山区植被覆盖度变化的地形分异特征——以贵州开阳县为例

植被覆盖度是生态恢复的重要指示器,研究其变化特征可为资源合理利用、生态恢复提供科学参考。以贵州省开阳县为研究区,基于landsat4-5 TM,Landsat8 OLI遥感影像,获取2002年、2019年30 m分辨率植被覆盖度数据,从阴坡与阳坡视角研究山区植被覆盖度变化和地形分异特征。结果表明:(1)2002—2019年阴坡与阳坡植被覆盖度总体呈南高北低分布,期间阴坡与阳坡植被总体处于恢复趋势。(2)研究时段内阴坡与阳坡植被覆盖度随海拔上升表现为增加趋势; 海拔小于600 m的地区阳坡和阴坡植被覆盖度差距最大; 2019年二者植被覆盖度在海拔小于600 m的地区下降明显,高于800 m的地区均有较大提升。(3)阴坡和阳坡植被覆盖度随坡度增加总体呈上升趋势,坡度大于35°后二者差异增强; 植被覆盖度增量随坡度增加总体表现为上升—下降特点。(4)阴坡和阳坡植被覆盖度随地形起伏度增加呈上升趋势。2002年阳坡各等级地形起伏度的植被覆盖度总体高于阴坡,2019年二者植被覆盖度差异性随地形起伏度上升而增强。综上,阴坡和阳坡植被覆盖度与海拔、坡度、地形起伏度呈正相关关系,二者在不同等级地形梯度上具有较大差异性。地形因子对山区阴坡、阳坡植被覆盖度的影响是多方面的,不仅从海拔和坡向上影响水热组合条件,也从坡度和地形起伏度上影响人类对山区林地资源的开发利用。     

基于GIS的岩溶山区农村居民点用地适宜性评价

农村居民点用地适宜性评价对区域新农村建设具有重要作用。为合理安排岩溶山区农村居民点用地,运用GIS技术,以贵州省麻江县为例,选用坡度、与河流距离、与公路距离、与城镇距离、土地资源和耕作距离等6个因子建立岩溶山区农村居民点用地适宜性评价指标体系,借助ArcGIS空间分析技术对麻江县农村居民点用地适宜性进行了评价。结果表明:高度适宜区和中度适宜区分别仅占4.38%和8.96%,而低度适宜区和不适宜区分别占45.48%和41.18%;高度适宜区和中度适宜区主要分布于公路、河流沿线以及城镇附近,这主要与便利的交通条件、充足的水源、平坦的地形以及城镇的吸引力有关。而低度适宜区和不适宜区主要分布于坡度较陡的山地,这与水源的不足、交通不便、远离城镇等有关。     

退耕还林(草)以来陕北白于山区植被覆盖与土壤侵蚀强度变化

为了研究白于山区土壤侵蚀特征,基于MODIS-NDVI和Landsat影像、DEM和土地利用数据,分析了白于山区2000—2018年植被盖度时空变化规律,并结合坡度和土地利用资料评估了退耕还林(草)工程以来的土壤侵蚀强度变化状况。结果表明:(1)白于山区植被覆盖呈显著增加趋势,年均NDVI增幅为0.065/10 a(p0.01);(2)白于山区NDVI具有明显的空间分异性,高植被覆盖区主要集中在吴起县,低植被覆盖区主要集中在定边县西部和靖边县中部;受到地形因子的影响,NDVI分别在海拔1 250～1 400 m,坡度50°～56°范围内达到最大值,且阴坡植被覆盖大于阳坡;(3)白于山区植被盖度整体呈显著增加趋势,植被退化面积与恢复面积分别占研究区面积的3.18%,64.20%;(4)白于山区轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀的面积减少,但强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀的面积增加;(5)土壤侵蚀强度减弱的面积占总面积的51.30%,主要集中在吴起县,农耕地面积的减少是土壤侵蚀改善的主要原因。     

