中国亚热带两种竹林凋落物输入量、凋落物分解和养分释放动态

Bamboos are one of the fast-growing and multiple use species in the world, and thus bamboo forests/plantations play an important role in C sequestration at regional and global levels. We studied aboveground litterfall, litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics for two years in two subtropical bamboo ecosystems in Southwest China so as to test the hypothesis that litter quality determine the rate and nutrient dynamics during decomposition of different litter fractions. Mean annual total aboveground litter production ranged from 494 to 434 g m-2 in two bamboo stands （P stand, dominated by Pleioblastus amarus and H stand, hybrid bamboo dominated by Bambusa pervariabilis x Dendrocalamopsis daii）. Bulk （-80%） of litter production was contributed by leaf litter in two stands followed by twigs and sheathes. Different litter fractions represented considerable variations in the rates of mass loss and nutrient release. Variation of the mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition was significantly explained by initial C/N ratio and initial P concentration. Initial concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg explained 57.9%, 95.0%, 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively, of the variations of these elements mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition. The patterns of nutrient dynamics and the final amount remaining were mainly determined by their initial litter substrate quality in tl~ese two subtropical bamboo plantations.     

川西3种亚高山针叶林的养分和凋落物格局分析

Investigations were conducted to quantify litterfall, and litter and nutrient accumulation in forest floor, and to acquire information on litter decomposition and nitrogen and phosphorus release patterns in three different subalpine coniferous forests, a plantation （P1）, a secondary forest （SF）, and a primitive forest （PF）, in western Sichuan, China. The litter trap method was used to evaluate litterfall with the litterbag method being utilized for litter decomposition. Seasonal patterns of litterfall were similar in the three forests, with two peaks occurring in September-November and March-May. The plantation revealed an annual litterfall of 4.38 x 103 kg ha-1, which was similar to those of SF and PF, but P1 had a lower mass loss rate and a higher C/N ratio. The C/N ratio may be a sound predictor for the decomposition differences. N concentrations of leaf litter in both the secondary forest and primitive forest increased first and then decreased, and the percentages of their final/initial values were 108.9% and 99.9%, respectively. P concentration in the three forests increased by the end of the study. The results of litterfall and decomposition indicated that in the plantation the potential to provide nutrients for soil organic matter was similar to those of SF and PF; however, its slower decomposition rate could result in a somewhat transient accumulation of litter in the forest floor.     

川西亚高山三个森林群落的凋落物动态

Litter production, components and dynamics were investigated and forest floor litter was quantified throughout a whole year in three subalpine forests, dominated by tree species of spruce （SF）, fir （FF） and birch （BF）, in Western Sichuan, China, in order to understand the key factors that influenced litter production and dynamics. Litterfall in the three forests consisted mainly of leaves, woody litter, reproductive organs and moss. Contribution of leaf litter to the total litterfall was significantly （P 〈 0.05） greater than that of woody litter, reproductive organs or moss. Regardless of the stands, litterfall exhibited a marked monthly variation with the maximum litterfall peaks occurring in October, with smaller peaks occurring in February for SF and FF, and May for BF. The analysis indicated that tree species, stand density, leaf area index （LAI）, stand basal area and stand age were the key factors determining litter production. Meanwhile tree species and phenology controlled the litter dynamics, with wind and snow modifying the litter components and dynamics.     

高钾供应加剧了水稻叶片缺镁诱导的氧化胁迫

Magnesium （Mg） deficiency in plant affects photosynthesis and many other metabolic processes. Rice （Oryza sativa L. cv. ＇Wuyunjing 7＇） plants were grown in hydroponics culture at three Mg and two potassium （K） levels under greenhouse conditions to examine the induction of oxidative stress and consequent antioxidant responses in rice leaves due to Mg deficiency. At low Mg （0.2 mmol L 1 Mg supply for two weeks after transplanting） and high K （6 mmol L^-1） for 21 days, the rice plants showed severe Mg deficiency and a significant decreases in the dry matter production. The Mg deficiency in leaves decreased chlorophyll concentrations, photosynthetic activity, and soluble protein, but significantly increased the concentrations of soluble sugars and malondialdchyde （MDA） and the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOLD, EC 1.15.1.1）, catalase （CAT, EC 1.11.1.6） and peroxidase （POD, EC 1.11.1.7）. In addition, Mg concentrations in the leaves and in the shoot biomass were negatively related to the activities of the three antioxidative enzymes and the concentration of MDA in leaves. There were very significant interactive effects between Mg and K supplied in the culture solution on shoot biomass yield, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, the activities of SOD, CAT and POD, and MDA content in the leaves of rice. It is suggested that the high K level in the nutrient solution aggravated the effect of low Mg supply-induced Mg deficiency and created the oxidative damage in rice plants.     

