基于多源数据的盐碱地精确农作管理分区研究

为了便于对盐碱地实施变量管理和精确农作，以海涂围垦区盐碱土为研究对象，以NDVI数据、盐分数据以及作物产量数据作为分区变量，对一面积为15 hm²的盐碱地农田进行了基于多个数据源的精确农作管理分区研究。利用模糊c均值聚类方法进行分类分区，引入了模糊聚类指数(FPI)和归一化分类熵(NCE)作为最佳分区数目的判断标准，通过单项方差分析对分区结果进行比较和评价。研究发现，对本研究区，最佳的分区数目为三个。不同管理分区之间土壤化学性质(EC1:5,有机质，速效磷，速效钾，全氮，碱解氮以及阳离子交换量)的均值都存在着统计意义上的显著差异性，其中子区3具有最高的肥力水平和作物生产能力而子区1最低。利用所选取的三个变量，模糊c均值聚类算法可以较好地进行精确农作管理分区划分。分区结果不但可以指导采样, 而且可以作为变量管理的决策单元用于田间变量管理作业中,为精确农业变量投入的实施提供有效手段和决策依据。     

基于SOM和NDVI的黑土区精准管理分区对比

根据土壤养分的空间异质性对耕地进行分区是实施变量施肥管理的关键环节,施肥的变量管理将减轻黑土区农业面源污染和土壤退化问题。该文以典型黑土区黑龙江省海伦市某合作社地块为研究对象,利用SPOT-6遥感影像提取归一化植被指数(normalized differential vegetation index, NDVI)、插值计算土壤有机质(soil organic matter,SOM),结合数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),应用面向对象的分割方法,对研究地块进行分区,并应用莫兰(Morans)指数对分区结果进行评价,以期对比研究基于SOM空间插值与遥感信息的分区精度。结果表明:结合4期NDVI空间信息分区的精度最高;结合SOM、DEM、NDVI空间信息进行分区的精度次之;结合地形与SOM空间信息分区精度较低;仅根据SOM空间插值进行分区的精度最低。研究结果可为黑土区农田精准管理分区输入量的选择与多尺度分区提供思路,为实施田间精准追肥提供科学依据。     

小尺度下滴灌棉田养分管理分区研究

以小尺度下滴灌棉田为研究对象,采集研究区87个耕层土壤(0～30 cm)样品,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和总盐含量为变量进行土壤养分精确管理分区研究。结果表明,运用模糊c-均值聚类法进行分区,并采用c-φ多次组合法来确定适宜的模糊控制参数,得出研究区最佳分区数为4,模糊指数为1.7,平均混乱度指数为0.29,土壤属性数据的模糊分类输出结果不确定性较小,地理空间上土壤的隶属关系相对明确。在研究区内,模糊分类的输出结果符合管理分区的定义,各管理分区均可以作为变量施肥的单独作业单元进行耕作管理。     

基于多种土壤养分的精准管理分区方法研究

根据土壤养分的空间变异性和空间自相关性进行管理分区的划分是精准农业实施变量施肥管理的重要环节。本研究首先分析了3种主要土壤养分的空间变异特征和空间自相关性,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾在空间上均达到了中等强度的变异,但仅有碱解氮和有效磷具有中等强度的空间自相关性,而速效钾在本研究采样尺度下则表现为纯块金效应,不具有空间自相关性;与各向同性相比,碱解氮在各向异性条件下克里金插值精度提高了42.8%。以空间上既存在变异又具有空间相关性的有效磷、碱解氮两种土壤养分为数据源,利用模糊K-均值聚类算法将整个地块划分为不同的管理分区,并引入模糊效果指数(PFI)和标准化分类熵(MPE)两个指标确定适宜的分区数为4个。最后,为了评价分区结果的合理性,对各管理分区进行了统计,并用LSD法进行了各分区间差异显著性检验。结果表明:各管理分区内的碱解氮的变异系数由整个地块的13.2%减小到3.0%~5.3%,趋于同质性;有效磷的变异系数由整个地块的44.3%减小到10.1%~17.2%,也得到了大幅度的减少;而且不同分区之间各养分均达到了显著差异。     

基于GIS和多种土壤属性的烟田养分分区管理研究

以平顶山典型烟区烟田土壤为研究对象,用111个样点耕层土壤（0 ~ 20 cm）的pH、有机质、总N、碱解N、速效P、速效K、活性有机质、阳离子交换量等数据对烟田进行管理分区研究。利用主成分分析从繁杂的数据中提取3个主成分,利用MZA软件进行模糊聚类分析从而实现分区,采用FPI和NCE来确定最佳分区数。结果表明研究区的最佳分区数为3,模糊指数为1.5。各分区内土壤养分的变异系数都较整个研究区有所降低,而分区间土壤养分差异显著。研究区的平均混乱度指数为0.37,不同模糊类别交叠程度较小,地理空间上土壤的隶属关系相对明确。通过模糊聚类分析法可以较好地进行管理分区的划分,分区结果可以作为变量施肥的单独作业单元进行肥料管理。     

