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1.
沼液处理对土壤微生物性状及西瓜枯萎病发生的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
采用室内盆栽模拟的方法,研究了沼液保湿和淹水处理对马肝土和潮土微生物性状的影响以及对西瓜枯萎病的防效。结果表明,沼液处理土壤21 d对西瓜枯萎病的防效和病原菌的消减效果较好。两种土壤中,铵强化沼液淹水处理西瓜枯萎病发病率均最低。沼液保湿处理发病率平均比对照降低15%。马肝土中,铵强化沼液淹水处理尖孢镰刀菌数量最少;潮土中秸秆沼液淹水处理对病原菌数量的消减效果最好。沼液处理提高了土壤可溶性有机碳、氮含量以及荧光素二乙酸酯酶活性,其中沼液淹水处理提高幅度更大。对各处理Biolog-ECO板孔平均颜色变化的主成分分析表明,沼液淹水处理、沼液保湿处理的微生物群落结构与水保湿对照处理有明显差异。沼液淹水和铵强化沼液淹水处理能提高土壤微生物功能多样性指数,秸秆沼液淹水处理则显著降低土壤微生物功能多样性指数。  相似文献   

2.
淹水添加有机物料改良退化设施蔬菜地土壤   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
设施蔬菜种植易引起土壤酸化和次生盐渍化及土传疾病的发生,严重影响蔬菜生产的可持续发展,亟需发展快速有效改良退化土壤的方法和技术。通过盆栽试验,比较研究了稻草、黑麦草和鸡粪用量分别为1%、3%和7%时,淹水15 d改良退化设施蔬菜地土壤的效果。结果表明,与不淹水不加有机物料处理(CKd)和淹水不加有机物料处理(CKf)相比,淹水添加有机物料加速土壤Eh的下降,能有效消除土壤积累的硝态氮,降低硫酸根含量,显著提高土壤pH,其变化幅度随有机物料添加量的增加而增大。退化设施蔬菜地土壤改良后,除稻草和鸡粪添加量为7%处理外,各有机物料处理黄瓜长势和产量均高于CKd和CKf处理。有机物料对退化土壤的改良效果表现为黑麦草稻草鸡粪,而有机物料添加量增大,并不显著改善黄瓜长势和提高产量。  相似文献   

3.
碱性肥料对土壤微生物多样性及香蕉枯萎病发生的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
【目的】 研究碱性肥料对土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响,探究防控香蕉枯萎病的有效途径。 【方法】 采用两因素裂区设计进行了盆栽试验。主处理是施肥量相等、pH值分别为5.5、7.0、8.0的3个氮磷钾复合肥 (22-8-15);副处理为接种香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌 [Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubensce (E.F.Smith) Snyder et Hasen],包括不接种尖孢镰刀菌 (FOC)、接种FOC×106 cfu/g两个水平,共6个处理。 【结果】 1) 施用pH为7和8的两种肥料处理显著降低了香蕉枯萎病的染病率及病情指数,pH 8.0的碱性肥料较pH 5.5的酸性肥料分别降低了38和16个百分点。2) 接种FOC后,碱性肥料相比中性和酸性肥料显著增加了香蕉整株生物量,增加量分别为15%和23%,而对香蕉根部生物量影响不显著。3) 肥料的酸碱性对土壤微生物群落数量有显著影响,碱性肥料处理土壤中的FOC和真菌数量显著少于酸性肥料处理的,分别减少了60%和51%,而放线菌和细菌数量却都明显多于酸性肥料处理的,分别是酸性肥料的1.22和2.25倍。4) 碱性肥料较酸性肥料提高了土壤微生物的总碳源利用率及活性;在接种FOC的情况下,碱性肥料较酸性肥料可以显著地提高土壤微生物多样性。 【结论】 施用碱性肥料能明显减少土壤中FOC和真菌数量,增加细菌、放线菌数量,显著优化土壤微生物种群结构,提高土壤微生物活性及多样性,有效抑制FOC的萌发和致病,从而有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生。   相似文献   

