花岗岩崩岗区不同土层的侵蚀水动力学特征

土壤剥蚀率是单位时间单位面积水流剥蚀土壤的质量,定量研究崩岗不同土层土壤剥蚀率对预测土壤剥蚀过程及建立崩岗侵蚀物理模型具有重要的理论和实践意义。针对湖北通城花岗岩崩岗区发育的表土层、红土层、砂土层、碎屑层,采用不同坡度(8.8%、17.6%、26.8%、36.4%、46.6%)和不同流量(0.2 Ls~(-1)、0.4 Ls~(-1)、0.6 Ls~(-1)、0.8 Ls~(-1)、1.0 Ls~(-1))相结合的室内放水冲刷试验,分析表土层、红土层、砂土层、碎屑层土体土壤剥蚀率与水动力学参数之间的关系,初步探讨花岗岩崩岗侵蚀的水动力学机制。结果表明:在一定坡度条件下,土壤剥蚀率随径流流量的增大而增大,且各土层土壤剥蚀率存在很大差异,碎屑层土壤剥蚀率最大,砂土层次之,表土层最小;在相同流量条件下,各土层土壤剥蚀率均随冲刷时间的延长逐渐降低并趋于稳定;径流剪切力、水流功率对崩岗各土层土壤剥蚀率的影响均可采用线性方程很好地描述(R~20.926),相比用单位水流功率拟合的多项式方程的相关性(R0.830)要高,径流剪切力和水流功率均可作为描述崩岗各土层土壤侵蚀的水动力学参数。表土层、红土层、砂土层、碎屑层的临界径流剪切力依次减小,分别为0.28Pa、0.13Pa、0.10Pa、0.07Pa,各土层土壤细沟可蚀性参数差异明显,碎屑层的最大,砂土层次之,表土层最小。因此,在崩岗垂直结构上,随着土层深度的增加,土体抵抗径流剥蚀的能力逐渐减弱。     

花岗岩崩岗不同层次土壤抗冲性及其影响因素

针对湖北通城花岗岩崩岗区发育的淋溶层(A层)、淀积层(B层)、过渡层(BC层)以及母质层(C层),采用不同坡度(8.8%,17.6%,26.8%,36.4%,46.6%)和不同流量(0.2,1.0L/s)相结合的室内放水冲刷试验,分析崩岗各层次土壤的抗冲性指数,初步探讨花岗岩崩岗不同坡度及各层次土壤主要理化性质对抗冲性的影响。结果表明:(1)湖北通城县崩岗土壤A层、B层、BC层以及C层的理化性质存在较大差异。(2)当流量一定时,随着坡度的增大,土壤的抗冲性指数均表现为减小的趋势;当坡度一定时,大流量条件下土壤的抗冲性指数较小;在相同坡度和流量条件下,土壤的抗冲性指数均由A层向C层递减,说明A层抗冲性能最好,C层最差。(3)各层次的土壤抗冲性指数随坡度呈显著的线性递减关系(p0.05),土壤的抗冲性能随坡度的增加而减小,其中A层回归方程的系数项绝对值最大,常数项也最大,说明A层的抗冲性随坡度的变化最快,抗流水侵蚀能力最强,土壤流失量最少。(4)土壤抗冲性与粉粒含量、黏粒含量、水稳性指数、渗透系数呈正相关;与土壤干密度、砂粒含量呈负相关,其中和干密度以及水稳性指数的相关性较高,表现为极显著相关;土壤抗冲性与有机质含量、CEC、游离氧化铁呈正相关,与土壤pH呈负相关,其中与有机质含量的相关性系数大于0.9,相关性极显著。     

鄂东南花岗岩崩岗崩壁土壤水分特征研究

针对鄂东南地区崩岗崩壁不同层次的土壤水分特征进行研究,旨在区分各层次土壤水分与崩岗侵蚀的联系。结果表明,崩壁不同层次的土壤性质存在差异,同时土壤水分特征曲线有一定的变化规律,表土层和红土层持水能力强于斑纹层和碎屑层,土壤水分特征曲线用Gardner模型拟合有较好效果。利用TDR对崩壁水分含量进行测定发现,表土层的含水量从上到下呈现逐渐增大的趋势,红土层至碎屑层含水量逐渐变小。崩壁纵剖面由里到外逐渐减小,且表层土壤水平方向上的土壤含水量变化量要大于剖面底层。     

鄂东南崩岗剖面土壤水分特征曲线及模拟

崩岗是我国南方花岗岩地区破坏性极强的水土流失类型。以鄂东南地区两个典型的崩岗剖面为对象,探讨崩岗剖面包括表土层、红土层、斑纹层和碎屑层的土壤水分特征及方程拟合过程,明确崩岗发生的水分运动机理。结果表明:崩岗土壤释水量伴随吸力呈规律性变化,其中斑纹层和砂土层低吸力时脱水能力大于表土层和红土层,高吸力时各个层次土壤水分特征曲线趋于平缓。利用当量孔隙的计算发现不同土层的孔隙变化也存在变化规律,均体现为由表土层至碎屑层土壤大孔隙比例增加而毛管孔隙减少。选取van Genuchten方程和Gardner方程对崩岗剖面土壤实测数据进行了曲线拟合,同时进行了两个方程的拟合评价,R2基本在0.9以上,同时残差平方和的数量级在10-3和10-5之间。研究表明,van Genuchten方程参数能够较好地拟合崩岗表土层和红土层土壤水分特征曲线的实测数据,误差相对较小,而Gardner方程适用于斑纹层和碎屑层土壤。     

花岗岩红壤丘陵区崩岗土体界限含水量的温度效应研究

水分和温度会显著影响花岗岩红壤的力学状态,是崩岗发生和发展的两大驱动因素.以崩壁三个土层土壤:红土层、砂土层和碎屑层为研究对象,在15、25、40和60℃温度条件下对三个土层土壤的液塑限和结合水含量开展研究.结果表明:红土层的液限、塑限和塑性指数均高于砂土层和碎屑层,碎屑层土壤的液塑限最小.崩岗土壤的液塑限与细黏粒、有...     

