北京市西山地区栓皮栎林空间结构特征研究

以地面三维激光扫描仪作为林分资源调查的技术手段,采用"多站式"扫描方法来获取栓皮栎林标准地内林木树种、树高、胸径、胸高断面积等测树因子,利用混交度、大小比数、角尺度3个指标分析了北京市西山林区栓皮栎林样地的空间结构特征。研究结果表明:(1)栓皮栎林乔木层共包括15个树种,其中,栓皮栎种群在密度和断面积累积量方面占有明显优势,是乔木层的建群种和优势种;(2)栓皮栎林整个林分混交度较低,平均混交度0.306,各树种混交度以栓皮栎、栾树为最低,其它伴生树种以中度、强度和极强度为主;(3)栓皮栎、元宝枫、刺槐、辽东栎种群在空间结构单元中以优势木、亚优势木和中庸木为主,分别占种群总株数的64%,68%,64%和59%,其它树种优势度不明显;(4)栓皮栎林林分平均角尺度为0.528,说明该林分水平分布格局为聚集分布,但聚集程度较低。     

北京山区栓皮栎水源涵养林空间结构特征研究

以地面三维激光扫描技术作为林分资源调查的手段,采用"多站式"扫描方法来获取栓皮栎水源涵养林标准地内林木树种、树高、胸高断面积等测树因子,应用传统林分结构因子配合混交度、大小比数等参数并结合点格局分析法研究了北京西山栓皮栎水源涵养林林分的空间结构特征。结果表明:(1)栓皮栎水源涵养林乔木层共由16个树种组成,群落垂直结构明显,呈现出典型的复层林结构特征;(2)栓皮栎水源涵养林林分平均混交度为0.32,处于弱度混交范畴;(3)栓皮栎、油松、槲树、刺槐种群在林分空间结构单元中以优势木、亚优势木和中庸木为主,分别占种群总株数的67%、51%、71%和57%,其他树种优势度不明显;(4)栓皮栎种群的空间点格局在所研究的尺度(30 m)上呈显著性聚集分布,在种群间的空间关联性上,栓皮栎种群和其主要伴生树种元宝枫种群在所研究的尺度上,二者之间关联性为显著性负关联,竞争激烈。     

北京百花山核桃楸华北落叶松混交林空间结构特征

以百花山自然保护区核桃楸华北落叶松混交林样地的调查数据为基础,利用角尺度、大小比数和混交度3个林分空间结构参数,分析了核桃楸华北落叶松混交林的空间结构特征.结果表明:核桃楸种群密度和断面积占有明显优势,是乔木层的优势种和建群种;核桃楸华北落叶松混交林平均混交度为0.382,林分混交程度低,优势种以零度混交和弱度混交为主,伴生种的混交状况普遍较好;核桃楸和华北落叶松种群在空间结构单元中以优势木、亚优势木和中庸木为主,其他种群的树种优势度不明显;该林分的空间分布格局为聚集分布.     

大辽河流域天然杨桦林空间结构分析

以辽宁老秃顶子国家自然保护区内天然杨桦林为研究对象,利用混交度、胸径和树高大小比数、角尺度3个林分空间结构参数分析了林分空间结构特征。结果表明:林分平均混交度为0.62,其强度和极强度混交比例达53.1%,黄桦、山杨的平均混交度分别为0.87和0.74,表明天然杨桦林混交程度较高;以胸径、树高为参数的大小比数基本一致,表明黄桦、山杨处于优势向亚优势的过渡状态,且优势木的比例都超过70%;林分平均角尺度为0.52,黄桦和山杨的平均角尺度分别为0.54、0.55,呈聚集分布。     

大石头阔叶红松林空间结构研究

在大石头建立一个1公顷的样地,对胸径1 cm以上的每株树木进行定位监测,利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度等三种结构参数,分析了红松阔叶天然林的空间结构。用平均混交度和混交度分布分析了林分的树种空间配置情况,得到该种林分主要以中、强度混交为主;用平均角尺度和角尺度分布分析了林木水平分布格局,得到该种林分平均大小比0.40,平均混交度,0.75,平均角尺度为0.589,以聚集分布为主等结论。     

华北土石山区天然次生林空间结构特征分析

以河北省木兰围场国有林场内1hm2标准地植被群落调查数据为基础,利用角尺度、混交度和大小比数这3个林分空间结构参数分析了华北土石山区天然次生林林分空间结构特征。结果表明,优势种白桦混交程度较低,林木空间隔离状况较差,亚优势种和伴生树种混交程度普遍较高,林分混交形式以零度和弱度混交为主,平均混交度为0.400。林木个体大小分化明显,各树种平均大小比数排序为：华北落叶松〉花楸〉蒙古栎〉棘皮桦〉白桦〉青杄〉山杨〉油松〉华北五角枫。群落内多数林木处于随机分布状态,但林分平均角尺度为0.562,属团状分布。依据天然次生林空间结构特征,分析预测了群落演替趋势,并提出森林经营的相关建议。     

华北土石山区不同林分结构与功能的研究

在调查北京八达岭林区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)及其混交林生长量、土壤理化性质、水源涵养能力、病虫害的基础上,研究其结构与功能关系.结果表明,混交林比纯林具有更好的生长量,土壤理化性质得到进一步改善,从而提高水源涵养能力.另外,混交林还能够提高林分抵抗病虫害的能力.采用混交的方式为:1行刺槐3行侧柏循环混交,刺槐株数不超过1/4.本项研究以期对北京市森林健康经营具有一定的指导意义.     

