典型设施栽培土壤重金属含量变化及其风险评价

采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对典型设施栽培地山东寿光的部分土壤重金属含量进行测定,并根据温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准,选取单项污染指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对土壤的重金属污染状况进行了环境质量评价。结果表明,重金属Cu、C r、Pb在设施栽培土壤耕层(0—20 cm)的含量达最大值,显著高于露地土壤;而设施栽培土壤中Zn和Cd的含量分别在20—40 cm和40—60 cm的土层达到最大值,其中Zn含量在0—20 cm和60—80 cm的土层显著高于露地土壤,Cd含量在0—20 cm,40—60 cm,60—80 cm和80—100 cm的土层显著高于露地土壤。从不同使用年限设施栽培土壤中重金属含量变化看出,重金属在设施栽培24~年的土壤中含量最高。对研究区设施栽培土壤重金属含量进行风险评估及分级发现,山东寿光设施土壤耕层主要受到重金属Cd的污染。     

新疆焉耆县耕地土壤重金属垂直分布特征与污染风险

采用内梅罗综合污染指数(NPI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER),对新疆焉耆县耕地不同土层(0—20,20—40cm)土壤重金属污染及生态风险进行了评估。结果表明:焉耆县耕地土壤中As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb与Zn含量有一定的积累。0—20cm土层的Cd,Cr,Ni,Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的1.50,1.39,1.37,2.13,4.14倍。两个土层Zn均呈现重度污染,Pb呈现中度污染,Cd,Ni和Cr呈现轻度污染,Cu和As呈现轻微污染,Mn无污染。两个土层NPI平均值均呈现轻度污染态势,RI平均值均呈现轻微生态风险态势,IER平均值均呈现无警态势。研究区0—20cm和20—40cm土层土壤重金属的污染水平与生态风险等级差异不明显。0—20cm土层As,Cd,Ni,Pb和Zn主要受到人为因素的影响,Cu和Mn主要受土壤地球化学特征的影响,Cr受自然因素和人为因素共同影响。Cd是研究区0—20cm和20—40cm土层最主要的污染因子和生态风险因子,耕地土壤Cd污染风险必须关注。     

兰州市蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量及评价

通过对兰州市蔬菜基地土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和As含量进行研究,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准评价其单因子和综合污染指数,结果表明,兰州市蔬菜基地土壤重金属在0～20 cm土层中As含量超过兰州市土壤背景值的139.85%,在20～40 cm土层土壤中Zn和As含量分别超过兰州市土壤背景值的19.21%和28.57%。从单因子污染指数看,在0～20 cm土层土壤中,城关区土壤As的单因子污染指数为2.242,达到了中度污染的程度,七里河区和皋兰县土壤As的单因子污染指数在1～2之间,属轻度污染;从综合污染指数分析,城关区土壤重金属综合污染指数为1.175,属轻度污染;整个兰州市蔬菜基地土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.497,属安全范围。     

城乡交错带河流表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

针对城乡交错带河流表层沉积物重金属污染问题,以成都市江安河为例进行污染分析和潜在生态风险评价。选取何家湾、马家市、金花桥、凉港大桥4个断面进行沉积物取样,测定其Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Mn、Zn、Cd共7种重金属元素的含量,并采用地积累指数法和Hakanson指数法进行重金属污染级数分析及潜在生态风险评价。研究表明:何家湾受到Zn中度污染,马家市、金花桥、凉港大桥受到Zn轻度污染,何家湾、金花桥和凉港大桥受到Cu和Cr轻度污染。潜在生态风险指数由大到小为何家湾 > 凉港大桥 > 金花桥 > 马家市,均小于40,属轻微生态风险。城市化所带来的重金属污染初见端倪,污染分布和生态风险与沿岸工农业生产分布和城市化进程相关。城乡交错带在城市化进程中应开展环境整治并加强环境管理。     

湘江株洲-湘潭-长沙段河床沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

在湘江株洲-湘潭-长沙(长株潭)河段三地12处采集河流沉积柱芯12个,获得沉积物样本384个,采用地累积指数、潜在生态危害指数等评价方法,系统分析样本中Mn、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni等6种重金属元素含量水平及分布变化特征,对湘江株洲-湘潭-长沙段重金属污染程度及生态风险进行评价。结果表明:湘江长株潭河流沉积物重金属变动趋势变动较大,Cu、Pb、Zn分布有明显地域规律,Cr、Ni、Mn分布无明显地域规律。地累积指数显示,除Ni和Cr外,长株潭三地都存在Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn污染,其中株洲霞湾段(ZX5-10)Pb和Zn达严重污染程度,Mn、Cu等达到中度或轻度污染程度;湘潭与长沙两地湘江沉积物Pb、Zn达到中度污染,其余重金属为轻度或偏中度污染水平。潜在生态风险指数显示,株洲段为强生态危害,湘潭段为中等生态危害,长沙段为轻微生态危害。株洲霞湾段湘江沉积物的重金属潜在生态危害应引起有关部门重视。     