4.
改善施肥方式,利用有机肥替代部分化肥是指导农业合理施肥、维持土壤可持续利用、保证我国农业可持续发展的必然趋势。本文研究了有机氮替代部分无机氮对香蕉产量、品质、枯萎病发病率及土壤微生物群落的影响,为香蕉生产中减少化肥使用提供理论依据。试验共设置4个施肥处理:常规氮、磷、钾化肥(T1),商品有机肥替代20%无机氮肥(T2),商品有机肥替代30%无机氮肥(T3);商品有机肥替代40%无机氮肥(T4)。测定香蕉长势、枯萎病的发病率、产量、品质以及土壤理化性质、土壤可培养微生物。结果表明,有机氮肥替代无机氮用量的20%~40%均能满足香蕉正常生长的需要,并且相比于单施化肥,替代处理香蕉枯萎病发病率显著降低,香蕉产量显著增加,有机氮替代无机氮显著提高土壤有机质,减缓土壤酸化以及提高土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量,同时降低土壤可培养尖孢镰刀菌数量和真菌数量,增加土壤可培养细菌数量,提高B/F,使土壤向细菌型土壤转化。并且香蕉枯萎病发病率与土壤有机质、速效氮磷钾和可培养细菌呈显著负相关,与可培养真菌和尖孢镰刀菌数量呈显著正相关,主成分分析显示T4、T3处理的土壤质量水平最高,T2处理的土壤质量水平次之,T1处理最低。综上,连续有机氮替代40%无机氮处理提高土壤质量和土壤微生物群落结构、提高土壤抑病性作用、满足香蕉生长、提高香蕉产量最为显著。  相似文献   

5.
  【目的】  降低烤烟生长后期植烟土壤的氮素供应对提高烤烟烟叶质量非常重要,而微生物同化作用在调控土壤有效氮含量过程中起着重要作用,且受添加有机碳源质量和数量的影响。因此,我们研究不同有机碳源降低土壤矿质氮的效果,以及碳添加量与矿质氮降低量间的定量关系。  【方法】  供试土壤采自贵州玉米烟草轮作土壤,属于黄壤土。供试有机碳源有5种,分别为小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、芦苇秸秆、木屑和葡萄糖。有机碳源添加量均设置4个纯碳水平,分别为0、2.0、5.0和10.0 g/kg,在室内培养开始前,每个处理添加N 0.2 g/kg (NH4NO3),培养周期为30天,期间共采集培养瓶内气体样品8次,测定CO2排放量和N2O排放量,采集土壤样品5次,分析了土壤矿质氮、有机碳和微生物量碳含量。  【结果】  与未添加碳源处理相比,添加碳源处理在培养结束时显著提高了土壤呼吸速率,CO2累积排放量增加幅度为64.8%~729.3%;并显著增加了微生物量碳含量,且微生物量碳含量与碳添加量之间呈极显著正相关。培养结束时,添加碳源处理显著降低了矿质氮含量,降低幅度分别为20.7%~55.9% (玉米秸秆)、24.4%~99.8% (小麦秸秆)、21.4%~99.7% (芦苇秸秆)、31.4%~99.9% (木屑) 和44.3%~84.8% (葡萄糖);且矿质氮降低量与碳添加量之间呈极显著正相关关系,1 g有机碳降低矿质氮的量为玉米秸秆11.4 mg、小麦秸秆20.8 mg、芦苇秸秆20.8 mg、木屑20.5 mg和葡萄糖16.1 mg。当碳添加量 ≤ 5.0 g/kg时,有机碳源的C/N值与培养结束时的矿质氮降低量之间呈极显著正相关 (P < 0.01)。添加秸秆类碳源可降低N2O排放量,比未添加碳源处理降低78.7%~96.5%,而添加葡萄糖可显著增加N2O排放量,比未添加碳源处理增加153.6%~298.6%。  【结论】  有机碳源的C/N值显著影响着其降低矿质氮含量的潜力,在一定添加范围内,向植烟土壤中添加有机碳源,矿质氮的降低量随有机碳添加量的增加而增大,而且添加秸秆类碳源还可显著减少土壤N2O的排放量,尤其以添加木屑的效果最优。  相似文献   

