表面活性剂辅助的甲硫氨酸和色氨酸叶面喷施对芥蓝生长及菜薹芥子油苷组分和含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了脂肪族芥子油苷和吲哚族芥子油苷的合成前体甲硫氨酸和色氨酸单独及配合表面活性剂叶面喷施对芥蓝(Brassica alboglabra L.)生长及菜薹中芥子油苷组分和含量的影响。结果表明,各处理对芥蓝生长指标及芥子油苷组分无显著影响,在芥蓝菜薹中均检测到7种脂肪族芥子油苷和4种吲哚族芥子油苷。与喷施清水对照相比,甲硫氨酸、色氨酸单独叶面喷施及表面活性剂辅助的色氨酸叶面喷施,对芥蓝菜薹总芥子油苷含量、总脂肪族芥子油苷含量和总吲哚族芥子油苷含量均无显著影响。表面活性剂辅助下甲硫氨酸叶面喷施处理中菜薹总芥子油苷和总脂肪族芥子油苷含量比清水对照处理分别提高28.5%和31.9%,其中在11种芥子油苷中脂肪族芥子油苷3-丁烯基芥子油苷含量提高幅度最大,达到44.3%,同时表面活性剂辅助下甲硫氨酸叶面喷施显著提高了芥蓝菜薹全硫含量并降低了氮硫比(N/S)。本试验结果表明,有效供给甲硫氨酸能明显促进脂肪族芥子油苷的合成和积累,而辅之以表面活性剂能增进叶面对甲硫氨酸的吸收效果,其影响机理还有待进一步研究。     

猪血多肽和蚯蚓裂解液对小麦产量及品质的影响

为探究猪血多肽和蚯蚓裂解液叶面喷施对小麦产量及品质的影响,于小麦拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期喷施不同浓度的叶面肥尿素、猪血多肽、蚯蚓裂解液,空白和喷清水作为对照。结果表明,猪血多肽500倍液处理可显著提高小麦产量及其构成,相比清水对照,每穗粒数、穗数、千粒重、实际产量分别提高11.2%、13.3%、9.9%、11.3%。猪血多肽处理籽粒蛋白质与湿面筋含量呈现随肥液浓度的升高而升高的现象。蚯蚓裂解液2000倍液处理每穗粒数、穗数、千粒重、实际产量相比清水对照分别提高13.2%、9.7%、7.2%、18.5%。等氮量情况下,猪血多肽250倍液、蚯蚓裂解液200倍液处理产量及其构成因素、矿质养分积累量均低于等氮量尿素处理,并未达到增产效果;猪血多肽250倍液、蚯蚓裂解液200倍液处理蛋白质含量显著高于尿素处理,分别提高约41.6%、11.1%,叶面喷施猪血多肽和蚯蚓裂解液对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响主要为含氨基酸功能物质,而非单纯氮素的影响。综合考虑,猪血多肽500倍液处理对整体优化、提升小麦产量及品质效果最佳;蚯蚓裂解液2000倍液可以有效促进小麦对其他养分的吸收,实现较高产量。     

叶面喷施蚯蚓氨基酸肥对西瓜产量及品质的影响

蚯蚓水解液富含大量氨基酸,对作物生长具有明显的促进作用。试验以清水及尿素追肥为对照,在西瓜膨果期叶面喷施不同稀释倍数(800、500和300稀释倍数)的蚯蚓氨基酸追肥,研究其对西瓜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:尿素追肥的西瓜产量与清水追肥差异不显著;蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液的西瓜产量分别比清水、尿素追肥提高了19%和18%。尿素追肥西瓜果实的含糖量、有机酸含量高于清水追肥,但糖酸比低于清水追肥;与清水追肥相比,蚯蚓氨基酸300、500、800倍液增加了西瓜果实含糖量;800、500倍液降低了有机酸含量,增加了糖酸比;与尿素追肥相比,蚯蚓氨基酸300、500、800倍液保持了与之相当的含糖量,但降低了有机酸含量,从而提高了糖酸比,其中蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液有机酸含量最低、糖酸比最高。尿素追肥西瓜果实硝酸盐含量与清水追肥相当;与清水及尿素追肥相比,蚯蚓氨基酸300、500、800倍液显著降低了西瓜果实硝酸盐含量,追施800和500倍液的西瓜果实硝酸盐含量最低。尿素追肥处理西瓜果实可溶性蛋白质含量低于清水处理;与清水及尿素追肥相比,800、500倍液蚯蚓氨基酸肥能显著增加西瓜果实可溶性蛋白质的含量。尿素追肥的西瓜维生素C(Vc)含量与清水追肥差异不显著;与清水及尿素追肥相比,喷施蚯蚓氨基酸500、300倍液能增加西瓜果实内Vc含量。综合来看,在西瓜膨果期叶面喷施适当浓度的蚯蚓氨基酸肥有利于提升西瓜产量和品质,其中以叶面喷施蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液效果最佳。     

