坡度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

农业耕作措施是水土保持三大措施之一,在坡耕地水土保持中起关键作用。利用人工模拟降雨试验方法,对不同坡度条件下农业耕作措施水土保持作用进行了研究。农业耕作措施包括等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕,以平整坡面为对照措施;降雨试验在长4m,宽1m的径流小区完成;坡度为5°,10°,15°,20°,25°;降雨强度为1,1.5,2mm/min。结果表明:与平整坡面相比,等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕分别减小产流量38.19%,32.25%和15.84%;减小产沙量均在50%以上,说明农业耕作措施具有明显的水土保持作用。通过对坡度与产流量、产沙量关系分析表明,在耕作坡面,坡度会影响产流量,但是大坡度与小坡度之间差异不显著。相反,坡度对产沙量具有显著影响,在小坡度条件下,产沙量受坡度的影响较小。当坡度大于15°后,坡度每增加1°,等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕耕作措施保土作用平均降低3.08%,4.74%和7.61%。回归分析表明产沙量与坡度之间存在指数函数关系。可见,坡度对农业耕作措施保水作用和保土作用的影响不同。     

水蚀过程中裸露陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征

在坡耕地上,农业耕作措施改变了地表微地形,对坡地土壤侵蚀过程产生影响。深入了解耕作措施对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响,以便为开展陡坡耕地退耕还林(草)工程的水土保持效益评价提供科学依据。以30°陡坡耕地为研究对象,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,对采用人工锄耕、人工掏挖和等高耕作的裸坡地土壤侵蚀特征进行研究。用相同坡度平整坡地作为对照措施。降雨强度为60,90,120mm/h,降雨历时80min。结果表明:(1)在陡坡耕地上,在雨强为60,90mm/h时,3种耕作措施都具有延缓坡地产流的作用,但在雨强为120mm/h时,人工锄耕和人工掏挖坡地产流开始时间与平整坡地无显著差异(P0.05);(2)对采用等高耕作的陡坡地,在3个降雨强度下,累计产流量均低于平整坡地,但采用人工锄耕和人工掏挖的陡坡地与平整坡地相比并无明显规律;(3)在降雨强度为120mm/h时,耕作陡坡地地表径流含沙量较高,土壤侵蚀量是平整坡地的2~5倍。因此,在裸露陡坡耕地上,当降雨强度偏大时,采用农业耕作措施不仅不能降低土壤侵蚀发生,反而会增加。     

黄土坡耕地耕作方式不同时微地形分布特征及水土保持效应

 利用GIS技术模拟黄土坡耕地微地形空间分布特征,并对其水土保持效应进行研究。结果表明：1)地表微地形起伏大小依次为等髙耕作 > 人工掏挖 >人工锄耕 > 直线坡面（CK),和CK相比,人工锄耕与人工掏挖微地形呈随机相间的坑洼特征,等高耕作呈沟垄相间的空间特征;雨后CK、人工锄耕、人工掏挖与等商耕作方式下地表髙程平均分别降低0.015、0.014、0.018和0.015 m。2)除CK地表填洼量为增大外,其余方式均为减小;地表产流时间依次为直线坡面 < 人工掏挖< 人工锄耕< 等髙耕作。3)产流量随降雨时间呈先增大,后趋于平稳的过程。4)与CK相比,等高耕作、人工锄耕和人工掏挖产流量分别减小38. 17%、17.88%和9.43%。5)产沙最随降雨时间呈先增大,后减小并逐渐趋于稳定的过程,与CK相比,等高耕作、人工锄耕和人工掏挖产沙量分别减小65.6%、36.3%和23.4%。6)坡度对产流产沙的影响主要是坡度越大,产流时间越早,产流产沙量也越大。因此,不同耕作方式的水土保持效应与其形成的地表微地形空间特征密切相关。     

