Effects of rake angle of chisel plough on soil cutting factors and power requirements: A computer simulation

A computer simulation was conducted to predict the effects of rake angle of a chisel plough and soil bulk density on angle of soil failure plane, rupture distance, width of side crescent, frictional, overburden, cohesion and adhesion soil cutting factors, draft forces and drawbar power requirements. The experimental work was carried out in two locations. Soil of the first location was sandy clay with the soil bulk densities of 1.75 and 1.70 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 30° and a surface friction angle of 20°, cohesion of 2.5 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.2 kN/m². Soil of the second location was clay loam with the soil bulk densities of 1.65 and 1.50 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 34° and a surface friction angle of 23°, cohesion of 2.4 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.14 kN/m². The prediction showed that the angle of failure plane found to decrease with the rake angle. The rupture distance decreased with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then increased as the rake angle increased over 55°. The width of the side crescent increased as the rake angle increased and the maximum value and the minimum value were recorded at 75° and at 15°. Values of frictional and overburden factors decreased as rake angle increased. The maximum and minimum values were recorded at 15° and 75°, respectively. The values of cohesion factor increased as rake angle increased. The maximum value was recorded at rake angle of 75° and the minimum value was recorded at rake angle of 15°. Adhesion factor was found to change inversely with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then to change directly with the rake angle over 55°. The draft force decreased with the rake angle and reached its minimum value at 45° rake angle. Over 45°, the draft force increased and reached its maximum value at 75° rake angle. The draft increased with soil bulk density. The power required for moving the plough recorded the maximum value at rake angle of 15°, while the minimum value was recorded at 55° rake angle. The values of power increased with decrease of soil bulk density. The predicted values demonstrated some deviations from the experimental values of the draft force and the drawbar power.     

Effect of design parameters of flat tillage tools on loosening of a clay soil

Very little research has been done to investigate soil loosening as a function of the geometry of the tillage tool and of the original soil properties and moisture content. A field experiment was conducted to observe the effects of the geometric parameters of flat tillage tools on their draft, cutting efficiency and loosening of a moist clay soil. The test tool variables included rake angles to the horizontal of 30, 60 and 90°, widths of 75 and 150 mm and depths of operation of 100, 150 and 200 mm. Measurements were taken of draft, disturbed soil cross sectional profiles and the initial area of soil disturbed by the tools. The resulting draft requirement increased with width, depth and rake angle of the tool. The cross sectional area of soil disturbed did not change appreciably with rake angle, but the significant increase in draft with angle resulted in markedly diminished soil cutting efficiency (area divided by draft). The degree of soil loosening was generally smaller at a rake angle of 60° than at 30 or 90°, and tended to be higher at greater depths of operation. In addition, a larger depth to width ratio generally increased the degree of loosening. Results for the soil studied indicate that the best implement design for low draft, high cutting efficiency and superior soil loosening should have a rake angle of about 30° and should be fairly narrow with a depth to width ratio of 2 or more.     

Wind tunnel simulation of ridge-tillage effects on soil erosion from cropland

In the arid and semi-arid regions, ridge tillage was often used as an alternative practice for wind erosion control on the croplands without sufficient crop residues left during the fallow period. Through wind tunnel experiments, wind erosion rate and vertical mass flux profile of blown sand under the simulated conditions of ridge tillage and flat tillage were studied in 15, 10, 10, 5, 3 min exposures at the wind velocities of 8, 10, 15, 20, 24 m s⁻¹, respectively. The results for the soil tested indicate that the mean rate of wind erosion under flat tillage was 129.89 g m⁻² min⁻¹, while that under ridge tillage were 20–60% less. Under ridge tillage with different structures, average wind erosion rate had a positive correlation with the spacing between adjacent ridges. For the same ridge height, average wind erosion rate decreased with increasing ratio between the height of ridge and the width of furrow. For the same ratio between the height of ridge and the width of furrow, average wind erosion rate increased with increasing height of ridge. Power function relationships were found between wind erosion rate and wind velocity on all the simulated tillage conditions. A wind velocity of 15 m s⁻¹ was the critical velocity, above which wind erosion rate increased rapidly for the soil and simulated tillage conditions tested. Compared with flat tillage, ridge tillage remarkably decreased wind erosion rates when wind velocities were beyond 15 m s⁻¹. Under ridge tillage, the total mass of sand transported at a height of 0–20 cm above soil surface (Q_0–20), and the fraction of that travelling at a height of 0–4 cm (Q_0–4/Q_0–20), were less man mat under flat tillage. For the same ridge height, Q_0–4/Q_0–20 increased with increasing ratio between the height of ridge and the width of furrow. For the same ratio between the height of ridge and the width of furrow, Q_0–4/Q_0–20 decreased with increasing height of the ridge. Sand transport rate under flat tillage decreased with increasing height by a negative exponential function, while negative linear functions were found under ridge tillage. Thus ridge tillage decreased the rate of wind erosion and sand transportation near soil surface, reduced the loss of soil nutrient caused by wind erosion and plant damage caused by blown sand abrasion, which make it an effective agricultural technology for wind erosion control in the arid and semi-arid regions.     