叶面喷施含氨基酸水溶肥料在辣椒和豇豆上的肥效

以辣椒(苏椒5号博士王)和豇豆(夏杰)为材料,研究叶面喷施利用废弃猪毛研制的含氨基酸水溶肥料在辣椒和豇豆上的应用效果。本试验分两季进行,设3个处理:不喷施任何肥料(CK1)、喷施清水(CK2)和喷施含氨基酸水溶肥料(AA)。田间试验结果表明:对辣椒和豇豆叶片喷施含氨基酸水溶肥料能有效促进辣椒和豇豆植株的生长,提高辣椒和豇豆果实的品质,同时叶面喷施含氨基酸水溶肥料还改变了辣椒和豇豆种植土壤中可培养微生物的数量。与不喷施、喷施清水处理相比,喷施含氨基酸水溶肥料显著提高了辣椒和豇豆的产量。从第一季看,辣椒的增产幅度分别为12.0%和10.8%,豇豆的增幅分别为10.3%和8.9%;从第二季看,辣椒的增幅分别达到13.5%和12.5%,豇豆的增产幅度分别是18.9%和14.7%,与第一季相比,第二季增产幅度有所提升。由此,利用废弃猪毛研制的含氨基酸水溶肥料叶面喷施能够有效促进设施辣椒和豇豆的产量,研究结果可为废弃猪毛的资源化利用和设施蔬菜的高效栽培提供理论依据。     

叶面喷钙对金丝小枣钙素营养及果实品质的影响

为探究叶面喷施钙肥对金丝小枣钙素营养、果实发育及品质的影响,以20年生乐陵金丝小枣为试材,以喷清水为对照,进行叶面喷施有机钙(柠檬酸钙,0.2%)和无机钙(硝酸钙,0.2%)试验,生长期间分4次测量果实生长指标以及叶片、果实中钙含量,收获期对一些果实品质指标进行测定。研究结果表明:叶面喷施有机钙和无机钙均可提高金丝小枣果实和叶片的Ca含量、果实可溶性糖含量、单果重、果形指数。喷施两种钙肥还可显著提高叶片SPAD值,改善叶片氮素营养。喷施柠檬酸钙可显著提高果实优质果比例,并降低劣质果比例。两种钙肥均可改善金丝小枣营养状况,促进金丝小枣果实发育,并且柠檬酸钙的效果优于硝酸钙。     