降雨条件下地表糙度对片蚀的影响及其变化

为了进一步明确地表糙度在片蚀过程中的效应,该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,就场降雨和连续降雨条件下,地表糙度对片蚀的影响及其变化进行了研究。结果表明,场降雨条件下,实施人为管理措施坡面的径流与产沙量均低于对照坡面;在雨强0.67 mm/min条件下,随地表糙度的增加,径流量与侵蚀量呈先减小、后趋于稳定的变化趋势;而在雨强1.63 mm/min条件下,随地表糙度的增加,径流量与产沙量却呈一直减小的变化趋势。在雨强0.67 mm/min条件下,耙耱地、人工掏挖和等高耕作坡面的地表糙度均呈减小的变化趋势,而人工锄耕坡面的地表糙度呈增加的变化趋势;在雨强1.63 mm/min条件下,人工掏挖和等高耕作坡面的地表糙度呈减小的变化趋势,人工锄耕、耙耱地坡面的地表糙度却呈增加的变化趋势;对照坡面地表糙度的变化,与耙耱地相反。连续降雨条件下,在前二次降雨作用下,坡面的径流量与产沙量随地表糙度的增加而逐渐减小,且均低于对照坡面;在第三次降雨条件下,径流与侵蚀产沙量变化较为复杂,且实施人为管理措施坡面均高于对照坡面。不同降雨条件下,实施人为管理措施坡面地表糙度对片蚀具有一定的抑制效应,且坡面片蚀的发展与地表糙度间的变化表现出相应的互动作用。该文研究结果为揭示地表糙度的侵蚀特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也为黄土高原坡耕地的水土流失治理奠定理论基础。     

地表糙度与径流水力学参数响应规律模拟

为了明确地表糙度与坡面径流特征及其水力学参数之间的相互作用,通过模拟人工锄耕、人工掏挖、等高耕作和对照组直型坡等4种不同糙度的地表,在室内模拟降雨条件下,对不同糙度坡面上的径流特征和水力学参数(雷诺数、弗劳德数、阻力系数和水流剪切力)以及降雨前后地表糙度的变化进行了测量与计算。结果表明,雨前雨后各措施坡面的地表糙度为:等高耕作人工掏挖人工锄耕直型坡。相同雨强和降雨历时下,不同糙度坡面其径流特征差异显著。初始地表糙度越大的坡面,径流越容易稳定在层流状态;反之,径流越倾向于往紊流发展。对人工锄耕、人工掏挖、等高耕作3种耕作措施来说,在相同雨强和降雨历时下,初始糙度越大的坡面,其断面流量、径流量和产沙量越小。坡面初始地表糙度越大,径流阻力系数也越大,但坡面径流的雷诺数、弗劳德数和径流剪切力则越小,径流对地表糙度具有减小作用,雷诺数和水流剪切力越大,径流对地表糙度的减小作用越弱。研究结果为深入理解坡面地表糙度与其水文特征之间的相互作用提供参考。     

基于重标极差（R/S）和小波分析的黄土坡耕地产流产沙变化研究

为探明降雨条件下黄土坡耕地微地形径流和泥沙变化规律,通过5°、10°、15°、20°、25°坡和直线坡、人工锄耕、人工掏挖、等高耕作4种耕作方式组合条件下的室内模拟降雨试验,应用基于分形理论的重标极差(R/S)分析法对径流和泥沙时间序列的变化趋势进行预测,同时使用小波(Morlet)分析对各径流和产沙序列的变化主周期进行识别.结果表明:径流序列的赫斯特指数变化区间为[0.567,0.798],产沙量时间序列的赫斯特指数变化区间为[0.632,0.861],两者均大于0.5,呈现长程正相关.因此,坡耕地下一时段的径流量和产沙量时间序列与过去时段变化趋势相同;4种耕作措施的径流量最大峰值均出现在28~29 min,部分耕作措施的产沙量序列可能存在30 min以上的长周期,需要更长的时间序列验证.用R/S分析法结合小波分析,预测未来的产流产沙趋势,结果具有可靠性.该研究丰富了径流和泥沙输移理论,对农业生产和水土保持等方面研究具有指导意义.     