竖管地表滴灌与普通地表滴灌土壤水分运移特性对比试验研究

为探究竖管地表滴灌和普通地表滴灌土壤水分运动规律及区别,在室外同步进行2种滴灌模式下风沙土入渗和蒸发试验,对比分析了土壤水分分布、蒸发规律和土壤湿润锋运移特性。结果表明:(1)灌水量为2 L,2种滴灌模式下,随着滴头流量的增大,湿润体体积和灌水均匀度逐渐减小,湿润体含水率平均值逐渐增大,当滴头流量一定,竖管地表滴灌的湿润体体积大于普通地表滴灌,而灌水均匀系数小于普通地表滴灌;(2)不同滴头流量处理(0.3,0.4,0.6 L/h)蒸发7天结束后,普通地表滴灌土壤蒸发量分别占灌水量的32.5%,35.0%和40.0%,而竖管地表滴灌土壤蒸发量仅占灌水量的22.5%,说明竖管地表滴灌对土壤蒸发有明显的抑制作用;(3)相同灌水量(2 L)时,普通地表滴灌水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离均随滴头流量的增大而略有减小,竖管地表滴灌垂直向下湿润锋运移规律与普通地表滴灌相同,而水平和垂直向上方向运移规律相反;随着时间的延长,普通地表滴灌与竖管地表滴灌水平和垂直方向湿润锋比值均呈不断减小趋势,最后趋于稳定;(4)构建了包括滴头流量和灌水时间在内的普通地表滴灌湿润锋运移距离经验公式,验证所建经验公式的可靠性,均方根误差介于0.24~0.27 cm,纳什效率系数均大于0.985。研究结果可为竖管地表滴灌技术应用提供理论参考。     

半湿润区农田风蚀物垂直分布特征

通过两种观测手段对半湿润区农田风蚀物垂直分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,半湿润区农田风蚀强度较弱,风蚀物颗粒较细,主要由极细沙和粉沙组成.风蚀物含量垂向分布遵循幂函数递减规律.反映了以悬移质为主的风沙流结构特征.农田地表特征、风速和粒级等因索均对风沙流结构具有显著影响.农田风蚀强度大小影响风蚀物在近地表的分布规律.风速增大使相对输沙量在近地表增加,上层减少.风蚀物粒级越大,则输沙量沿垂直方向递减的幅度愈大.随着高度增加,风蚀物各粒级含量中砂级组分含量减少,粉砂及粘土组分含量增加,风蚀物粒径变细,粒径范围不断收窄.最大粒径和平均粒径沿垂直方向的变化都服从指数函数递减规律.     

基于仿真及物理模型试验构建圆形断面管道非满流流速函数

明渠断面流速分布是精确测量明渠断面流量的基础,也是明渠水流运动规律研究的基本问题。为探究圆形断面管道非满流的断面流速分布特性,采用经实测资料验证的三维紊流数学模型及数值求解方法,对不同底坡和充满度组合情况下的圆管非满流进行了数值模拟。结果表明:圆管非满流的断面流速分布对充满度非常敏感,充满度越大,垂线流速的非单调性越明显,当充满度低于0.5时,未出现最大流速点下潜(dip)现象;当充满度超过0.5时,dip现象越发明显,这是因为当充满度超过0.5后,内凹型侧壁对水面的约束作用增强,断面二次流更加明显。圆管非满流断面上各垂线的流速分布曲线具有很好的相似性,均接近于抛物线曲线特征,二次函数中的待定系数主要受垂线横向位置和充满度的影响。通过回归分析建立了圆管无压均匀流中沿垂线流速的抛物线分布公式,同时给出了各系数的确定方法,按上述流速分布律计算的流速值与实测值吻合良好,曲线拟合的决定系数均在0.92以上,表明给出的抛物型垂线流速分布规律是合理可靠的。     