铜基叶面肥及控释肥对辣椒生长发育和叶片保护酶等生理特性的影响

【目的】针对辣椒喜肥、耐肥、对水分要求严格的特点,采用铜基叶面肥、控释肥两种新技术,研究了叶面喷施铜基叶面肥和土施控释肥对辣椒产量、矿质养分在植株体内的分布、保护性酶活性以及果实品质的影响,为提高果蔬产量和改善品质提供理论依据。【方法】分别于2011年4~11月和2012年3~9月,在山东农业大学南校区土肥资源高效利用国家工程实验室新型肥料中试基地, 以赤峰牛角王为供试辣椒品种设置肥料盆栽试验,试验设8个处理: 1）喷清水土壤不施肥对照（CKW- NF）;2）喷清水+土施普通肥（CKW+CCF）; 3）喷清水+土施控释肥（CKW+CRF）; 4）喷清水+土施控释肥+保水剂（CKW+CRF+W）; 5）喷铜基叶面肥土壤不施肥（CBFF-NF）; 6）喷铜基叶面肥+土施普通肥（CBFF+CCF）; 7）喷铜基叶面肥+土施控释肥（CBFF+CRF）;8）喷铜基叶面肥+土施控释肥+保水剂（CBFF+CRF+W）。采用称重法测定辣椒产量,于收获期取果实及叶片鲜样用于果实品质和生理生化指标测定,植株各部位干样用于微量元素测定。【结果】1）两年内喷施铜基叶面肥和土施控释肥均能提高辣椒产量,其中叶面喷施铜基叶面肥+土施控释肥+保水剂（CBFF+CRF+W）组合对辣椒产量的提高幅度最大,与CKW+CRF+W相比2011年增产24.1%,2012年增产29.0%。2）相同的土壤施肥条件下,与喷清水相比,喷施铜基叶面肥能够显著提高辣椒植株体内的铜浓度。其中,土施控释肥加保水剂基础上喷施铜基叶面肥处理的辣椒果实中铜浓度比叶面喷清水显著提高了103.9%;土施控释肥条件下,叶面喷施铜基叶面肥较喷清水处理下的果实铜浓度增加了41.5%。3）喷施铜基叶面肥后,辣椒叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性升高,而过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性下降。CBFF+CRF+W处理下的辣椒叶片SOD活性较CKW+CRF+W处理显著提高了26.6%,CBFF+CRF+W组合的叶片的POD活性和CAT活性与CKW+CRF差异显著。4）与喷清水处理相比,无论在土壤施用控释肥还是土壤施用控释肥+保水剂的条件下,叶面喷施铜基叶面肥均使辣椒果实可溶性蛋白和维生素C的含量显著提高,其增加幅度在12.8%~178.4%。【结论】综合考虑几种肥料组合,叶面喷施铜基叶面肥和土施控释肥可在一定程度上调控植株微量元素的积累,改善辣椒营养品质,提高辣椒产量。     

喷施矮壮素和多效唑对紫云英生长发育及结实性状的影响

  【目的】  研究不同时期喷施矮壮素和多效唑对紫云英生长发育及结实的影响，明确有利于增产的最佳喷施时期，为提高紫云英种子产量提供有效的化控途径。  【方法】  选取紫云英品种‘信紫1号’为供试材料，分别于越冬后期、返青期、现蕾期、初花期和始花后5天在叶面喷施矮壮素或多效唑 (浓度均为400 mg/kg)，以叶面喷施清水为对照。于盛花期，调查株高、茎粗、分枝数、SPAD值、单株重等生长指标，成熟期按常规考种法考察记载花数、荚数、籽粒数、结荚率和荚果结实率等结实性指标。  【结果】  现蕾期叶面喷施矮壮素和多效唑均可有效抑制植株株高，提高分枝数、SPAD值和单株重，多效唑喷施效果好于矮壮素。与喷清水对照相比，现蕾期喷施矮壮素的紫云英花数、荚数、籽粒数、结荚率和荚果结实率分别显著提高了16.32%、21.45%、15.94%、2.38个百分点和0.94个百分点，而其在越冬后期和返青期喷施却显著降低各指标；现蕾期喷施多效唑的紫云英花数、荚数、籽粒数、结荚率和荚果结实率分别显著提高了31.69%、43.41%、29.49%、4.76个百分点和2.14个百分点，在越冬后期喷施显著降低花数和荚果结实率。矮壮素和多效唑均在现蕾期喷施的种子产量最高，两者较对照分别增产15.95%和29.88%。  【结论】  在紫云英现蕾期，叶面喷施植物延缓剂多效唑和矮壮素，均可显著促进花期花荚发育，减少花荚脱落，促进花荚结实成粒，最终获得较高的种子产量，多效唑效果好于矮壮素。     