岷江上游流域植被覆盖度及其与地形因子的相关性

[目的]研究岷江上游流域植被覆盖度随不同高程带、坡度带、坡向分布变化的特征及相关性,为该地区利用有利地形加强生态环境建设和防治水土流失提供依据。[方法]在GIS和RS技术支持下,利用Landsat-8OLI遥感影像和DEM数据提取植被覆盖度和地形因子进行叠加分析,构建统计样本定量分析植被覆盖度与地形因子间的相关关系。[结果]研究区总体植被覆盖情况良好,中度以上植被覆盖区占研究区面积75.0%,低植被覆盖区仅占15.2%。植被覆盖度随海拔高度和坡度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在海拔2 500~3 000m和坡度25°~45°达到最大值;阳坡的植被覆盖度略大于阴坡。各地形因子对不同植被覆盖度的影响程度不同,低植被覆盖区受坡度影响较显著,极高度植被覆盖区受海拔高度影响较显著,其他植被覆盖区与地形因子的相关性无明显规律。[结论]岷江上游流域植被覆盖度与地形因子关系紧密,地形因子变化对生态环境有重要影响。     

四川乡城松茸气候生态适宜性及潜在分布

松茸是一种珍贵的食药用野生菌,营养丰富。乡城县是松茸的主产区之一,但由于地广人稀,地形地貌复杂,前人的研究方法多数是典型区域的实地调查,因此其空间分布不是很清楚。本文基于前人的研究成果和实地调查,归纳凝练出乡城县松茸生长发育的海拔、气温、降水量、植被和地形坡度适宜性区划指标,应用地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析方法分析乡城松茸的气候生态条件和潜在产区分布。结果表明:(1)乡城县12个乡镇均出产松茸,但受地形和气候影响,分布区随山脉走向呈带状、枝状特征,白依、热打、定波、正斗、沙贡为乡城县松茸的主产区。(2)适宜区海拔3000-3900m,4-10月平均气温10.0～14.5℃,期间降水量500～800mm,植被为中高盖度的高山栎、松林或松栎混交,坡度25°-35°;次适宜区海拔2800-3000m或3900-4200m,4-10月平均气温7.5～10.0℃或14.5～16.0℃,降水量400～500mm或800mm以上,植被为低覆盖度的高山栎、松林或松栎混交,坡度15°-25°或35-45°;不适宜区为草甸或无植被地段;适宜区占全县总面积的19%,次适宜区占全县总面积的16%,不适宜区占全县总面积的65%。(3)出菇最适宜的气象条件为7月下旬-9月中旬多昼晴夜雨天气,期间平均气温16℃左右,总降水量260mm左右,相对湿度70%,总日照时数228～255h。(4)92%的乡镇区划结果与实况一致或基本一致,说明区划指标总体合理,研究结论对松茸采摘、贸易和资源保护具有重要指导意义。     

福建省长汀县水土流失地形因子影响分析

以长汀县为研究区域,应用Arc GIS软件空间分析功能,分析长汀县不同高程、坡度、坡向的水土流失分布特征,分析水土流失成因。研究结果显示,长汀县53.41%的水土流失主要分布在高程300~400m的地带,15~25°和8~15°坡度地带水土流失面积分别占水土流失总面积的36.68%和34.90%,60.89%的水土流失集中在高程300~500m、坡度5~25°区域,不同坡向水土流失分布情况基本上与阳坡、阴坡分布相一致。     