基于离散元法的贯入圆锥对沙土颗粒运动特性分析

为了预测土壤颗粒在圆锥指数仪贯入沙土过程中的运动特性,该文通过建立一个三维长方体料床模型用离散元法模拟了圆锥贯入沙土的全过程,讨论了料床指定初始位置上颗粒的运动轨迹,还将料床的位移场按照位移量大小分成4个区,分析了料床的横向、纵向以及合成的位移场,最后给出了不同贯入深度的料床速度场及力链分布规律。研究结果显示:受到圆锥向下贯入和左右壁面阻挡的共同作用,大多数颗粒在圆锥贯入过程中以纵向移动为主,横向上体现为近似线性梯度的受限扩散式移动,尤以锥尖附近的横向位移最明显;颗粒在纵向上均经历了先向下运动再向上运动的过程,在圆锥贯入过程中料床的纵向位移场,作为向上和向下位移区的分界线,一条"衣领"带状区域的颗粒近似静止;越靠近锥尖附近的颗粒接触力和速度越大,且随着贯入深度的增加,锥尖处的接触力增大。该文的研究为土壤圆锥指数实地测量时测量点间距的取值提供理论依据。     

古尔班通古特沙漠半固定沙垄表面风速变化规律研究

于2007年春季(风季),利用DETI可移动测风系统对古尔班通古特沙漠半固定沙垄进行实地观测,系统研究沙垄表面2m高度气流速度变化规律,发现坡脚风速、入射角和坡面形态对其有显著影响。在大气呈中性稳定的条件下,风速由迎风坡脚至丘顶逐渐加速,在垄顶达到最大,至背风坡的中上部剧烈降低,此后又逐渐恢复。垄顶风速随坡脚风速的增大而线性增大。在相同风速条件下,大角度入射时迎风坡的风速增加幅度和背风坡的风速降低幅度均明显高于小角度入射的情形,可见入射角的大小控制着沙垄表面风速的变化幅度。地形对风速变化的影响在于,在缓而长的坡面上,迎风坡风速放大率较短而陡的坡面要大,当短而陡的坡面作为背风坡时,风速的降低则较缓长的坡面更为剧烈。对古尔班通古特沙漠半固定沙垄表面风流速度变化规律进行研究,将有助于理解半固定沙垄表面的蚀积过程和动态,为科学防沙治沙提供理论依据。     

沙区旱垄作对油菜生长环境的影响

垄作是沙区旱作农田常用的集水防风耕作技术。本文通过野外试验观测和土壤样品分析,对不同结构的垄作与平作下油菜生长环境进行了研究。结果表明,垄作相对于平作增加了生长季内土壤耕作层水分含量,降低了其波动幅度,改变了土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布,使湿润锋位于耕作层,有利于油菜对土壤水分的吸收,对缓解干旱对作物生长的胁迫有积极作用。垄作下土壤易蚀性颗粒含量降低,地表粗糙度和垂直风速梯度增大,有效降低了土壤可蚀性和近地表风速,对防治土壤风蚀和保护作物幼苗有重要作用。不同结构的垄作比较,垄高15 cm、垄沟比1/12和垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/24的两种垄作在油菜生长季内集水效果较优,而垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/6的垄作在农田休闲期内防治风蚀效果较好。故结构合理的垄作是沙区旱作农田微观土地利用结构调整的有效措施。     