叶面喷施微肥对晋南小麦产量和微量元素含量的影响

在山西临汾盆地石灰性褐土进行冬小麦田间试验,在底施NPK肥的基础上,研究了在拔节中期和抽穗前期叶面喷施锌、铁和硒对"济麦22"产量及其构成因素、成熟期地上部分各器官微量元素含量和分配比例的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施3种微肥提高了小麦产量及其构成因素,增产效果为FeSeZn,喷施铁肥与喷施清水相比差异显著;叶面喷施微肥使籽粒、茎叶和颖壳中对应微量元素的含量提高,其中喷施硒肥效果最为明显,喷施锌肥次之;籽粒对3种元素的吸收相互影响,铁对锌单向拮抗,锌与硒、铁与硒相互促进;叶面喷施微肥使锌在籽粒中分配比例稍高于茎叶+颖壳,铁在籽粒中分配比例仅6.87%~8.25%,硒在籽粒中的分配比例稍低于茎叶+颖壳。建议临汾盆地在小麦拔节中期和抽穗前期对冬小麦叶面喷施0.4%ZnSO_4·7H_2O溶液750 kg/hm~(2)和0.017%Na_2SeO_3溶液750 kg/hm~(2),可显著提高籽粒中的锌、硒含量,从而改善籽粒品质;叶面喷施0.3%FeSO_4·7H_2O溶液750 kg/hm~(2)对产量有一定的提升作用。     

大量元素叶面水溶肥对新疆焉耆盆地棉花生长及产量的影响

为了验证大量符合微量元素型叶面水溶肥在新疆焉耆盆地棉花上的增产增收效果,设计了3水平叶喷试验,研究喷施叶面肥对棉花生长发育、抗逆性、品质及产量的影响。试验结果表明,在棉花上施用的大量符合微量元素型叶面水溶肥,可以使棉花有效果枝数、单株结铃数增多,单铃重增大;叶面喷施供试大量元素水溶肥料较叶面喷施清水和不进行叶面喷施的处理籽棉每667 m~2产量分别增加20.5 kg和27.1 kg,增产率分别为5.7%和7.7%;每667 m~2增收分别增加102.0元和151.9元,经济效益明显。     

叶面喷施含氨基酸水溶肥对草莓品质和产量的影响

以温室草莓为试验材料,研究在草莓花期和结果期叶面喷施含氨基酸水溶肥料对草莓生长发育、果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施含氨基酸水溶肥料能明显促进草莓生长发育,提高果实品质,草莓果色深红、叶色浓绿透亮、单株果数增多、果实较大、甜度更高;喷施含氨基酸水溶肥,草莓增产效果显著,与常规施肥相比增产率达7.9%～8.4%;与喷施清水相比增产率达6.8%～7.4%。     

Correlation studies on oil content and fatty acid profile of some Cruciferous species

Mean individual fatty acid concentration among differentspecies of the family Cruciferae are not similar because of the presence ofdifferent kind of significant relationship among the individual fatty acids.Brassica napus L., Sinapis alba L.,Raphanus caudatus L.f. Raphanus sativusL. and B. nigra (L.) Koch arecomparatively low erucic acid (<40%) containing species. Crambeabyssinica Hochst. ex. R. E. Fries collections gave as high as 60%erucic acid. Low erucic acid concentration was found associated with thepresence of high level of palmitic and oleic acid concentrations. Erucic acidconcentrations were found varied within the range of 42 to 57% among thecollections of Brassica rapa L. and B.carinata A. Braun. All the collections ofB. nigra (L.) Koch were found to havehigher proportion of linoleic acid than the corresponding oleic acidconcentration. Linolenic acid concentrations of B.nigra (L.) Koch was also higher in comparison to otherspecies of the Cruciferae. Raphanus collections were foundto contain higher levels of total saturated fatty acids as well as eicosenoicacid. Oil content of the total collections under present study did not show anysignificant relationship either with linolenic acid or with erucic acidconcentration. But significant positive relationship was observed between totaloil and erucic acid level within the collections of B.juncea Czern. & Coss. Similarly significant negativecorrelation was observed between total oil and linolenic acid content inBrassica rapa L. ssp. trilocularis (Roxb.) Hanelt, yellow sarson.     

