-支沟-干沟尺度序列典型水文站的实测径流泥沙数据,分析流域系统基于事件的径流侵蚀链内泥沙输移的空间尺度效应。结果表明:1)基于侵蚀链毛沟-支沟-干沟不同空间尺度的平均输沙模数、平均含沙量、最大含沙量分别依次为3 912、3 285、3 522 t/km2,497、524、679 kg/m3,639、634、800 kg/m3,且在流域系统中均保持空间上的不变性;2)与单一力学指标相比,引入洪峰流量项的水流功率、单位面积径流能量及水流能量等复合能量指标能更好地描述侵蚀链不同尺度内及尺度间水沙关系;3)侵蚀链的输沙量主要取决于径流量,而洪峰流量能更好地解释侵蚀链内不同尺度径流输沙的差异,在侵蚀输沙的预测变量中引入表征径流变率的指标会提高中小型产沙事件泥沙预报的可靠性;单位洪峰流量(增加1 m3/s)引起的输沙增量是单位径流量(增加1 m3)增沙作用的875倍以上,欲消除侵蚀链内上下游径流输沙的空间尺度效应,则需将对应的洪峰流量比调控至5‰以下,或将对应的径流能量比调控至600以下;4)侵蚀链内上游含沙水流对下游的泥沙输移影响有限,随流域面积增大,含沙水流的空间尺度效应降低,输沙模数300 t/km2的大型侵蚀产沙事件尤为明显。分析结果突出了流域系统径流侵蚀的过程特性和洪水调控可能引起的巨大减沙潜力。因此,针对高含沙水流,侵蚀链内泥沙调控及其水土保持措施的效益评估和功能评价亦应基于过程。研究结果可为全面揭示径流调控系统的水土保持意义、推动水土保持措施效益的精细化评估提供理论依据和科学支撑。     

长江上游川中紫色土丘陵区小流域泥沙输移比空间尺度效应研究

应用分形理论空间尺度效应原理，采用137^Cs同位素示踪法测定小流域多年平均侵蚀模数和调查紫色土丘陵区不同小流域多年平均淤积模数的方法，探讨了泥沙输移比与小流域集雨面积的关系，得出了长江上游川中紫色土丘陵区小流域泥沙输移比空间尺度效应泥沙输移比（SDR）统计模型。经验证，该模型可用于估算紫色土丘陵区资料短缺小流域的输移比和产沙量。     

开发建设项目水保监测中土壤侵蚀模数监测方法探讨--以"东深供水改造工程水土保持监测"项目为例

以“东深供水改造工程水土保持监测”为例,探讨了土壤侵蚀模数的监测方法。针对项目施工期动土量大,地形、地貌变化迅速、剧烈,扰动地表类型多样的特点,因地制宜地采用了标桩法、径流小区法、侵蚀沟量测法、人工模拟降雨法四种监测方法进行了各种不同地表扰动类型的土壤侵蚀模数监测。结果表明,四种方法基本可以囊括工程所有地表扰动类型的土壤侵蚀模数的监测,数据的准确性和可靠性较高,监测效果较为理想。可为类似项目的土壤侵蚀模数监测提供借鉴和参考。     

土壤侵蚀宏观监测

 土壤侵蚀宏观监测或区域土壤侵蚀监测,是区域水土保持战略决策和相关研究的最基本的数据基础。我国水土流失严重,监测在水土保持工作中具有重要的意义和地位。简要回顾我国土壤侵蚀宏观监测的历史和近期进展,讨论我国土壤侵蚀宏观监测在监测尺度、监测方法和管理体系等方面的特点。     

