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1.
兰州市近10年的土地利用动态变化研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以兰州市为研究对象,采用2000年、2005年和2010年的土地成果资料,系统分析了全市近10a的土地利用动态变化.选取土地动态度、土地利用程度、土地利用结构多样性、优势度和均匀度5个指标,定量评价兰州市土地变化的方向和速度及土地利用空间格局的演变.结果表明:2000-2010年兰州市土地利用结构发生了显著的变化,农用地减少,建设用地和未利用地增加;从土地利用速度及土地利用程度来看,全市土地利用仍处于调整期;土地景观格局模型表明兰州市土地多样性指数和均匀度减少,土地优势度指数呈逐渐增加趋势,土地空间格局的变化与经济发展、种植结构密切相关,人类活动是导致其变化的根本原因.  相似文献   

2.
根据1999-2007年土地利用统计资料,借助信息熵原理及马尔科夫转移矩阵模型对梁平县土地利用结构动态演变进行了实例分析.结果表明,梁平县土地利用结构信息熵H经历了3个阶段:1999-2002年持续上升阶段,2002-2003年急速回落阶段及2003-2007年波动阶段,均衡度变化与信息熵相似.用地类型主要由耕地转向林地、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地.运用RBF神经网络模型对研究区的土地变化进行理论趋势值分析表明,研究区内土地利用变化以农用地转化为交通用地和居民点及工矿用地的趋势最强,由此趋势在今后一段时期内,农用地将持续减少,耕地保护与建设用地扩张的矛盾将尤为突出.建议大力开展土地开发整理,特别是农村居民点的整理归并,同时积极挖掘存量建设用地,走高效、集约的土地利用之路.  相似文献   

3.
张家口市土地利用结构特征及其动态变化   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
以张家口市1996-2008年的土地利用变更调查数据为基础,采用土地利用变化贡献率、土地利用动态度、信息熵、优势度、均衡度、集中化、多样化等方法和模型,对张家口市土地利用结构特征及其动态变化进行了系统分析.结果表明:(1)耕地、林地、草地、未利用地4种土地利用类型占张家口市土地面积的92%左右,构成张家口市土地利用结构的基本格局.(2) 1996-2008年,张家口市耕地和未利用地大幅度减少,林地、园地、草地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地均在增加;各土地利用类型的动态度依次为:林地>耕地>园地>未利用地>交通用地>草地>居民点及工矿用地>水域.(3)土地利用结构信息熵、均衡度呈增加趋势,优势度指数呈减小趋势,土地利用结构向无序、均衡化方向演变.(4)土地利用结构集中化指数减小,多样化指数增大,表明张家口市土地利用结构趋于多样化.  相似文献   

4.
京郊西北地区农地利用与景观格局时空特征   总被引:16,自引:5,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
运用遥感与地理信息系统技术,对三年Landsat 1M多光谱遥感图像(1989年、1996年、2005年)进行解译判读,获取京郊西北地区各土地利用类型数据.运用土地利用程度时空演变模型、土地利用动态度模型、土地利用重心模型和景观生态学方法,对研究区1989~2005年间农用地利用及景观格局变化进行了分析.结果表明:农用地频繁流转,以耕地流失最为显著,去向主要为城市及建设用地,林地面积增加缓慢,沙荒地向林地转移明显:农用地各类型的新增速率远小于同期的转移速率,而城市及建设用地则相反;1989~1996年间研究区的综合土地利用动态变化率较1996~2005年间的大,变化集中表现在西北城郊过渡区域,城镇用地扩张导致耕地的利用重心不断向西偏南方向转移;研究区农用地景观破碎化程度在增加,各景观类型的平均斑块形状趋于分散和简单,景观多样性、景观均匀度旱现增加趋势,而景观优势度存逐渐减小.以利用农业用地为鲜明特征的城市化过程是影响北京西北地区景观格局演变的直接因素,城市及建设用地的不断扩张使得林地、耕地斑块的平均面积逐渐变小,景观格局连通性降低.  相似文献   

5.
该文以峨庄流域为研究区域,在GIS技术支持下,以2000年和2005年的TM影像为原始数据,建立空间信息库,分析2个时期土地利用格局特征及变化,并利用马尔柯夫模型对未来土地利用格局趋势进行预测.结果表明:2000-2005年,峨庄流域居优势地位的土地类型始终是林地类型,耕地等其他土地类型镶嵌其中;未来15a流域总体趋势是朝着好的方向发展,耕地、未利用地面积在今后一段时期内仍呈减少趋势,到2020年耕地面积比例较2005年减少1.53%,林地、草地、水域及城镇村交通用地仍呈增加趋势,其中以林地增长幅度较大,到2020年其占比例将达到61.85%.根据模拟结果可调整各类土地利用格局,为峨庄流域宏观决策提供科学依据.  相似文献   