Identification and Revival of Low Viability Seed Samples

Seeds stored for a long time may be difficult to germinate under standard conditions and are thus considered not to be viable. By using conductivity test an accession of Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa with viable seeds was identified among seed material previously declared dead based on traditional filter paper germination tests. The identified accession was germinated by means of long time germination on aseptic agar based growth medium. After transplanting, weaning and vernalisation 0.8% of the seeds could be grown to plants, which flowered and produced seeds.     

不同钝化剂对Cu、Cr和Ni复合污染土壤的修复研究

利用盆栽试验研究了不同钝化剂(沸石、牡蛎壳、鸡蛋壳、硅藻土和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM))对生长在重金属污染土壤上的青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生物量、重金属吸收以及超氧化物歧化酶的活性(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,同时,通过对土壤p H和土壤重金属提取态的分析,探讨了钝化剂影响青菜生物量和重金属吸收的可能原因。结果表明:钝化剂加入可显著降低青菜地上部分Cu、Zn、Ni和Cd的含量及其氧化性损伤和脂膜损伤(SOD和MDA指标显著降低)。施入钝化剂后,土壤p H显著提高,重金属提取态Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd普遍降低(硅藻土处理除外)。相关性分析表明,土壤p H与提取态重金属Pb、Zn、Ni和Cd呈显著的负相关,而青菜中的重金属Zn、Ni和Cd的含量与土壤提取态含量呈显著正相关。综合考虑,单一钝化剂牡蛎壳和沸石+牡蛎壳+鸡蛋壳(FMJ)组合对降低青菜重金属吸收的效果尤为显著,可推荐作为重金属复合污染土壤的改良剂。本研究为重金属中轻度污染菜地的土壤修复提供了一种新方法。     

土壤主要理化性质对湘粤污染农田镉稳定效果的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了稳定剂(石灰、海泡石联合施用)对湖南、广东两省区不同性质土壤上生长的小青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生物量、重金属吸收以及土壤pH和重金属提取态含量的影响,探讨了影响镉(Cd)稳定修复效果的土壤性质参数。结果表明:施加稳定剂对增加酸性土壤上小青菜生物量效果显著,土壤pH、有机质(OM)、全量Cd和黏粒是影响小青菜生物量变化的主要因素;土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、OM、黏粒是影响小青菜Cd含量变化的主要因素;土壤pH、CEC、全量Cd和黏粒是影响土壤提取态Cd含量变化的主要因素。     

Processes affecting genetic structure and conservation: a case study of wild and cultivated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica rapa</Emphasis>

When planning optimal conservation strategies for wild and cultivated types of a plant species, a number of influencing biological and environmental factors should be considered from the outset. In the present study Brassica rapa was used to illustrate this: to develop Scandinavian conservation strategies for wild and cultivated B. rapa, DNA-marker analysis was performed on 15 cultivated and 17 wild accessions of B. rapa plus 8 accessions of the cross compatible B. napus. The B. rapa cultivars were bred in Sweden and Finland in 1944–1997 and the wild B. rapa material was collected from Denmark, Sweden and United Kingdom. The B. napus accessions were bred within the last 20 years in the Scandinavian countries. Results were based on scoring of 131 polymorphic ISSR markers in the total plant material. A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach implemented in NewHybrids demonstrated a clear distinction of B. rapa and B. napus individuals except for three individuals that seemed to be backcrosses. The backcrossed hybrids descended from two Swedish populations, one wild and one escaped. The overall pattern of genetic variation and structure in B. rapa showed that cultivated and wild B. rapa accessions formed two almost separated clusters. Geographical origin and breeding history of cultivars were reflected in these genetic relationships. In addition, wild populations from Denmark and Sweden seemed to be closely related, except for a Swedish population, which seemingly was an escaped cultivar. The study point to that many processes, e.g. spontaneous introgression, naturalisation, breeding and agricultural practise affected the genetic structure of wild and cultivated B. rapa populations.     