土壤性质对砂土亚表层磷迁移的影响

The soil factors influencing the potential migration of dissolved and particulate phosphorus （P） from structurallyweak sandy subsoils were evaluated by means of soil column leaching experiments. Soil colloids were extracted from two types of soils to make the colloid-bound forms of P solution. Eight sandy soils with diverse properties were collected for packing soil columns. The effects of influent solutions varying in concentrations of colloids, P, and electrolyte, on the transport of P and quality of leachates were characterized. P migration in the soils was soil property-dependent. High soil electrical conductivity values retarded the mobility of colloids and transportability of colloid-associated P （particulate P）. Soil electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with colloids and reactive particulate P （RPP） concentrations in the leachates, whereas, the total reactive P （TRP） and dissolved reactive P （DRP） concentrations in the leachates were mainly controlled by the P adsorption capacity and the P levels in the subsoil. The reactive particulate P in the leachates was positively correlated with the colloidal concentration. Increased colloidal concentration in the influent could significantly increase the colloidal concentration in the leachates. Elevated P concentration in the influent had little effect on P recovery in the leachates, but it resulted in significant increases in the absolute P concentration in the leachates.     

曹娥江流域河流污染特征对土地覆被的响应

This study addressed the relationship of river water pollution characteristics to land covers and human activities in the catchments in a complete river system named Cao-E River in eastern China.Based on the hydrogeochemical data collected monthly over a period of 3 years,cluster analysis(CA) and principal component analysis(PCA) were adopted to categorize the river reaches and reveal their pollution characteristics.According to the differences of water quality in the river reaches and land use patterns and average population densities in their catchments,the whole river system could be categorized into three groups of river reaches,i.e.,non-point sources pollution reaches(NPSPR),urban reaches(UR) and mixed sources pollution reaches(MSPR).In UR and MSPR,the water quality was mainly impacted by nutrient and organic pollution,while in NPSPR nutrient pollution was the main cause.The nitrate was the main nitrogen form in NPSPR and particulate phosphorus was the main phosphorus form in MSPR.There were no apparent trends for the variations of pollutant concentrations with increasing river flows in NPSPR and MSPR,while in UR the pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing river flows.Thus dry season was the critical period for water pollution control in UR.Therefore,catchment land covers and human activities had significant impact on river reach water pollution type,nutrient forms and water quality responses to hydrological conditions,which might be crucial for developing strategies to combat water pollution in watershed scale.     

长期稻草还田对土壤球囊霉素和土壤C、N的影响

A long-term experiment was conducted to investigate how long-term fertilization and rice straw incorporation into soil affect soil glomalin, C and N. The combined application of chemical fertilizer and straw resulted in a significant increase in both soil easily extractable glomalin （EEG） and total glomalin （TG） concentrations, as compared with application of only chemical fertilizer or no fertilizer application. The EEG and TG concentrations of the NPKS （nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application ＋ rice straw return） plot were 4.68% and 5.67% higher than those of the CK （unfertilized control） plot, and 9.87% and 6.23% higher than those of the NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer applied annually） plot, respectively. Application of only chemical fertilizer did not cause a statistically significant change of soil glomalin compared with no fertilizer application. The changes of soil organic C （SOC） and total N （TN） contents demonstrated a similar trend to soil glomalin in these plots. The SOC and TN contents of NPKS plot were 15.01% and 9.18% higher than those of the CK plot, and 8.85% and 14.76% higher than those of the NPK plot, respectively. Rice straw return also enhanced the contents of microbial biomass C （MBC） and microbial biomass N （MBN） in the NPKS plot by 7.76% for MBC and 31.42% for MBN compared with the CK plot, and 12.66% for MBC and 15.07% for MBN compared with the NPK plots, respectively. Application of only chemical fertilizer, however, increased MBN concentration, but decreased MBC concentration in soil.     

