二次冷凝除霜冷库制冷系统运行特性

针对冷库蒸发器除霜能耗大的问题,以二次冷凝除霜冷库为研究对象,建立了系统热力学模型,通过试验验证了二次冷凝除霜模型的有效性,并对比热气旁通除霜模型验证其节能性。为优化二次冷凝除霜冷库除霜性能,设计试验研究不同因素对系统运行能耗的影响,通过改变不同的蒸发器传热温差、蒸发温度和冷凝温度,获得系统除霜周期能耗并进行对比分析。结果表明：1)蒸发器传热温差宜取7～9℃;2)蒸发温度降低,二次冷凝除霜周期能耗增加,但相比热气旁通除霜节能性增加,当冷凝温度为34～38℃,蒸发温度为-20～-10℃时,单位冷库容积二次冷凝除霜周期能耗为0.055～0.080 kW·h/m³,相比热气旁通除霜节能12.7%～15.8%;3)冷凝温度增加,二次冷凝除霜周期能耗增加,同时相比热气旁通除霜节能性增加,当蒸发温度为-15℃,冷凝温度为34～38℃时,单位冷库容积二次冷凝除霜周期平均能耗为0.067 5～0.078 5 kW·h/m³,相比热气旁通除霜节能12.3%～16.5%。该研究可为制冷系统的节能运行提供参考。     

移动式冷库性能及其冷却均匀性分析

针对果蔬冷链运输过程中采摘后的“最先一公里”的保鲜问题,该研究开发了一种移动式冷库。该设备用于田间果蔬预冷以及冷藏,以消除果蔬采摘后的田间热和呼吸热。对该设备冷库库板的导热热阻、机组制冷系数以及冷库内部的冷却均匀性进行了性能试验研究,并采用温度异质性系数和温度变异系数用以评价冷库内部的冷却均匀性。结果表明,冷库板的导热热阻为3.98 m²·℃/W,制冷一体机的制冷系数为2.07,具有较高的导热热阻以及制冷系数,有利于设备的节能运行;设备运行过程中冷库门侧左上角测点处具有较低的温度异质性系数为0.08 %,制冷机组侧右上角测点处具有较高的温度异质性系数为0.48 %,冷库整体的温度变异系数为0.034%,不论是温度异质性系数还是温度变异系数均低于0.5 %,可以认为该冷库具有较高的冷却均匀性,将有利于降低果蔬预冷过程的损腐率。     

湿冷系统运行特性及其在果蔬预冷保鲜中的应用研究

提出湿冷系统所具有的“三循环”特征，分析了该系统中气液传热传质机理，通过对物料的适应性试验，对系统的运行特性进行了检测，说明湿冷系统的优点在于：蒸发器不用除霜，提高了制冷压缩机的运行效率，冷库具备较为稳定的高湿低温环境，比普通机械冷库更适合于果蔬的预冷和储藏保鲜     

基于辐射制冷技术的冷链保温箱隔热性能测试与能耗分析

针对冷链运输装备运行过程中高能耗的问题，引入辐射制冷技术，减少装备得热量，达到降低运输能耗，节能减排的目的。该研究以冷链保温箱为研究对象，将所研制辐射制冷涂料应用于冷链保温箱外表面并展开隔热性能测试。试验表明，涂覆辐射制冷涂料后，保温箱外表面平均温度较未加辐射制冷涂料下降0.7～6.9 ℃，峰值温度最高降低了17.3 ℃，降幅达28.5%；内表面平均温度下降3.6～5.5 ℃，峰值温度最高下降了7.7 ℃，降幅达15.0%；箱内空气平均温度下降4.0 ℃。同时，箱内温度均匀性得到改善，温度极差降幅为30.2%～30.7%，温度方差降幅为26.3%～29.9%。在试验基础上，研究构建保温箱传热模型，分析涂覆辐射制冷涂料的节能减排效益。与普通冷链保温箱相比，涂覆辐射制冷涂料后，1.5 m3容积的冷链保温箱全年漏热量减少44.3 kW·h，最高减少碳排放量51.8 kg（以CO2计）；此外，通过对保温材料厚度、涂料类别分析可知，辐射制冷涂料在运用于保温层较薄的保温箱时，效果较佳，且在改善保温箱隔热性能同时可增大保温箱的有效容积；从节能降耗的角度出发，建议冷藏运输装备外表面涂装采用具有高反射比的浅色涂料。研究可为冷链运输装备节能运用提供新思路，对有隔热要求的粮库、冷库、油罐等农业设施亦具有参考意义。     

基于竖管降膜的多效太阳能苦咸水蒸馏器设计及性能分析

工业化太阳能苦咸水淡化系统对基础设施要求高,无法满足当前缺水地区小型分布式淡水制备的需求。针对上述问题,该研究提出一种新型基于竖管降膜的多效太阳能苦咸水蒸馏器,其具有液膜蒸发、多效运行、传热热阻小、热能利用效率高等特点。基于封闭小空间内蒸发冷凝机理,分析装置内水蒸气传热传质过程,基于此,分别测试定输入功率运行工况下,一效、二效、三效和四效蒸馏器的产水速率、蒸发温度和冷凝温度的变化规律,研究不同效数对装置单位能耗产水率l和性能系数(Gain Output Ratio,GOR)等的影响,分析多效太阳能苦咸水蒸馏器的投资回收周期等经济评估参数。结果表明,装置单位能耗产水率、产水速率和性能系数均随运行效数的增加而增大,当输入电功率为200W时,四效苦咸水蒸馏器达到稳态运行时单位能耗产水率和产水速率分别为1.45 g/kJ、1.039 kg/h,分别比三效蒸馏器增加36.80%、35.88%,四效苦咸水蒸馏器运行温度为83.76℃,蒸发冷凝总温差为19.07℃,性能系数达到3.36,投资成本回收周期约为5.69 a,具有较好的分布式制水应用前景。     