比例施肥泵驱动活塞受力分析及内部流动模拟与试验

为了研究比例施肥泵驱动活塞在往复运动过程中的受力情况,基于Fluent软件,通过用户自定义函数编程技术实现了相应的三维动网格模型,建立了比例施肥泵三维动态数值模拟模型,并通过实验数据对比验证了模型的可靠性。在此基础上,对施肥泵的内部流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明:所建立的数值模拟模型具有较好的准确性,模拟所得压差流量关系与试验结果基本一致,比例施肥泵流量的模拟值与试验值的最大相对误差为4.20%;模拟与试验所得活塞往复频率随压差的变化趋势基本相同,且模拟值与试验值的相对误差控制在12%之内。驱动活塞在往复运动过程中,泵内大部分流域流速较低,动能基本转变为压能驱动活塞。活塞上行运动与下行运动类似,在行程初期呈加速运动随后进行匀速运动。活塞不同表面所受到的力随压差的增大呈线性递增关系。该研究可为比例施肥泵的性能研究和结构设计提供参考。     

基于热传递过程的薄层水流流速测量方法及装置

基于薄层水流中的热传递过程，提出测量水流流速的示踪方法，并设计对应的测量系统。在室内试验坡面上，设计不同试验工况(坡度为5°,10°,20°,流量为2,5,8 L/min),以盐示踪法为对照，研究热示踪测量薄层水流流速的可行性及其影响因素。结果表明，测量系统能准确地测得热示踪剂的运移过程；热与盐2种示踪剂测得流速范围为0.408～1.522 m/s,线性拟合斜率为1.006,R²为0.993,表明两者具有显著的线性关系，热示踪法具有较高的可靠性；由于物理属性差异，部分水力工况下示踪剂的释放方式对盐和热的测量结果影响显著，表明此时2种示踪剂测量流速的代表性不同；可采用盐与热联合示踪的方法，取二者测量结果的均值作为薄层水流的平均流速，以提高测量结果的代表性。研究结果可为复杂下垫面、盐渍化和禁用化学成分等特殊坡面上薄层水流流速的准确测量提供新方法和理论参考。薄层水流流速的准确测量对地表水文和土壤侵蚀领域的研究具有重要意义。     

坡面薄层水流流速研究

准确测量坡面薄层水流流速是分析和计算水动力学参数的前提,也是建立土壤侵蚀模型的基础。设置5个坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°,25°)和4个放水流量(2,4,8,16L/min),采用长12m、宽0.1m、高0.3m的水槽对坡面薄层水流流速进行了测量。通过记录水流前锋(前沿)流过水槽的时间计算水流的前沿流速,并采用染色剂示踪法和电解质脉冲法测量水流的平均表层流速和平均流速,与前沿流速进行对比。结果表明:试验的前沿流速为0.237~1.290m/s,且随着坡度和流量的增大呈增大趋势,流量对前沿流速的影响大于坡度的影响,前沿流速可以用坡度和流量的幂函数形式进行预测;将前沿流速与染色剂示踪法测得的平均表层流速和电解质脉冲法测得的平均流速进行对比,发现前沿流速与平均表层流速和平均流速均具有良好的一致性,但平均表层流速的数值远大于前沿流速,其相对误差为-15.018%^-27.825%,2种流速之间可以用系数0.758进行转换;前沿流速与平均流速的数值非常接近,且相对误差随着流量和坡度的增大逐渐减小,2种流速之间的转换系数为0.946。前沿流速与其他2种流速的经验系数主要受雷诺数的影响,所建立的等式可以较好地模拟2种经验系数。研究结果可为坡面薄层水流流速的研究提供参考。     

仿自然鱼道中卵石墙对池室水力特性改善效果

仿自然鱼道是重要的鱼道布置方式之一,其特点是利用当地河床材料构建透水性卵石隔墙,以便更好地模拟出天然河流流态。为了定量分析透水性卵石墙对鱼道水力特性的改善效果,该文针对采用卵石隔墙与不透水隔墙的鱼道水力特性进行对比研究。结果表明:采用卵石墙的仿自然鱼道,池室内流态丰富,过鱼口处流速分布差异明显,表底流速差达到0.43~0.61 m/s为多种鱼类上溯提供了可能。池室内主流区分布较宽,紊动能较大达0.06~0.12 m2/s2,同时回流区减弱,有利于鱼类找到主流,实现上溯。卵石隔墙的不足之处是鱼道耗水流量相对较大达2.86 m3/s,在工程设计中需要综合考虑卵石墙透水特性与耗水流量之间的平衡关系,找到适宜的布置方案。该研究可为仿自然鱼道的水力设计提供参考。     

Influence of tool angles and speed on the soil reactions of a bent leg plough in two soils