不同经营类型低效林分物种多样性分析

贵州省天然林保护工程中低效林面积所占比重很大．低效林改造的效果好坏，直接影响到天然林保护工程质量。对封改、封抚、封造3种经营类型低效林复位调查及多样性指数分析表明：乔木层物种、株数都有大幅度的增加．林分结构趋向均匀，优势种仍是杉木、檫木，但很多目的树种进入到了乔木层。灌木层物种减少,数量减少,优势度下降，均匀度提高，杂灌减少，目的树种数量和物种增加，整个林分结构向针阔混交林方向发展。     

利用手持式超站测树仪测量林分空间结构参数

针对传统测量方法准确度不高和外业投入大,该文提出了一种基于手持式超站测树仪测量空间结构参数的原理与技术方法。其原理是通过测量参照树和4株邻近木的坐标,解算夹角并计算角尺度;混交度和大小比值测量数据由仪器自动记录并计算、显示结果。在北京市奥林匹克森林公园内选择1块样地开展试验,结果表明:角尺度测量与传统直接判读法相比,测量结果相对误差在2%以内。混交度测量结果与传统方法完全一致,测量效率是直接判读法的3倍左右;大小比数测量结果均值与直接判读法测量均值相对误差小于4%。该文方法测量林分空间结构参数具有角尺度、大小比数和混交度值可以由单人测量、现场获得,由仪器电子化存储的特点,克服了传统角尺度测量中无法测量参照树和临近木胸高树心坐标导致角尺度计算错误问题;且在测量角尺度时参照树和临近木分布图可以根据测量数据由内业绘制、直观显示。该研究为林分空间结构参数测量提供参考。     

陕北黄土区阳坡阔叶混交林结构及点格局分析

为了确定陕北黄土区阳坡水土保持林合理的结构配置模式,在吴起县吴仓堡镇黄土西坡设置6.25 hm2大样地,实测山杏+小叶杨+刺槐阔叶混交林树木的胸径、树高等指标,分析林分空间分布特征,采用点格局分析法,探讨山杏、小叶杨和刺槐种群的分布格局及空间关联性.结果表明:1)山杏和小叶杨是该研究群落的优势种,刺槐是伴生种,山杏的优势地位明显;2)小叶杨种群以大、中径级林木为主,山杏种群以中、小径级林木为主,刺槐种群以小径级林木为主,林木整体生长状况欠佳,且小叶杨种群树高均值明显大于山杏、刺槐种群,林分复层结构明显;3)山杏、小叶杨和刺槐种群在0 ～125 m空间尺度内呈聚集分布,分别在尺度为47、65和104 m时达到最大聚集强度,林木主要分布在微地形上,最大聚集半径与林木聚集分布的微地形规模相吻合;4)山杏、小叶杨和刺槐种群在0 ～125 m空间尺度内,呈显著负关联,种间竞争激烈.黄土区干旱阳坡林分空间分布格局受微地形影响较大,应根据坡面微地形设计造林混交模式和布置种植点,并加强抚育管理.研究为该地区水土保持林草植被规划设计,提供理论依据和科学指导.     

The magnitude and variability of soil-surface CO2 efflux increase with mean annual temperature in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests

Soil-surface CO₂ efflux (F_S; ‘soil respiration’) accounts for ≥50% of the CO₂ released annually by the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere, and the magnitude and variability of this flux are likely to be sensitive to climate change. We measured F_S in nine permanent plots along a 5.2 °C mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient (13-18.2 °C) in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests where substrate type and age, soil type, soil water balance, disturbance history, and canopy vegetation are constant. The objectives of this study were to quantify how the (i) magnitude, (ii) plot-level spatial variability, and (iii) plot-level diel variability of F_S vary with MAT. To address the first objective, annual F_S budgets were constructed by measuring instantaneous F_S monthly in all plots for one year. For the second objective, we compared plot-level mean instantaneous F_S in six plots derived from 8 versus 16 measurements, and conducted a power analysis to determine adequate sample sizes. For the third objective, we measured instantaneous F_S hourly for 24 h in three plots (cool, intermediate and warm MATs). The magnitude of annual F_S and the spatial variability of plot-level instantaneous F_S increased linearly with MAT, likely due to concomitant increases in stand productivity. Mean plot-level instantaneous F_S from 8 versus 16 measurements per plot yielded statistically similar patterns. The number of samples required to estimate plot-level instantaneous F_S within 10% and 20% of the actual mean increased with MAT. In two of three plots examined, diel variability in instantaneous F_S was significantly correlated with soil temperature but minimal diel fluctuations in soil temperature (<0.6 °C) resulted in minimal diel variability in F_S. Our results suggest that as MAT increases in tropical montane wet forests, F_S will increase and become more spatially variable if ecosystem characteristics and functioning undergo concurrent changes as measured along this gradient. However, diel variation in F_S will remain a minor component of overall plot-level variation.     