6.
以青海省湟水流域为研究区,采用中分辨率TM影像和HJ-1卫星CCD数据,利用2000、2005、2010年3个时相的土地利用遥感解译数据,计算了森林、草地、水域、农田、城镇用地和未利用地6个一级分类的土地利用类型转移矩阵,提取了景观格局指数,在此基础上分析了土地利用变化与景观格局的演变特征。结果表明,湟水流域土地利用变化最明显的是农田、城镇用地和草地,其中农田呈持续减少态势,城镇用地和草地呈增加态势;从土地转移矩阵来看,城市扩张带来的建设用地增加是造成流域农田减少的主要原因,而草地的增加主要受益于退耕还林还草和流域生态建设等政策的实施。从景观斑块类型的变化来看,变化最大的是农田和城镇,10年期间,农田在面积减少的同时景观分离度增加,城镇用地在面积增加的同时景观聚集度增加,这说明城镇用地在由中心向外扩张的过程中,空间分布较紧凑且连接性较好;与此同时,草地的斑块个数、斑块密度呈明显减小趋势,而农田与城镇用地的斑块个数、斑块密度总体呈增加趋势,这说明人类活动的不断扩张导致了湟水流域景观破碎度增加。从景观整体水平来看,景观水平指数中边缘密度、形状指数、香农多样性指数、香农平均度指数均呈增加趋势,这说明湟水流域景观结构异质性呈增加趋势。  相似文献   

7.
烟台地区近13年土地利用/土地覆盖变化分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用1992年和2005年的TM影像及2005年的土地利用现状图,运用GIS与RS技术,分析了烟台地区13年来土地利用的具体变化状况。研究结果表明,1992-2005年期间烟台地区耕地面积明显减少,城乡工矿建设用地、交通用地呈明显增加趋势,林地、河流变化较小,略有增加。同时对该地区的土地利用格局进行了分析,并对驱动这种格局的因素进行了简单分析。烟台地区在快速城市化过程中,耕地减少没有明显减缓迹象,迫切需要加强保护耕地措施。  相似文献   

8.
1985~2015年淮北市土地利用变化特征及其预测研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
《土壤通报》2019,(4):807-814
以1985、1995、2005、2015年4期遥感影像为基础,应用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,分析了淮北市1985~2015年土地利用景观格局变化,并采用ANN-CA模型预测2025年淮北市土地利用数据。结果表明:1)淮北市土地利用类型以耕地为主,耕地面积占60%以上,建设用地次之;近30年,建设用地和林地面积呈增加趋势,耕地、水域和草地呈减小趋势;2005~2015年土地利用结构和景观格局变化显著,各类土地利用面积变化速率加快。2)1985~2015年土地利用类型的转移主要为耕地向建设用地转变、水域向耕地和建设用地转变。3)1985~2015年淮北市土地利用破碎化程度不断升高,景观格局趋向复杂化,景观异质性增强。4)2015~2025年,林地面积将保持不变,耕地、草地、水域面积减少,建设用地面积不断增加。  相似文献   

9.
基于2000年、2005年、2010年3期Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像解译数据,定量分析了近11年来皖江城市带土地利用时空变化;利用MODIS/NDVI数据及气象数据,基于改进的CASA模型估算了同期植被NPP,分析、评估了地类转换对研究区植被NPP的影响程度.结果表明:2000-2010年,研究区的土地利用格局变化显著,主要表现为耕地、草地、未利用土地面积不断减少,建设用地、水域面积持续增加,林地面积先减后增;土地利用类型转换以耕地的显著减少和建设用地的快速增加为主要特点;近11年来,研究区植被NPP整体上呈增加趋势,且呈现出南高北低的空间分布格局;各用地类型的NPP均值都在增加,林地NPP增幅最大;长江以北地区植被NPP呈逐渐增加趋势,沿江和长江以南地区的植被NPP变化趋势反之;耕地转为建设用地造成的NPP损失量最大.  相似文献   

10.
土地利用规划和土地生态安全是土地资源可持续利用的基础和核心。基于伊宁市土地利用总体规划(2010—2020年),依照规划基期年及末期年土地利用结构特征,借助土地利用变化、土地利用类型动态度和生态风险空间分析方法,测算了土地利用生态风险指数。并通过运用ArcGIS 9.3对生态风险进行了系统采样、半变异函数分析及空间插值,研究伊宁市土地利用生态风险动态演变和空间分异特征。结果显示:伊宁市土地利用总体规划对全市土地利用空间结构进行了较大调整,土地生态风险具有明显的区域性,生态安全状况由北向南逐渐加重,且高、较高风险区在南部区域呈圆环式蔓延趋势。在未来土地利用变更中应加强生态环境保护意识,在伊宁市河谷构建良好的生态用地格局,提高土地利用的综合效益。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

17.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

18.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

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