水稻耐盐性的机理

Shaheen Basmati was evolved as a salt tolerant fine rice variety by the Soil Salinity Research Institute,Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan. Water culture studies were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanism exercised by this variety in particular and rice plant in general to face the saline environment. Performance of this rice variety and the concentration and uptake of ions were studied under stress of three salinity levels(30, 60 and 90 mmolL^-1) created with NaC1. Recorded data indicated that shoot dry matter was not significantly affected by all the three levels of salinity. However, NaC1 levels of 60 and 90 mmol L^-1 affected the root dry matter significantly. Sodium concentration and uptake was enhanced significantly in root and shoot at the first level of salinity (30 mmol L^-1) but thereafter the differences were non-significant, indicating the preferential absorption of this cation. The K concentration decreased significantly in shoots at all the levels. The impact was less pronounced in roots as far as K absorption was concerned. The effect on Ca and Mg concentrations was not significant. The values of K:Na, Ca:Na and (Ca Mg):Na ratios in shoot and root were comparatively low under stress conditions, indicating that selective ion absorption may be the principal salt tolerance mechanism of variety Shaheen Basmati when grown in a saline medium.     

有机配体、竞争阳离子和pH对土壤中Zn分解的影响

A series of experiments were conducted to examine the interactive effects of an organic ligand, a competing cation, and pH on the dissolution of zinc （Zn） from three California soils, Maymen sandy loam, Merced clay, and Yolo clay loam. The concentrations of soluble Zn of the three soils were low in a background solution of Ca（NO3）2. Citric acid, a common organic ligand found in the rhizosphere, was effective in mobilizing Zn in these soils; its presence enhanced the concentration of Zn in soil solution by citrate forming a complex with Zn. The ability of Zn to form a complex with citric acid in the soil solution was dependent on the concentration of citric acid, pH, and the concentration of the competing cation Ca^2＋. The pH of the soil solution determined the extent of desorption of Zn in solid phase in the presence of citric acid. The amounts of Zn released from the solid phase were proportional to the concentration of citric acid and inversely proportional to the concentration of Ca（NO3）2 background solution, which supplied the competing cation Ca^2＋ for the formation of a complex with citrate. When the soil suspension was spiked with Zn, the adsorption of Zn by the soils was retarded by citric acid via the formation of the soluble Zn-citrate complex. The dissolution of Zn in the presence of citric acid was pH dependent in both adsorption and desorption processes.     

七种钾释放动力学方程的比较和动力学参数的应用

Batch equilibrium experiments were conducted to investigate cadmium （Cd） sorption by two permanent-charge soils, a yellow-cinnamon soil and a yellow-brown soil, and two variable-charge soils, a red soil and a latosol, with addition of selected organic acids （acetate, tartrate, and citrate）. Results showed that with an increase in acetate concentrations from 0 to 3.0 mmol L^-1, Cd sorption percentage by the yellow-cinnamon soil, the yellow-brown soil, and the latosol decreased. The sorption percentage of Cd by the yellow-clnnamon soil and generally the yellow-brown soil （permanent-charge soils） decreased with an increase in tartrate concentration, but increased at low tartrate concentrations for the red soil and the latosol. Curves of percentage of Cd sorption for citrate were similar to those for tartrate. For the variable-charge soils with tartrate and citrate, there were obvious peaks in Cd sorption percentage. These peaks, where organic acids had maximum influence, changed with soil type, and were at a higher organic acid concentration for the variable-charge soils than for the permanent charge soils. Addition of cadmium after tartrate adsorption resulted in higher sorption increase for the varlable-charge soils than permanent-charge soils. When tartrate and Cd solution were added together, sorption of Cd decreased with tartrate concentration for the yellow-brown soil, but increased at low tartrate concentrations and then decreased with tartrate concentration for the red soil and the latosol.     