Influence of Pseudomonas syringae R25 and P. putida R105 on the growth and N2 fixation (acetylene reduction activity) of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The effects of inoculating field peas (Pisum sativum L.) with Rhizobium leguminosarum and field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with R. phaseoli, alone or in combination with Pseudomonas syringae R25 and/or P. putida R105, were assessed under gnotobiotic conditions in growth pouches and in potted soil in a growth chamber. Inoculation of peas with P. syringae R25 or P. putida R105 alone had no effect on plant growth in pouches. In soil, however, the isolate R25 inhibited nitrogenase activity (as assessed by acetylene reduction assay) of nodules formed by indigenous rhizobia; strain R105 stimulated pea seedling emergence and nodulation. P. syringae R25 inhibited the growth of beans in either plant-growth system. P. putida R105, however, had no effects on beans in pouches, but reduced plant root biomass and nodulation by indigenous rhizobia in soil. Coinoculation of pea seeds with R. leguminosarum and either of the pseudomonads significantly (P<0.01) increased shoot, root, and total plant weight in growth pouches, but had no effect in soil. Co-inoculation of field beans with R. phaseoli and P. putida R105 had no effects on plant biomass in growth pouches or in soil, but the number of nodules and the acetylene reduction activity was significantly (P<0.01) increased in the soil. In contrast, co-inoculation of beans with rhizobia and P. syringae R25 had severe, deleterious effects on seedling mergence, plant biomass, and nodulation in soil and growth pouches. Isolate R25 was responsible for the deleterious effects observed. Although plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria may interact synergistically with root-nodulating rhizobia, the PGPR selected for one crop should be assessed for potential hazardous effects on other crops before being used as inoculants.     

续断菊与玉米间作的铅累积及根系低分子量有机酸分泌特征研究

为探明间作作物根系分泌低分子量有机酸对土壤重金属生物有效性的影响,采用矿区周边农田土壤进行室内盆栽试验,研究了云南本土超累积植物续断菊(Sonchus asper L. Hill)和玉米(Zea mays L.)间作下,植物生长、根系低分子量有机酸分泌量、根际土壤Pb提取形态以及植物Pb积累特点。结果表明:与单作相比,间作续断菊地上部和根部生物量、根长、根内径和根系体积均显著增加(P0.05);间作玉米根部生物量、根长、根内径和根系体积显著增加(P0.05)。柠檬酸、草酸是续断菊和玉米根系分泌的主要低分子量有机酸,间作导致续断菊根系低分子量有机酸的分泌量增加,玉米根系低分子量有机酸的分泌量降低。续断菊根际土壤生物有效态Pb含量增加85.2%(P0.05),而玉米根际土壤生物有效态Pb含量降低26.1%(P0.05)。续断菊体内Pb含量显著增加18.0%～43.2%(P0.05),富集系数提高26.0%,而转运系数降低42.0%;玉米地上部Pb含量显著降低24.3%(P0.05),转运系数降低43.1%。续断菊根系分泌的柠檬酸和草酸数量,均与土壤生物有效态Pb含量呈显著正相关,且土壤有效态Pb含量分别与续断菊地上部和根部的Pb含量呈显著正相关。表明间作增加了续断菊对Pb的吸收积累量,与间作体系植物根系分泌的低分子有机酸介导下的土壤有效态Pb含量增加密切相关。     

Identification and overcoming barriers between Brassica rapa L. em. Metzg. and B. nigra (L.) Koch crosses for the resynthesis of B. juncea (L.) Czern.