晋西黄土区主要造林树种合理林分密度计算与分析

黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持林合理林分密度的确定须遵循“量水植树”的基本原则。依据水量平衡原理,在无地表径流,无土壤的深层渗漏,降水资源得以充分利用的情况下,林分在某一生长季内对降水资源的消耗量应小于或等于降水总量,根据上述原理分别计算了晋西黄土区蔡家川流域刺槐和油松林的合理林分密度取值。通过观测2002年和2003年生长季时段内林龄为13a不同密度刺槐纯林和林龄为17a不同密度油松纯林林地的土壤含水量动态变化,得到受水分胁迫威胁最小的刺槐、油松林分密度与依据公式计算得出的刺槐和油松林的合理林分密度相一致,说明该文提出的计算方法计算黄土区刺槐和油松的合理林分密度具有较好的适用性,且该方法简单易行,参数获取方便,值得在黄土区进一步推广应用。     

Small area estimation in a Watershed erosion assessment survey

This article describes an application of small area estimation in a survey conducted in the Rathbun Lake Watershed in Iowa (USA). From a sample of 183 plots in the watershed, erosion from four sources as well as total erosion are estimated for 61 small areas within the study region. Information on land cover and topography from GIS coverages are used to create plot-level covariates for the regression model. Two estimators are discussed in the article: an empirical best linear unbiased predictor and a composite estimator. The latter estimator is potentially less efficient than the former, but preserves the additivity between the estimates for the four erosion sources and the total erosion. For this survey, the estimated efficiency loss is shown to be very small.     

利用重力原理分离茶叶梗与叶的试验研究

通过对室内试验台的试验、分析,探求利用力学原理分离茶叶梗与叶的可能性和室内试验台架的机构参数与运动参数的最佳组合,并为该机构的合理设计提出一些初步的设想和改进意见。     

Simplified tree crown model using standard forest mensuration data for Scots pine

Crown profiles of 260 Scots pines in central Finland were measured using a new method developed in the study, and a simple model for crown shape, belonging to the Lamé curve family, was derived using these data. Relatively accurate estimates of the crown maximum radius and its height, parameters needed for application of the model, were obtained using breast height diameter (dbh) and tree height. Results suggest that the model could potentially be used to generate the crown shape directly from routine stand data.     

Regionalization of Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements Based on a Multiple Regression Approach

The article presents results of a case study in northeastern Germany, where magnetic susceptibility assessment was carried out at grid-wise field measurements. The measurements were clustered into three different depth levels, which represent the humus layer, the transition zone between humus layer and mineral horizon, and the mineral horizon. Taking these three depth levels, a multiple regression-based regionalization approach was applied, testing and using additional environmental parameters derived from geology, topography, and stand type with the aim to develop a comprehensive model for spatial variability of magnetic susceptibility. Spatial variation of magnetic susceptibility was predicted with a high precision by the multiple linear regression models. A slightly differing set of model parameters was selected for the single depth levels. In tendency, magnetic susceptibility values in depth level 6–10 cm were best explained by the distance to Bitterfeld and by soil properties. In depth level 11–15 cm, variables which describe the orographic conditions and stand properties gain in importance. In depth level 21–25 cm, variables indicating soil and site properties disappear completely. Here, aspect and land surface characteristics play a major role together with stand properties. A spatial stratification of the model for a distance of up to 25 km to the former emitters provided a further improvement of the model quality considering the prediction of small-scale variations of magnetic susceptibility.     

黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分剖面的垂直分层

 为从蒸散耗水角度对黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分剖面进行垂直分层,在山西吉县蔡家川流域刺槐林地布设频域反射仪对0～150cm土层分层连续测定土壤水分,综合利用灰关联分析法和有序聚类法对各土层、不同时间蒸散耗水特性进行研究。结果表明:从蒸散耗水角度,黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分可垂直划分为地表植物蒸散耗水层(0～10cm)、林下灌木蒸散耗水层(10～40 cm)、刺槐蒸散耗水层(40～150cm);灰关联分析法和有序聚类法可以综合应用于土壤水分剖面垂直分层研究。分层方法数学理论基础较严密,取得的分层结果与现有相关研究结果基本一致,因此,有较高可信度,可为黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分研究提供参考。     

Modelling forest regeneration processes in clear-cut and burned areas in the Angara Region

A method to select measures for enhancing natural forest-regeneration process in areas under extensive management is discussed. Using available information on geomorphological site characteristics and stand parameters, indices are determined using a specific criterion that describes the forest regeneration process. Using these indices as model inputs, clearcuts and burns can be classified; within each stratum the natural forest regeneration process is similar. Analysing these strata, one can select a regime of forest treatment that is appropriate for a given stratum and, consequently, for the clearcuts (or burns) it includes.