不同梯度氮沉降对亚热带甜槠林凋落物及养分的影响

[目的]分析不同梯度氮沉降作用下亚热带常绿阔叶甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)林凋落物量及养分变化规律,从而为亚热带地区氮沉降研究提供数据参考与理论依据。[方法]对安徽省仙寓山地区设置不同梯度施氮对照试验,长期实地监测甜槠林凋落物量及其养分的响应状况。[结果]凋落物量大小顺序为:高氮加磷(HN+P)低氮(LN)高氮(HN)对照CK,不同处理间的差异未达到显著水平;但是落叶量LN与CK之间差异显著(p=0.023)。各处理凋落物量的月变化模式均呈双峰型,分别在4和11月达到峰值;凋落物中各组分所占比例从大到小均为:叶果枝碎屑花皮;施肥处理不同程度上改变了落果量的比重:HN+P(27%)HN(25%)CK=LN(23%)。甜槠林C,N,P,K,Ca,Mg这6种大量元素的养分年归还量共计:HN+P 4.62t/(hm2·a)CK 4.44t/(hm2·a)HN 4.17t/(hm2·a)LN 3.96t/(hm2·a);不同处理各养分(K除外)归还量均表现为上述关系,且HN+P与CK之间的N,P的养分归还量差异显著(p=0.047;0.023)。对于各组分而言,落叶的养分归还量占年养分归还量的52%~58%。[结论]模拟不同梯度的氮沉降处理在一定程度上改变了甜槠林凋落物总量的大小及其组成比例,且影响到其他养分的吸收及归还量。     

Nutrient storage and turnover in organic layers under tropical montane rain forest in Ecuador

In tropical montane forests nutrients released from the organic layers of the soil can supply a large part of the vegetation's requirements. We have examined concentrations, storage, and turnover times of nutrients in the organic layer and the fluxes of nutrients by the fall of small litter (leaves, seeds, flowers, small twigs, and plant debris that passed an opening of 0.3 m × 0.3 m) in such a forest in Ecuador. The times taken for litter to turn over were estimated by relating nutrient storage in the organic layer to rate of litterfall and by incubating samples in the laboratory. The organic layer had a thickness of 2–43 cm, a mass of 30–713 t ha^?1, and a nutrient storage of 0.87–21 t N, 0.03–0.70 t P, 0.12–2.5 t K, 0.09–3.2 t Ca, and 0.07–1.0 t Mg ha^?1. The pH (in H₂O) ranged between 3.1 and 7.4 and was correlated with the concentrations of Ca and Mg (r= 0.83 and 0.84, respectively). The quantity of small litter (8.5–9.7 t year^?1) and mean concentrations of nutrients in litter (19–22 g N, 0.9–1.6 g P, 6.1–9.1 g K, 12–18 g Ca, and 3.5–5.8 g Mg kg^?1) were larger than in many other tropical montane forests. The mean turnover times of elements in the organic layer increased in the order, Mg (7.0 years) < Ca (7.9) < K (8.5) < P (11) < N (14) < S (15) when calculated as the quotient of storage in the organic layer to flux by litterfall; they were < 12 years for N, P, and S in the incubation experiment. Under optimum conditions in the laboratory, the mineralization of S was just as large as the S deposition by litterfall. In weakly acid soils Mn and Zn and in strongly acid soils Ca added in a nutrient solution were immobilized during incubation. Thus, lack of S, Mn, Zn, and Ca might limit plant growth on some soils.     

亚热带3种森林凋落物量及碳氮归还动态变化

[目的]探明亚热带不同森林类型的碳汇功能,为森林经营和针叶林改造中的树种选择提供指导。[方法]基于月动态监测,研究了罗卜岩自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林(米槠林)、常绿-落叶阔叶混交林(闽桦-闽楠林)和针叶林(马尾松林)3种森林类型的凋落物产量及碳氮归还动态变化。[结果](1) 3种林分中马尾松林的年总凋落量最高[9 815 kg/(hm²·a)],其次为闽桦-闽楠林[9 207 kg/(hm²·a)],米槠林最低[8 083 kg/(hm²·a)],叶是闽桦-闽楠林和马尾松林凋落物的主要组分,而米槠林凋落物以碎屑等其他组分为主;3种森林的总凋落量、叶、花果和其他组分凋落量月动态均呈双峰型曲线,峰值分别出现在11—12月和次年的4—5月。(2) 3种林分总凋落物碳归还量为马尾松林[4 970 kg/(hm²·a)]>闽桦-闽楠林[4 458 kg/(hm²·a)]>米槠林[3 804 kg/(hm²·a)],总凋落物氮归还量为闽桦-闽楠林[160 ...     