1999-2016年天山西部植被覆盖的时空变化

[目的]调查天山西部生态环境植被覆盖状况,为科学保护区域生态环境和管理提供科学依据。[方法]以天山西部林区—霍城林场为研究对象,基于1999,2007和2016年3个时期的Landsat TM遥感影像和DEM数据,运用归一化植被指数分析研究区植被覆盖情况和空时变化特征。[结果]时间变化上,1999—2016年期间霍城林场植被覆盖以Ⅱ和Ⅲ级为主,所占比重达到55%以上,总体上是呈现上升趋势;空间分布上,霍城林场因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同而出现不同的分布和变化特征,当海拔在1 500~2 000 m和2 000~2 500 m或者坡度30°~45°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较高;当海拔 < 1 500 m以及 > 2 500 m或坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较低;植被覆盖度随着坡向的变化而变化着,呈现出阴坡 > 半阴坡 > 半阳坡 > 阳坡的分布特征;当海拔 < 1 500m和坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度变化较为明显,而当海拔 > 2 500 m和坡度 > 45°的区域时,因受人为社会活动影响小,植被覆盖变化不明显。[结论]1999—2016年期间,霍城林场植被覆盖在时间变化上总体呈现上升趋势,在空间分布上因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同呈现不同的分布和变化特征。     

基于GIS的高原植被空间格局与地形因子相关关系研究

以青海省境内黄河上游茨哈峡为例,运用GIS空间分析方法,对该地区的地形因子(高程、坡度和坡向)进行提取,并与植被类型图进行叠加,运用多样性指数、均匀度等植被指数分析该区植被空间分布格局与地形因子的关系,研究了植被指数随地形的变化趋势。结果表明,植被空间分布与地形因子关系密切,亚高山暗针叶林最优生长区间为海拔3290~3880 m,坡度25°~45°的阴坡;山地圆柏林则适宜生长在同样坡度,海拔3880~4470 m的阳坡;针阔混交林、高山落叶阔叶林最优生长区间分别为15°~25°,2700~3290 m的阴坡和2995~3290 m的(半)阴坡;高寒灌丛和高寒草原在各坡度和坡向分布范围都比较广。     

基于GIS和RS的延河流域植被覆盖度与地形因子的相关性研究

以延河流域为研究区,综合运用GIS和RS技术,基于Landsat TM影像,运用改进的像元二分模型估算了延河流域2000年和2010年的植被覆盖度,结合DEM数据提取的高程,坡度、坡向地形数据,分析了植被覆盖度与地形因子的相关性,以期为延河流域植被恢复和生态建设提供依据。结果表明:(1)延河流域植被覆盖度从2000年的29.18%增加到2010年的52.42%,呈上升趋势。(2)2000年植被覆盖度随高程的增加呈减小的趋势,2010年植被覆盖度随高程的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势。2000年和2010年植被覆盖度随坡度的升高,大致呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在30°~35°范围内最高。2000年和2010年植被覆盖度总体表现为阴坡(北、东北)半阳坡(东南、西)=半阴坡(东、西北)阳坡(南、西南)平地,其中阴坡的植被覆盖度最高,平地的植被覆盖度最低。(3)在高程1 000~1 500m,坡度在25°~45°范围内,植被覆盖度增加的值最大。     

玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度随地形因子的变化特征

基于2000-2016年MODIS NDVI数据,利用像元二分模型和ArcGIS空间分析功能对玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度分布格局及动态变化特征进行研究,并分析植被覆盖度变化在高程、坡度和坡向上的空间分布差异。结果表明：（1）玛纳斯河流域以低等级植被覆盖为主,高等级植被覆盖面积显著增加,其它各等级面积波动较小,研究期内植被覆盖改善的面积比例（31.17%）远大于退化的面积比例（16.1%）,研究区总体植被覆盖度增加,生态环境有所好转。（2）在海拔<800m,坡度<8°区域内,植被覆盖度明显改善,植被显著退化区主要分布在海拔1300-3400m,坡度>25°区域内,植被覆盖度未发生变化的区域主要集中在海拔>3600m范围内。（3）当海拔>2100m时,植被覆盖度随海拔增加呈现持续减少的趋势,海拔低于2100m的地带,植被覆盖度随海拔增加波动较大。（4）随着坡度的增加,植被覆盖度呈逐渐减小的趋势,全流域0?5°坡度范围内植被覆盖度最大（42.69%）。（5）在各坡向上,植被覆盖度差异不明显。流域内平地上的植被覆盖度最大（44.21%）;阴坡的植被覆盖度优于阳坡,植被变化趋势除在平地区域较显著外,其余坡向间差异不大。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.