辽宁省细河流域土壤侵蚀监测方法对比研究

以辽宁省细河流域为例,基于RUSLE模型和环境与灾害监测预报小卫星HJ-1A/1B的CCD数据,计算了该流域的土壤侵蚀状况,将土壤侵蚀强度分级后的结果与多因素综合法得到的土壤侵蚀强度分级结果及2005年辽宁省土壤侵蚀遥感调查结果进行了对比验证。结果表明,HJ卫星的CCD数据适用于土壤侵蚀监测领域,RUSLE模型能够较好地应用于细河流域的土壤侵蚀监测中。2009年土壤侵蚀总面积比2005年第4次土壤侵蚀遥感调查结果有所降低,土壤侵蚀主要分布在西北和东南山区,其中强烈及以上等级的侵蚀则主要分布在"煤电之城"阜新市的露天煤矿地区。     

土壤侵蚀强度等级与侵蚀演替关系研究：以福建省长汀县为例

Soil erosion gradation is a robust and objective quantitative indicator of soil erosion intensity. Recent applications of soil erosion gradation have focused on monitoring soil erosion with models or simulation of soil erosion through gradation trends. However, soil erosion simulation accuracy is generally being reduced due to the rare consideration of the relationship between soil erosion gradation and erosion evolution. In this study, we investigated different soil erosion intensity grades to demonstrate their sensitivity to types and rates of erosion. Specifically, the objective was to define the relationship between soil erosion gradation and soil erosion evolution in Changting, an undeveloped area in Fujian Province, China, for four time intervals (1975, 1990, 1999, and 2006). The time series of erosion gradation were developed by modeling analysis with integration of several erosion indicators, and the relationships between the erosion grades and evolution types and rates were quantified. Comparison of the collapsing forces with natural and restoring forces based on human activity demonstrated that there existed an obvious spatial uncertainty in the erosion evolution types, both positive and negative succession coexisted, and the evolution rates were mostly influenced by the force of policy orientation. The impacts of these driving forces were eventually reflected in the erosion intensity gradation and erosion evolution. The correlation between the negative succession rate and erosion intensity gradation was weak and showed a poor contribution to the average succession rate, while the negative correlation between the positive succession rate and erosion intensity gradation would be increasingly clear as time passed.     

Assessment of soil erosion rate trends in two agricultural regions of European Russia for the last 60 years

Purpose

Forest–steppe and the southern forest ecotones of European Russia (ER) are the most productive agricultural areas in Russia. Both climate and land use changes have occurred within the ER during last 30 years. These changes can lead to changes in the timing, magnitude, and spatial distribution of soil erosion rates on cultivated lands. The objective of this research was to assess the trends in soil erosion rates since the 1960s for two agricultural regions of ER.

Materials and methods

Rates of soil erosion were estimated for two time windows (1963–1986 and 1986–2015) within the two agricultural regions. Both regions are characterized by a high proportion of cropland (>?60%), and within each region, one river basin and one 1st–3rd-order agricultural catchment were selected for a detailed assessment of soil erosion rates. Erosion models and visual interpretation of satellite images were used for the evaluation of the erosion rates for the river basins. Sediment budget assessments, ¹³⁷Cs dating, geomorphologic mapping, and erosion models were used for the evaluation of the sediment redistribution for the two time windows in agricultural catchments.

Results and discussion

At the river basin scale, the mean annual erosion rate did not change in the western part of forest–steppe ecotone; however, there was a weak negative trend in the mean annual erosion rate for the eastern part of the southern forest ecotone. A large negative trend in the erosion rate was found for both small agricultural catchments. In all cases, the reduction in the erosion rates was mainly associated with a decrease of surface runoff during snowmelt, as a result of an increase in both the air and soil temperatures during winter season. The soil loss reduction during snowmelt was counteracted by an equal increase in rainfall erosion due to increase of rainfall intensity in western part of forest–steppe ecotone.

Conclusions

Reduction of surface runoff during spring snowmelt was the main reason the erosion rates declined on cultivated lands within the forest–steppe and southern forest ecotones of ER. Evaluation of ephemeral gully erosion rate was not incorporated into State Hydrological Institute erosion model used for the evaluation of the soil losses during snowmelt. This has led to an underestimation of the total soil losses for the 1963–1986 time window for all study sites.