Litter decomposition and nutrient release in relation to atmospheric deposition of S and N in a dry tropical region

Temporal and spatial variations in litterfall, leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release were quantified along an air pollution gradient around an industrial area in a dry tropical region of India. Significant differences were found in litterfall between the sites. Litter decomposition rates also significantly varied among the study sites. Litter decomposition was faster at sites away from the industrial region with coal-fired power plants. The concentrations of N and P increased, whereas that of Ca and SO₄-S decreased in decomposing litter over time. The nutrient release pattern was also modified by atmospheric deposition. Concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂ were negatively correlated with relative mass loss. Turnover time of nutrients, except SO₄-S in decomposing litter was maximal at the site receiving highest atmospheric depositions. The study documents that industrial emissions significantly modified nutrient cycling in adjacent terrestrial ecosystems.     

红壤侵蚀区不同生态修复措施对凋落物量及其养分归还的影响

通过野外定位监测和取样分析,探讨在红壤侵蚀区采取4种生态修复模式(马尾松林、修沟种草马尾松林、修竹节沟马尾松林和封禁马尾松林)27年后,其林分凋落物量及其养分归还动态。结果表明,4种修复措施林分的年凋落物总量分别为3 267.30,3 530.58,3 937.67,4 997.88kg/hm2,说明封禁处理对于提高林分凋落物量效果显著。各修复措施凋落物量呈现明显的季节动态,全年凋落物呈现单峰型,峰值均出现在8月份。4种修复措施(马尾松林、修沟种草、修竹节沟和封禁)凋落物的5种元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)归还总量分别33.83,38.90,48.39,64.40kg/hm2,大小顺序为:封禁>修竹节沟>修沟种草>强干扰马尾林,其中N元素的年通量变化为23.33～47.60kg/hm2,P为0.50～0.96kg/hm2,K为5.40～8.62kg/hm2,Ca为4.02～6.33kg/hm2,Mg为0.58～0.89kg/hm2。     

Foliar nutrient status in three boreal species for three years following hexazinone application

Abstract

Effects of hexazinone on the dynamics of macronutrients were studied in the foliage of trembling aspen, showy aster and marsh reed grass for three years after broadcast application of 10% granular formulation of hexazinone at 0, 2, and 4 kg ai/ha rates in August 1986 in a 3‐year‐old mixedwood cutover in a boreal forest. In untreated plots, nutrient concentrations followed normal patterns: calcium (Ca) increased from spring to late summer; potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and nitrogen (N) peaked in early summer and declined towards fall; and magnesium (Mg) did not show any definite trends. At each sampling date, the coefficient of variation ranged from <10% for Ca, Mg, K and total N to 10–20% for P and S. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of each element were greater than the year‐to‐year variations. In treated plots, hexazinone application resulted in elevated concentrations of total Ca, Mg, K, P, S, and N during the first growing season, but these changes were only significant (P<0.05) at the 4 kg rate. The intensity of the effects declined by the end of the second growing season following herbicide application. In 1989, differences between nutrient levels in foliage from control and treated sites were significant (P<0.05) only for total N. Consequently, any changes in the nutrient status of hexazinone‐treated sites (beyond two years post‐treatment) are not expected to result from changes in foliar nutrient levels, but rather from changes in litter fall quantities, species dominance and total vegetation cover. Nutrient quality of forage for wildlife would not be affected beyond two years post‐treatment.     

长沙市郊枫香人工林养分归还研究

通过野外调查和室内测试分析相结合的方法,研究枫香人工林的养分归还,为枫香人工林生态系统经营管理和物质循环研究提供科学依据。结果表明:1)枫香人工林的年凋落量为4 935.6 kg/hm2,凋落量大小依次为落叶>落枝>花果>碎屑;2)凋落物养分年归还量为111.849 kg/hm2,各元素归还量大小依次为N>Ca>K>Mg>P,各组分归还量大小为落叶>落枝>花果>碎屑;3)降水淋溶养分年归还量为105.823 kg/hm2,各元素淋溶量大小依次为Ca>K>Mg>P>N;4)枫香人工林总的年养分归还量为217.672 kg/hm2,各元素归还量大小依次为Ca>N>K>Mg>P。因此,在降水较丰富的亚热带地区,降水淋溶对枫香人工林养分归还的作用不可忽视。