6.
旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的影响及秸秆的改良作用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本研究以江汉平原旱改水为研究背景,采用土壤盆栽试验和室内淹水培养相结合的方法,以多年水稻土为对照,研究了多年棉田土旱改水及添加秸秆(9 g·kg-1)对水稻幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响以及土壤氧化还原电位和有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化,为旱改水水稻的种植提供参考。结果表明,棉田土旱改水后,水稻幼苗生长缓慢并出现失绿黄化症状,其地上部干重和叶绿素含量仅分别约为水稻土处理的30%和20%。旱改水处理水稻植株Fe含量显著低于、而Cu和Zn含量则显著高于水稻土处理。棉田土旱改水土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于水稻土;淹水处理10 d,土壤DTPA-Fe含量仅为水稻土的7%左右,而DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量则分别是水稻土的1.4~2.5倍和1.6~1.8倍。随着淹水时间的延长,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁含量逐渐增加,有效态锰、铜和锌含量呈先升高后降低趋势;到淹水处理的第28 d,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁、锰、铜和锌含量与水稻土之间的差异逐渐缩小。Fe不足及Cu过量可能是导致旱改水水稻幼苗生长缓慢、失绿黄化的主要原因。旱改水条件下添加秸秆可以降低土壤的Eh值,提高土壤DTPA-Fe含量及降低土壤DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量,显著提高旱改水初期水稻幼苗叶绿素含量,但对水稻生物量无显著影响。添加秸秆并不能完全消除旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用。  相似文献   

7.
水分和有机物料对镉污染土壤的改良效应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
张大庚  依艳丽  李亮亮  栗杰 《土壤》2008,40(6):934-938
通过室内培养和盆栽试验相结合的方式,系统研究了3种土壤水分含量条件下,添加不同有机物料对镉(Cd)污染土壤的改良效应。研究结果表明:淹水、田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下添加有机物料均有利于污染土壤中可交换态Cd含量的降低,铁锰氧化物及有机结合态Cd含量的增加。随土壤中水分含量的增加,影响程度增加,即淹水>田间持水量>65%相对含水量。3种水分条件下,添加蚯蚓粪处理Cd活性降低明显,其次为猪粪处理,草炭处理相对较差。淹水条件下,油菜体内Cd的含量最低,田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下油菜部分发育指标差异不显著。添加不同有机物料各处理促进油菜生长的顺序大致为:蚯蚓粪>草炭>CK>猪粪。  相似文献   

8.
《土壤通报》2015,(6):1497-1502
设施蔬菜地连作土壤,往往由于大量施用化肥、蒸发量大、受雨水淋滤少等原因,导致土壤退化,引发土传植物病害频发等连作障碍问题。厌氧还原土壤灭菌处理设施蔬菜地连作障碍土壤,降低土壤的氧化-还原电位,创造强还原环境,快速调节退化土壤理化性质和微生态结构,改良设施蔬菜地连作障碍土壤,提高设施蔬菜产量和品质,增加农民收入。对采集蚌埠市蔬菜基地设施蔬菜地连作障碍土壤,分设对照(不添加物料、不淹水)、处理1(少量稻草+淹水)、处理2(高量稻草+淹水)、处理3(少量稻草+少量猪粪+淹水)、处理4(高量稻草+高量猪粪+淹水)、处理5(高量稻草+饱和水)、处理6(高量稻草+高量猪粪+饱和水)共7组样品,每组样品分设3个平行样,实验室内30℃恒温箱密封培养15天,期间取样3次分析土壤理化性质及可培养微生物数量变化。结果表明,厌氧还原土壤灭菌处理可以降低土壤p H值和Ec值,去除SO42-和NO3-等水溶性盐分离子,调节土壤理化性质,尖孢镰刀菌由处理前104cfu g-1降低至103cfu g-1的致病临界浓度,起到抑制土传植物病原菌作用,防治设施农业连作障碍。不同有机物料的处理效果均较好,但处理间差异不显著,虽处理10天与处理15天相比,各处理样品的理化性质和微生物含量变化不显著,但与处理5天相比较,差异显著(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