基于分形理论模拟花岗岩崩岗剖面土壤水分特征曲线

崩岗是我国南方花岗岩地区特殊的土壤侵蚀现象,给山区经济造成了严重的影响.为了探索南方花岗岩地区崩岗侵蚀剖面的水分特性,明确水分与崩岗发育的关系,本研究采用野外调查采样与室内分析的方法,运用土壤粒径分形理论,并结合Brooks and Corey模型,模拟花岗岩崩岗剖面土壤水分特征曲线.选择通城县花岗岩崩岗剖面5个层次(表土层、红土层、过渡层、砂土层和碎屑层)采集土样,通过对土壤粒径分布和土壤含水量的测定,分析分形维数与土壤粒径之间的关系.同时,应用土壤粒径分形理论,模拟土壤水分特征曲线,基于估算结果与实测结果的比较,探讨分形方法估算土壤水分特征曲线的可行性.结果表明:崩岗剖面土壤黏粒质量分数越大,土壤粒径分维值越大;土壤粒径分维值越大,土壤水分特征曲线的分维值则越大,两者之间线性关系较好;运用分形理论,模拟土壤水分特征曲线的预测值与实测值具有良好的一致性,模拟结果的精度随土层的深度增加而增加,模拟效果以土壤黏粒和粉粒质量分数较少、砂粒质量分数较多的土壤效果较好.研究结果为花岗岩崩岗机理的探索奠定了基础,对崩岗水分的研究具有指导意义.     

干湿循环作用下崩岗土体抗拉强度的衰减性分析

针对干湿循环影响下崩岗土体崩壁出现失稳等问题,通过开展室内单轴抗拉试验,研究了湖北通城地区不同干湿循环作用下崩岗土体抗拉强度的变化规律。结果表明:崩岗土体的抗拉强度随着干湿循环次数的增加逐渐衰减,最后逐渐趋于稳定,且不同层次土壤的抗拉强度衰减主要集中在前3个干湿循环周期,表土层、红土层、过渡层和砂土层抗拉强度衰减比例分别达到90%,82%,83%,90%,且不同层次土壤的抗拉强度总体表现为过渡层>红土层>表土层>砂土层。并通过考虑崩岗不同层次土体深度和干湿循环次数的共同影响,建立了抗拉强度衰减预估模型,且抗拉强度模型预测值与实测值有较高的相关关系(R^2=0.97),该模型对研究崩岗不同层次土体抗拉强度衰减机制具有指导意义。     

坡面水流分离崩岗崩积体土壤的动力学特征

利用变坡式水槽,在坡度(20°,25°,30°,35°,40°)和流量(1.1,2.2,3.3,4.4,5.5L/min)下进行崩岗崩积体土壤的分离试验。结果表明:流量对土壤分离速率的作用大于坡度,土壤分离速率与坡度及流量呈线性相关;水深对土壤分离速率的影响大于坡度,土壤分离速率与坡度及水深呈线性相关;土壤分离速率与水流流速呈指数函数关系;水流剪切力、水流功率及单位水流功率与土壤分离速率之间的关系均为线性关系,其中,水流功率和水流剪切力可以很好地描述崩积体的土壤分离速率。     

初始含水率对崩岗土体抗拉特性的影响

针对花岗岩发育的崩岗土体崩壁失稳等问题,通过单轴抗拉试验,研究了湖北通城地区不同初始含水率的崩岗土体抗拉强度特性。结果表明:初始含水率对崩岗土壤抗拉强度影响明显。土壤抗拉强度特征曲线为单峰型,表土层、红土层和红砂过渡层抗拉特征曲线在含水率W_C(24.4%)附近出现抗拉强度峰值,而砂土层在W_C(25.8%)出现抗拉强度峰值。崩岗不同层次土壤轴向拉伸长和径向收缩长随初始含水率呈现正相关关系,且土壤轴向拉伸率和径向收缩率与初始含水率拟合出相关系数较高的线性函数关系(除砂土层的径向收缩率与初始含水率呈指数函数关系)。低(18%～22%)、中(22%～30%)、高(30%～饱和)3种初始含水率区间下崩岗土壤持水机制分别为土壤毛细管持水机制、团粒水桥联结持水机制与团粒持水机制。研究结果可为崩岗科学防治提供一定的科学依据。     

花岗岩风化壳的层次特性对土壤侵蚀及其防治措施的影响

花岗岩发育的土壤剖面具有显著的层次结构，各层次的颗粒组成、有机质含量都有很大的差异。不同层次土壤的抗侵蚀性能也因此有很大的差异，从表土层往下逐渐降低，砂土层最低，而到碎屑层又有所提高。随着上层土壤被侵蚀冲刷掉，下层土壤依次出露，土壤侵蚀类型也随之发生变化，依次会发生面蚀——沟蚀——崩岗侵蚀。土壤侵蚀模数与侵蚀强度会逐渐增强，到碎屑层出露时有所降低，土壤侵蚀程度则会不断加深。不同层次出露，土壤侵蚀类型发生变化，因此治理措施也应随之变化：表土层与红土层出露时，主要是提高土壤入渗率，从而减少土壤侵蚀量；砂土层出露时，以减少水流对土壤的直接冲刷作用为主；碎屑层出露时，以植被恢复为主。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.