重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属特征研究

研究结果表明重庆市蔬菜地0~20cm和20~40cm土层土壤重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量无显著差异,Cd、Hg含量差异显著。不同土壤类型平均重金属含量和变异系数差异均较小。城郊区、工矿区和一般农区重金属Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量及阳离子代换量无显著差异。不同土壤类型和不同区域重金属间均具较强相关性,重金属Cu、Ni、Cr间具有较强伴生关系。重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属Cd污染较重。     

东莞石马河沿岸土壤重金属污染及生态毒性研究

为研究河水-地下水交互作用对河流沿岸土壤环境质量的影响,以东莞石马河沿岸土壤为研究对象,采集沿岸距离河道不等的6个土壤剖面共31个土样,测定土壤重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)含量和土壤水提取液对发光菌的抑制率。结果表明,Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn的含量分别为2.80~11.2mg kg-1、9.70~298mg kg-1、11.4~69.7mg kg-1和40.4~465mg kg-1;Cd的地累积系数为6.06,达到极度污染水平;土壤重金属污染的地累积系数排序为CdZnCuNiCrMnAsPbFe;重金属含量差异与土壤有机质(SOM)含量和土壤微粒组分(63μm)有关,Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn和Cr、Ni与SOM含量和微粒组分分别呈显著正相关(p0.05或p0.01);土壤剖面毒性单位(∑TU)评价结果为剖面S3S2SbS1S4Sa,其中剖面S3的值最大,为5.51,属于中毒;土壤水提取液对发光菌的抑制率为2.45%~16.5%,为无毒或低毒。     

西藏尼洋河水体重金属分布特征及风险评价

重金属含量是影响水生态环境安全的重要因素,该文意在探索西藏河流水体重金属变化规律。研究了雅鲁藏布江第二大支流尼洋河的Zn、Cu、Mn、Cd、Fe5种重金属含量时空变化特征和相关性,以及迁移变化机理,对重金属富集程度和污染风险进行了评价。结果表明:尼洋河重金属含量源头较低,中上游位置有突变。Fe、Mn、Cd是影响水质变化的敏感因子。Zn、Cu、Mn含量平水期枯水期丰水期。丰水期重金属含量主要受人类活动或水文气象活动影响,平水期及枯水期的Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe含量主要受自然过程影响,枯水期Cd主要受人类活动影响。水库对重金属富集有一定的影响。河源和中下游河段污染较轻,上游河段重金属综合污染指数最高。     

深圳市主要公园及道路绿地土壤重金属含量状况比较研究

对深圳城市主要公园和道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量状况进行取样调查分析。研究结果表明,绿地土壤重金属含量与土地利用类型有关,表现为道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量高于公园绿地土壤,而Cd平均含量则相反。采用不同土壤重金属污染评价方法对深圳城市绿地土壤进行的环境质量评价均表明深圳城市绿地土壤Cd污染现象显著。在考察的四种重金属元素中,Zn含量与土壤有机质、pH有关,其中pH对Zn含量的影响相对较大;土壤Cu与Pb、Zn呈直线相关,表现出相互依存的关系。     

红透山铜尾矿重金属分布及其对土壤重金属污染的影响

通过对红透山铜尾矿重金属分布及尾矿区和农田区土壤重金属污染状况进行研究,结果显示:尾矿中四种重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd均出现不同程度的淋滤-富集现象,对周围土壤存在较大的环境威胁。尾矿区土壤综合污染指数16.27,达重污染程度;周围农田土壤为轻度污染,综合污染指数1.29。四种重金属的污染状况分别为:Cd、Cu为重度污染,Zn为轻度污染,Pb为安全级别。     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

产地溯源是保护农产品品牌及地区特色产品、防止欺诈、保护消费者权益的有效保障。稳定同位素指纹分析是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术之一,具有高效、准确、可靠的特点。本文系统分析了近5年来,稳定同位素指纹分析技术在植物源性初级农产品、加工农产品溯源中的应用以及稳定同位素在食品加工过程中分馏变化的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了今后稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源中的研究重点和发展方向。     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

植树造林在黄河三角洲生态与环境建设中的作用

通过认真分析黄河三角洲生态环境的现状和存在的问题，探讨了林业在黄河三角洲生态环境建设中的作用，并结合黄河三角洲的实际情况，从森林生态体系建设的角度，提出了黄河三角洲生态环境建设的对策，为黄河三角洲生态建设和可持续发展提供科学依据。