9.
碱性肥料对香蕉枯萎病发生及土壤微生物群落的影响   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
【目的】针对我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化、 微生物环境恶化,香蕉枯萎病严重泛滥和肆虐,严重威胁产业等问题,通过施用碱性肥料改善蕉园土壤酸性及微生物环境,从而降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,促进香蕉健康生长。【方法】以重病区蕉园土壤为对象,采用盆栽试验,研究碱性肥料对土壤微生物及香蕉枯萎病发生情况的影响。试验设碱性肥料(AF)和常规肥料(CCF)2种肥料处理,每种肥料设低量(L1)、 中量(L2)和高量(L3)3个施肥量,同一施肥量处理的氮、 磷、 钾总用量相等。于2013年3月6日移栽香蕉苗到营养钵, 130 d后待各处理香蕉发病明显时采集土壤及植株样品进行各项指标测定。【结果】 1)施碱性肥料能显著降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率,常规肥料处理的香蕉发病率为78%,而碱性肥料处理的仅为33%。2)碱性肥料对土壤微生物群落有明显的影响,土壤中的真菌数量AF处理明显少于CCF处理,而细菌、 放线菌数量则显著高于CCF处理,因此AF处理土壤的香蕉尖孢镰刀菌明显减少。3)试验期间碱性肥料能显著提高土壤pH值,较常规肥料处理提高了0.75个pH单位,而土壤EC值比常规肥料处理低47.76 μS/cm。4)土壤pH值与土壤中古巴专化型尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)的数量及香蕉发病率呈显著负相关; 细菌数量与FOC数量、 香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数之间呈显著的负相关; 土壤中FOC和真菌数量与香蕉发病率呈显著正相关。5)香蕉生物量随着碱性肥料和常规肥料用量的增大而增加,但碱性肥料的效果更加明显。【结论】应用碱性肥料不仅可以为香蕉提供氮、 磷、 钾养分,而且能改良蕉园土壤酸性从而改善土壤微生物群落结构及环境,有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生。  相似文献   

10.
相同碳氮比有机物料对烤烟生长发育及碳氮代谢的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
烤烟碳氮代谢是重要的代谢过程,有机物料是作物所需养分的重要来源,直接影响烤烟的碳氮循环.通过盆栽试验,将玉米秸秆、猪粪和生物炭调节碳氮比为25∶1,分析不同有机物料在相同碳氮比下,对烤烟和植烟土壤主要碳氮组分和酶活性的影响.结果表明:添加生物炭与猪粪,能够显著提高烤烟的农艺性状,添加玉米秸秆,则会降低烤烟的农艺性状.添加生物炭能够显著增强烟叶碳氮关键酶活性;其中,硝酸还原酶活性、淀粉酶活性和转化酶活性最大分别达到33.3μg/(g·h)、14.42 mg/(g·min)和5.08 mg/(g·h).与对照(不施有机物料)相比,添加有机物料能够显著增加烟叶氮、磷、钾质量分数.植烟土壤添加猪粪,可以提高土壤脲酶活性(最大值1.78 mg/kg),但土壤蔗糖酶活性却基本不受有机物料种类的影响;同时,有机物料能够显著增加土壤有机质质量分数,土壤氮质量分数显著提升.特别是猪粪处理中,土壤全氮和碱解氮质量分数显著高于其他处理.有机物料的施用,促进土壤硝化作用,提高硝态氮质量分数.因此,添加生物炭能够提高烤烟碳氮代谢,协调烟叶化学成分,提高烤烟品质;添加猪粪更有利于提高土壤活性营养元素质量分数.  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

17.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

18.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

19.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

20.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

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