The soil reactions of bent leg ploughs, as influenced by tool angles, need to be studied in detail in order to optimise their performance under different soil and operational conditions. In a field study conducted at Kumulur, south India, three bent leg tool models, with 30°, 37.5° and 45° bend angles, were tested for their soil reactions in a Typic Ustocrept (loamy sand) and a Typic Chromustert (clay loam) soil, under different speeds of operation and rake angles. A simple and reliable instrumentation system, capable of measuring the soil reactions of the tools, was developed and used in this study. Mathematical response models were built on these soil reactions to optimise the parametric levels yielding maximum performance. It was found that the tool, while working in the Ustocrept (loamy sand) and Chromustert (clay loam) soils, should have a rake angle between 9° and 15° for minimum horizontal and lateral soil reactions, and maximum downward suction, aiding penetration.     

Compaction characteristics of towed wheels on clay loam in a soil bin

Wheel induced soil compaction is an ongoing concern in mechanized agriculture. This experimental study was performed with the aim to evaluate whether soil compaction is related to stresses induced by towed wheels. Soil bin studies were conducted and soil compaction variables were measured under two towed tires, with different tread patterns, commonly used in Turkey. Tests were carried out at three tire loads (3.5, 5.5 and 7.5 kN) and two forward velocities (0.8 and 1.4 m/s) on a clay loam. To determine soil compaction, surface sinkage, subsurface layer deformation, compaction index, penetration resistance and bulk density were measured. With increasing vertical load, average contact pressure of tires increased from 39.3 to 68.5 kPa. In different trials, surface sinkage, compaction index, penetration resistance and bulk density varied from 46 to 86 mm, 0.18 to 0.48, 1472 to 2530 kPa and 1.31 to 1.70 Mg m⁻³, respectively. The soil contact projected area of tire 2 was approximately 10% greater than tire 1. The greater contact surface reduced the compaction at the soil surface and subsurface, but the tire load was still the dominant factor in the 0–20 cm depth range used in this study. According to the experimental results, decreasing contact duration with increasing forward velocity decreased soil compaction. Tire load and type affected soil deformation characteristics stronger than forward velocity.     

行星轮式大蒜插播机播种直立度优化与试验

大蒜机械化播种的植入环节中,在蒜种-土壤-触土部件强耦合作用下,正头后的蒜种直立度极易变低,如何“保姿植入”成为亟待解决的关键技术。针对此问题,该文以行星轮式大蒜插播机为研究对象,对插播鸭嘴的尖部运动轨迹进行分析,明晰了影响植后蒜种直立度的关键因素为插播鸭嘴的线速度、开启相位角及插播鸭嘴张开角度与凸轮凸起段对应的圆心角之比(开口速比)。运用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验方法对插播鸭嘴的线速度、开启相位角、开口速比进行三因素三水平二次回归试验设计,进行了插播试验,采用Design-expert软件建立响应面数学模型,对影响直立度的关键参数进行了综合优化,求解出最优工作参数组合为插播鸭嘴的线速度200 mm/s,开启相位角20°,开口速比2。大田试验结果表明,最优参数作业的蒜种直立度均值为63.2°,较优化前提高了21.8%,满足大蒜种植的蒜种直立度要求。     

Implement and soil condition effects on tillage-induced erosion

Water, wind, or tillage-induced soil erosion can significantly degrade soil quality. Therefore, understanding soil displacement through tillage translocation is an important step toward developing tillage practices that do not degrade soil resources. Our primary objective was to determine the effects of soil condition (i.e. grassland stubble versus previously tilled soil), opening angle, and harrow speed on soil translocation. A second field study also conducted on a Lixisol but only in the stubble field, quantified displacement effects of mouldboard ploughing. The field studies were located 12 km South of Évora, Portugal. Soil displacement or translocation after each tillage operation in both studies was measured using aluminium cubes with a side length of 15 mm as ‘tracers’. Offset angles for the harrow disk were 20°, 44° and 59°; tractor velocities ranged from 1.9 to 7.0 km h⁻¹ and tillage depth ranged from 4 to 11 cm. The depth of mouldboard ploughing was approximately 40 cm with a wheel speed of 3.7 km h⁻¹. The translocation coefficients for the two implements were very different averaging 770 kg m⁻¹ for the mouldboard plough and ranging from 9 to 333 kg m⁻¹ for the harrow disk. This shows that the mouldboard plough was more erosive than the harrow disk in these studies. All three variables (soil condition, opening angle, and tillage velocity) were critical factors affecting the translocation coefficient for the harrow disk. Displacement distances were the largest for compacted soils (stubble field), with higher opening or offset angles, and at higher velocities. The results also showed significant correlation for (a) mean soil displacement in the direction of tillage and the slope gradient and (b) soil transport coefficient and the opening angle. Our results can be used to predict the transport coefficient (a potential soil quality indicator for tillage erosion) for the harrow disk, provided tillage depth, opening angle, and tool operating speed are known.     