改进的蚁群聚类在精准灌溉管理分区中的应用

为了便于精准灌溉的田间实际操作和管理,采用改进的蚁群聚类算法进行灌溉管理分区研究。蚁群算法的离散性和并行性特点对于数据的特征聚类非常适用,然而当数据量较大时,蚁群聚类在系统循环过程中,对数据的搜索时间较长,计算量大,因此将初始聚类中心作为蚂蚁的初始食物源加以引导,减少蚂蚁行走的盲目性,以达到降低计算量、加快聚类的目的。该文以土壤物理特性作为数据源,在运用主成分分析消除初始指标相关性的基础上,采用改进的蚁群聚类对研究区进行精准灌溉管理分区的划分。将改进的蚁群聚类分区结果与传统的K-均值聚类进行比较,前者分区结果表现出土壤物理特性区内均一性更强、区间差异性更加显著的特点。改进的蚁群聚类分区结果表明,研究区可划分成2个灌溉管理分区,I区土壤的田间持水率、饱和含水率和凋萎含水率均较II区大,表明在相同的气候条件下,I区的土壤耐旱能力较II区强,分区结果可以为精准灌溉的分区管理提供参考依据和数据支持。     

苏北海涂围垦区土壤水分空间变异性及其协同克立格估值

以苏北滨海滩涂围垦区为研究区域,应用地统计学方法研究了剖面不同深度土壤含水量的空间变异特征,以0～20 cm表土层含水量作为协同变量,分析了不同深度土壤含水量的交互半方差特征,探讨了土壤含水量的普通克立格和协同克立格估值方法.结果表明:各层土壤含水量都表现为弱变异强度;受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同作用,各土层含水量均呈中等空间自相关性;协同区域化变量间均表现为正相关,且协同区域化变量的空间结构性要优于单一变量;协同克立格对土壤水分局部变异的描述较普通克立格更为详细;与普通克立格法相比,协同克立格法估值产生的均方误差减小10.1%～21.3%,平均标准误差减小11.3%～17.7%,预测值和实测值间的相关系数提高15.9%～26.4%.该研究为滨海滩涂地区土壤水分分区管理和水盐优化调控提供了一定的理论参考.     

基于粒子群优化算法的土壤养分管理分区

土壤养分管理分区的划分为变量施肥技术提供依据,是精准农业实施变量施肥管理的重要环节。在对7种土壤养分的空间变异特征和变异结构进行分析的基础上,以其中6种养分作为变量进行土壤养分管理分区的研究,最后用基于粒子群优化属性均值聚类来划分管理分区,并引入3种指标确定合理的分区数目。通过计算得出,试验区的合理分区数目为2个,对各管理分区实际采样点的土壤养分数据进行单因素方差分析,除速效磷外各土壤养分均在99%的置信水平上具有极显著差异,其中分区2土壤肥力水平较高,分区1较低。基于粒子群优化属性均值聚类算法可以很好地划分土壤养分管理分区,分区结果能够为精准农业变量施肥提供决策依据。     

基于区域和亚类水平的中国水稻土氮储量空间分异格局研究

农田氮循环是陆地生态系统氮循环的一个重要环节,因此对中国水稻土氮储量及其空间变异特征的研究有利于了解农田土壤氮循环。本研究基于中国1∶100万土壤数据库和1490个水稻土剖面数据,在水稻土亚类和土壤大区水平上对中国水稻土氮密度和氮储量的空间变异特征进行研究。结果表明:中国水稻土平均氮密度为12.4Mghm-2;中国水稻土氮储量为569Tg。不同亚类水稻土平均氮密度以潜育型水稻土最高(19.7Mghm-2),漂洗型水稻土最低(8.71Mghm-2)。不同土壤分区氮密度最高的是西南区(17.4Mghm-2),最低则是南方区(11.5Mghm-2)。各亚类和区域间水稻土氮密度均有显著差异,但水稻土氮密度在各亚类间的变异大于各区域的差异,这表明水稻土地表水分状况对水稻土氮空间变异的影响程度较气候的影响大。     

基于多源环境变量的橡胶园土壤管理分区

为了提高大尺度范围内橡胶园土壤管理的针对性,以海南省国营八一农场橡胶园为研究对象,以地形因子(海拔、坡度和坡向)、成土母质、气候变量(平均降雨量和平均气温)和植被指数为数据源,对橡胶园进行土壤管理分区。利用模糊C均值聚类法进行分区,以模糊性能指数(fuzzy performance index,FPI)和归一化分类熵(normalized classification entropy,NCE)作为判断最佳分区数的标准,并通过单因素方差分析和分区前后土壤属性以及环境变量变异系数对比对分区结果进行评价和验证。研究结果表明,橡胶园管理分区的最佳数目为3个。不同管理分区之间土壤属性(pH值、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铜、有效铁和有效锰)和环境变量(高程、坡度、降雨量、平均温和归一化植被指数)的差异性都达到了极显著水平(P0.01),同时,3个分区中土壤属性和环境变量变异系数的均值比分区前明显下降。这就验证了在大尺度范围内,利用较易获取的多源环境变量进行橡胶园土壤管理分区是可行的,同时依据不同分区的特点制定了相应的土壤管理措施,提高了大范围区域内橡胶园土壤管理的针对性。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.