     

基于“3S”技术的福建省土壤侵蚀动态监测研究

基于"3S"技术的土壤侵蚀动态监测研究在国内外都是一项新的研究课题,介绍了福建省应用"3S"技术开展土壤侵蚀动态监测的思路和研究方法,对应用该方法所得到的结果进行分析,得出福建省土壤侵蚀空间上由内地向沿海增强、时间上下降且沿海的降幅大于内地的动态变化规律。通过野外实地验证,该方法是切实可行的。     

水土流失与水质污染一体化定量监测的初步研究——以江苏省方便流域为例

通过对方便流域的水土流失、水质面源污染的研究,介绍了一体化定量监测的研究新思路。采用“3S”技术获得满足数学监测模型因子的数据。首先定量监测准水土流失量,然后利用不同土地利用条件下的全年土壤养分平均含量和水土流失定量监测结果的处理,以获得准确的水质面源污染地分布图和流入水库的污染量。水土流失量的监测精度,采用与上下游水文站的测沙数据评价法来确认;而入库养分污染量则采用其采水样分析结果与测径流流量的计算值来确认。2002年,实验区水土流失量的监测精度为93·62%,水质的全磷面源污染量的监测精度为77·79%,初步显示出一体化定量监测具有准确、快速又经济的特点。     

Erosion rates on bare loamy sand soils in east Shropshire, UK

Abstract. Results from over seven years of monitoring of erosion rates on bare arable loamy sand soils at the Hilton experimental site, Shropshire, UK, are reported. On bare plots, rates are very variable; erosion during one summer convectional storm exceeded that recorded during six individual years of plot measurement. Exposure of erodible arable soils to convectional storms puts them at risk of excessive erosion. Plot erosion rates were frequently high, with rates up to 67.4 t/ha occurring during an individual storm. Rates were influenced by rainfall erosivity, slope steepness and soil organic content. Mean soil organic content on the bare plots decreased over five years by 0.08%/yr.     

北京市土壤侵蚀监测方法探讨

 为了科学定量评价北京市土壤侵蚀状况,通过北京市地面水土流失监测网络,开展水土流失定点观测,研究北京市土壤侵蚀监测的评价方法。结果表明：利用大量实测资料,基于美国通用土壤流失方程建立的北京土壤流失方程,可以作为北京市土壤侵蚀调查的模型工具;基T GIS和降雨侵蚀力模型的年度土壤侵蚀量推算方法,可作为从小区尺度转换到区域尺度的一种方法;由于网格法没有考虑水土保持措施因子,调查得到的土壤侵蚀量结果比采用抽样调查法得到的结果偏大。北京市土壤侵蚀监测方法的研究可为区域水土流失定量评价和动态监测提供借鉴作用。     

Inherent interreplicate variability during small-scale rainfall simulations

Purpose

The validity of soil erosion data is often questioned because of the variation between replicates. This paper aims to evaluate the relevance of interreplicate variability to soil and soil organic carbon (SOC) erosion over prolonged rainfall.

Materials and methods

Two silty loams were subjected to simulated rainfall of 30 mm h^?1 for 360 min. The entire rainfall event was repeated ten times to enable statistical analysis of the variability of the runoff and soil erosion rates.

Results and discussion

The results show that, as selective removal of depositional particles and crust formation progressively stabilized the soil surface, the interreplicate variability of runoff and soil erosion rates declined considerably over rainfall time. Yet, even after the maximum runoff and erosion rates were reached, the interreplicate variability still remained between 15 and 39 %, indicating the existence of significant inherent variability in soil erosion experiments.

Conclusions

Great caution must be paid when applying soil and SOC erosion data after averaging from a small number of replicates. While not readily applicable to other soil types or rainfall conditions, the great interreplicate variability observed in this study suggests that a large number of replicates is highly recommended to ensure the validity of average values, especially when extrapolating them to assess soil and SOC erosion risk in the field.