黄土区小尺度坡面土壤含水率时空变异性研究

土壤含水率在水平和垂直方向上均具有高度的时空异质性,关于水平方向变异的研究取得了很大进展,而对垂直方向变异的研究较为缺乏。为掌握土壤含水率在剖面上的垂直变异特征,采用经典统计、地统计及分形分析相结合的方法,研究了黄土高原典型坡地剖面土壤含水率的时空变异性。结果表明:不同测定时间下的剖面土壤含水率均服从自然对数正态分布,在空间上均表现为中等变异性,沿土层深度方向的变化趋势均为增长型,且这种变化规律具有时间稳定性;剖面土壤含水率在整个研究区域尺度、微尺度上的半方差函数均可用指数模型进行很好地拟合,均表现出强烈的空间依赖性,并且这种规律几乎不随时间的变化而变化;不同测定时间下剖面土壤含水率在整个研究尺度上均表现出有限的自相似性,在小于2.00 m的间距尺度下具有稳定的自相似性,大于2.00 m间距尺度的自相似性比较微弱,分维数的大小与控制土壤含水率的主要过程有关;不同测定时间下剖面土壤含水率的空间自相关性基本一致,即当滞后距离小于3.20 m时为空间正自相关,大于3.20 m时为负自相关,等于3.20 m时为不相关,而在剖面土壤含水率之间的相关性达到了极显著水平。     

草地覆盖坡面流水动力参数的室内降雨试验

为研究两种典型黄土的坡面流水力特性变化规律,进行了室内人工降雨试验。以草地盖度为主要影响因子,土壤质地和雨强为辅助影响因子进行分析。结果表明:同一盖度下,随雨强逐渐增大,流量和流速也随之增加;当盖度增加时,流量和流速随之减小。流速随降雨历时的延长而逐渐增大;当雨强增大时,流速曲线整体抬高;当覆盖度逐渐增大,流速曲线整体降低。平均水深随流速增大而减小;同一雨强下,盖度增加时氟汝德数Fr随之增加,雷诺数Re降低,而Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数f及曼宁粗糙系数n均大致呈增加趋势;对同一盖度,雨强增加Fr随之减小,Re逐渐增加,同时f和n均随之减小。因此草地覆盖度增加将改善坡面流水力性质,总体上减小了坡面流速,增加了阻力和粗糙度。     

饱和与非饱和黄绵土细沟径流水动力学特征及侵蚀阻力对比

近地表水文状况显著影响坡面土壤侵蚀过程。土壤饱和状态作为一种特殊的近地表水文状况,其细沟侵蚀特征较之非饱和状态存在明显的差异。以黄绵土为研究对象,采用限定性细沟模拟冲刷,对比研究了饱和与非饱和状态下黄绵土的水动力特征和侵蚀阻力。结果表明:饱和黄绵土径流流速与坡度、流量之间符合良好的幂函数关系,坡度对流速的影响更甚;饱和黄绵土径流流速约为非饱和黄绵土的1.17倍,其坡面摩擦阻力仅为非饱和黄绵土的70.3%;同种工况下,非饱和黄绵土的径流含沙量和细沟径流动能明显偏低,随着径流动能增大,2种土的径流含沙量均呈现对数型增长,径流含沙量峰值稳定在400,280kg/m~3内;饱和与非饱和黄绵土的细沟可蚀性参数分别为0.088,0.057kg/(m~2·s),相应的土壤临界剪切力分别为0.773,1.561Pa,表明饱和黄绵土更易剥蚀、流失。