微型冷库复合加热循环除霜系统的研制与试验

针对冷冻冷藏库传统除霜方法高能耗、冷库温湿度波动大等缺陷,通过设计系统除霜结构,完善控制策略,研发了一种智能除霜方法。复合加热循环除霜采用时间—压差联合智能控制策略界定最佳除霜点,配备排管辅助制冷技术,基于欧姆龙PLC高精度控制系统使各设备协同完成除霜过程。对复合加热循环除霜系统进行试验研究,对比分析不同除霜方法的工作性能及能耗情况。结果显示:相比于传统电加热除霜,复合加热循环除霜过程冷库温度波动减小3.8℃,相对湿度波动降低21.1百分点,除霜时间缩短14 min,系统除霜节能率达34.5%。     

太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统冬季制热性能

热源塔热泵系统以空气为冷热源,在冬季制热时其性能会随环境温度的降低而降低。为此研发了可应用陕南地区农村建筑的太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统,试验研究了冬季工况下系统的制热性能,初步分析了太阳热能与空气热能的互补机理。研究结果表明:系统制热量范围为12.1～15.2 k W,热泵机组性能系数范围为2.3～3.5,系统能效比范围为1.5～2.4,供热温度高于41℃;冷却水温度对压缩机耗电量的影响程度大于防冻溶液温度,冷却水平均温度每升高1℃,压缩要耗电量增加98.1 W,而防冻溶液平均温度每升高1℃,压缩机耗电量减小9.5 W;太阳能辅助热源塔热泵制热模式下,热泵机组通过改变防冻溶液与空气和集热工质换热温差的方法来改变防冻溶液从空气和集热水箱中的吸热量,以实现空气热能与太阳热能的互补。建议在实际应用中应避免供热温度过高以减小压缩机耗电;在集热水箱温度较高时通过降低风机频率减小风机耗电以提高系统综合能效,但应避免风机低频率工作可能给机组安全运行带来的隐患。     

基于CFD数值模拟的冷藏车节能组合方式比较

精确掌握温度控制是实现高质量食品冷链运输的关键,节能减排降低运输成本也是供应商所追求的目标。该文以短距离冷藏运输车为研究对象,以土豆为货物区试验材料,建立了求解冷藏车车厢温度场分布计算模型。模拟过程采用2种不同的风机制冷温度（0和3℃）,依据制冷机组功率和货物最佳冷藏温度,确定运输过程中打开和关闭制冷风机最佳间隔时间。模型以冷气出风口风速、冷气温度、车厢以及货物的初始温度、货物的物性参数为边界条件,采用计算流体力学（CFD）非稳态SST κ-ω计算模型,模拟开启风机和关闭风机不同阶段车厢内温度场的分布情况。结果表明在组合方式为制冷温度3℃,制冷时间和关闭制冷风机阶段都为10 min时比制冷温度为0,制冷时间15 min和关闭制冷风机为20 min时要节约3.6×105 J能耗。该研究为合理选择制冷风机温度和冷却时间最佳组合方式,以及实现节能减排降低运输成本提供了依据。     

挂机式自动冷库的研制和应用效果

以设计既具有现代技术水平又适于中国国情、经济实用的冷库为目的，研制了系列挂机自动冷库。通过对冷库的制冷系统、控制系统和围护结构的设计研究，装配了以涡旋式制冷压缩机为核心的壁挂式制冷机组，制造了高精度、自控、多级安全保护和实时化霜的控制系统，确定了土建装配复合式的库体结构。设计研制的系列挂机自动冷库，单元库容几吨到数百吨，可应用于农产品基地预冷加工、冷藏保鲜和农贸市场销售保鲜等，在全国推广应用经济和社会效益显著。     

直膨式太阳能热泵供暖系统运行控制策略

针对直膨式太阳能热泵用于建筑供暖时稳定性差、效率低等问题,该研究基于构建的直膨式太阳能热泵地板辐射供暖试验平台,提出了一种基于环境参数的系统运行控制策略。热泵采用环保工质丙烷,集热/蒸发器和冷凝器均采用微通道结构,通过蓄热水箱与水循环管路相连,将热量输送到地板辐射供暖系统。基于大量试验数据与分析,拟合得到满足室内热舒适前提下不同环境温度下的供水温度下限,根据实际的太阳辐射强度将水箱内部水温提升至相应设定值以满足蓄热需求。试验结果表明：基于所提出的控制策略,系统能够及时响应环境工况变化,在多种工况都能保证较优的性能并满足舒适供暖需求,系统平均性能系数在2.02～3.58之间,压缩机入口工质过热度稳定保持在7～11 ℃,压缩机排气温度保持在90 ℃以内。所提出的运行控制策略有助于直膨式太阳能热泵供暖系统安全稳定高效运行。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.