基于重标极差(R/S)和小波分析的黄土坡耕地产流产沙特征研究

为探明降雨条件下黄土坡耕地微地形径流和泥沙变化规律,通过5°、10°、15°、20°、25°坡和直线坡、人工锄耕、人工掏挖、等高耕作4种耕作方式组合条件下的室内模拟降雨试验,应用基于分形理论的重标极差(R/S)分析法对径流和泥沙时间序列的变化趋势进行预测,同时使用小波(Morlet)分析对各径流和产沙序列的变化主周期进行识别。结果表明:径流序列的赫斯特指数变化区间为[0.567,0.798],产沙量时间序列的赫斯特指数变化区间为[0.632,0.861],两者均大于0.5,呈现长程正相关。因此,坡耕地下一时段的径流量和产沙量时间序列与过去时段变化趋势相同;4种耕作措施的径流量最大峰值均出现在28~29 min,部分耕作措施的产沙量序列可能存在30 min以上的长周期,需要更长的时间序列验证。用R/S分析法结合小波分析,预测未来的产流产沙趋势,结果具有可靠性。该研究丰富了径流和泥沙输移理论,对农业生产和水土保持等方面研究具有指导意义。     

模拟降雨条件下第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程

通过室内模拟降雨试验,分析雨强和坡度对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,揭示南方红壤低山丘陵区第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀机理。根据研究区地形和降雨特点,设计坡度10°,15°,20°,雨强1.0,1.5,2.0mm/min,研究两者对坡面侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明:(1)坡面初始产流时间随着坡度和雨强的增大而逐渐减小;同一雨强下,径流系数大小为20°15°10°。(2)不同试验处理条件下,坡度由10°增加到20°,坡面累积产沙量增加0.46~1.98倍;降雨强度由1.0mm/min增加到2.0mm/min,坡面累积产沙量增加1.37~3.85倍。(3)1.0,1.5mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙以0.25mm水稳性团聚体占优,2.0mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙0.25mm水稳性团聚体为主。(4)坡度与雨强对坡面径流系数、侵蚀率和累积产沙量影响极显著(P0.01),坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量构成幂函数模型。研究结果为揭示坡度与雨强对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的作用机理提供参考。     

雨强和坡度对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的手段,在2种雨强(50,75mm/h)、4种坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°)条件下,研究了雨强和坡度对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响。结果表明:(1)降雨强度从50mm/h增大到75mm/h,相同坡度的坡面开始产流时间提前了2.75~4.79min。(2)随着雨强的增大,同一坡度的坡面径流量增加了12.53~15.80mm/m2,增加幅度为1.24~1.31倍;同一坡度的坡面产沙量增加了0.47~3.61kg/m2,增加幅度为0.77~2.90倍。坡面侵蚀过程中,存在临界坡度,为15°左右。(3)氮素流失以径流流失为主,泥沙中总氮的流失量较低,仅占径流总氮流失量的1.4%~9.7%。坡度较小时,磷素流失途径以径流流失为主,随着坡度的增加,磷素的流失途径以泥沙流失为主。(4)径流总氮流失浓度与径流强度呈线性正相关,泥沙总氮和总磷流失浓度与产沙率也分别呈显著的线性正相关。     

不同雨强和坡度下侵蚀性风化花岗岩母质坡地产流产沙特征

为研究解决南方侵蚀性风化花岗岩地区的水土流失问题,该文采用室内人工模拟降雨方法研究了不同降雨强度(30,60,90,120,150 mm/h)和不同坡度(5°,8°,15°,25°)条件下的风化花岗岩残积坡地的土壤侵蚀过程。结果表明:1)坡面径流的初始产流产沙时间都随着坡度和雨强的增大而提前;2)坡面径流量与坡度之间不呈简单的正相关关系,径流系数随雨强的变化呈现指数相关关系,入渗率在雨强为30~120 mm/h之间在坡度8°左右出现极大值;3)侵蚀产沙量随坡度和雨强的增大而增大,其与坡度之间的关系可以用幂函数表示,决定系数均达到0.815,与雨强之间为指数函数关系,决定系数均达到0.889以上;4)水力侵蚀对泥沙具有分选性,径流侵蚀挟带泥沙中的粉粒、黏粒以及细砂粒含量较多;5)坡度和雨强对于侵蚀产沙量的综合影响可以用线性相关方程来比较准确地描述,对产沙量的影响权重排序为:含沙量雨强径流系数坡度。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.