Brassica juncea (2n = 36, AABB) is an amphidiploid derived from its diploid progenitor species B. rapa (2n = 20, AA) and B. nigra (2n = 16, BB). Resynthesis of B. juncea by exploiting the wider gene pool of the present day diploids offers a powerful tool for obtaining novel genetic variation. Hybridization between the two species is difficult because of the presence of crossability barriers. Barriers to hybridization were identified using Aniline Blue Fluorescence (ABF) method. Crosses were classified as having pre- or post-fertilization barriers based on whether less than or more than one per cent ovules showed pollen tube entry. Of the 23 crosses studied, seven crosses all with B. rapa as the female parent showed pre-fertilization barriers. Only 0 to 0.3 per cent ovules were fertilized in these crosses. The remaining 16 crosses, four with B. rapa as the female parent and 12 with B. nigra as the female parent, showed post-fertilization barriers. In crosses with pre-fertilization barriers use of bud pollination and stump pollination ensured or increased fertilization. These two simple techniques were used in combination with ovary-ovule culture to ensure recovery of hybrids. In crosses with post-fertilization barriers, ovary-ovule culture alone helped to obtain hybrids. Hybrids were obtained at higher frequency with the use of direct ovule culture compared to ovary-ovule culture. The F₁ plants obtained in vitro were multiplied on MS medium + 2 mg/l Kn + 0.2 mg/l IAA. These F₁ plants were confirmed as true hybrids through morphology, leaf isozymes and cytology. In all 17 hybrids were obtained of which three were amphidiploids.     

Phylogenetic relationships among cultivated types of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica rapa</Emphasis> L. em. Metzg. as revealed by AFLP analysis

The cultivated types of Brassica rapa L. em. Metzg. consist of morphologically distinct subspecies such as turnip, turnip rape, Chinese cabbage, pak choi and pot herb mustard which are classified as ssp. rapa, ssp. oleifera, ssp. pekinensis, ssp. chinensis and ssp. nipposinica (syn. ssp. japonica), respectively. We attempted to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among the cultivated types of B. rapa. Thirty-two accessions from the Eurasian Continent were analyzed using AFLP markers with a cultivar of B. oleracea as an outgroup. In total, 455 bands were detected in the ingroup and 392 (86.6%) were polymorphic. The Neighbor-Joining tree based on the AFLP markers indicated that the accessions of B. rapa were congregated into two groups according to geographic origin. One group consisted of ssp. rapa and ssp. oleifera of Europe and Central Asia and the other included all the subspecies of East Asia. Our results suggest that cultivars from East Asia were probably derived from a primitive cultivated type, which originated in Europe or in Central Asia and migrated to East Asia. This primitive cultivated type was probably a common ancestor of ssp. rapa and ssp. oleifera. The Neighbor-Joining tree also shows that leafy vegetables in East Asia such as ssp. pekinensis, ssp. chinensis and ssp. nipposinica were differentiated several times from the distinct cultivars of ssp. oleifera in East Asia.     

不同配方生物炭改良盐渍土对小白菜和棉花生长及光合作用的影响

针对盐渍土壤理化性质差、肥料利用率低和作物长势弱的问题,利用不同配方生物炭进行土壤改良。采用盆栽试验的方法,以小白菜和棉花为研究对象,设置5个不同的处理:不施肥(对照CK0)、常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥+生物炭(C1)、常规施肥+生物炭+硝化抑制剂(C2)和常规施肥+生物炭+硫酸钙(C3),研究不同配方的生物炭处理对小白菜和棉花生长及光合作用的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥比较,C3处理效果更明显。小白菜的株高和株重分别增加32.7%和112.0%,叶绿素含量与净光合速率分别提高45.5%与32.9%;胞间CO_2浓度和蒸腾速率分别下降15.0%和59.2%。光谱分析表明,C3处理反射率更高,叶片组织更完好。与CK比较,生物炭处理同样促进棉花生长,显著提高叶绿素含量,降低叶片中丙二醛含量和过氧化氢酶活性,增强抗逆性,减少棉花损伤。同时,降低了棉花叶片中胞间CO_2浓度,提高水分利用率。土壤分析表明,生物炭配施改良剂能显著改善土壤理化性质,与常规施肥相比,C2处理的土壤有机质、速效磷和碱解氮含量分别提高57.3%,22.9%和40.8%,而对土壤速效钾和pH影响较小,C3处理对土壤电导率有较大提高。因此,实践中在改良盐渍土壤时,需注意改良剂的合理施用,防止土壤盐分的进一步积累。