土壤容重对土壤物理性状和小麦生长的影响

以黑土和白浆土为试材 ,进行筒栽试验 .结果表明 ,适宜小麦生长的容重范围分别为 1 .1 5～1 .3 0 g/cm3和 0 .9～ 1 .0 5g/cm3.     

土壤压实指标在城市土壤评价中的应用与比较

通过测定南京市不同土地利用下的52个样点的紧实度、容重和孔隙度3个压实指标来反映城市土壤的压实程度。结果表明,南京市大多数土壤存在不同程度的压实,部分压实严重,可能限制植物的生长。不同压实指标在反映土壤压实程度上基本一致,它们之间具有极显著的相关性,可以相互转换。但紧实度指标受到土壤含水量的显著影响。在同一质地或质地相近的土壤,容重和孔隙度可以很好地反映土壤的压实程度。与总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度相比,通气孔隙度在反映土壤压实时更为敏感。所以在进行城市土壤压实状况评价时,可以选择不同的土壤压实程度指标,但就方法的实用性和可靠性来说,容重比紧实度和孔隙度指标一般更方便可靠。     

生物炭添加对皖南旱地土壤物理性质及水分特征的影响

为明确生物炭添加对皖南旱地典型土壤供水能力的影响,采用室内模拟实验,研究了3种生物炭(竹炭、稻炭和烟炭)及3种添加比例(2%,5%,10%)对皖南旱地土壤物理性质及水分特征的影响。结果显示:土壤容重随生物炭添加量的增加而减小,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、吸湿系数、凋萎湿度、饱和持水量及田间持水量随生物炭的添加而呈增加的趋势,竹炭2%、5%和10%添加处理及稻炭与烟炭5%和10%添加处理在降低土壤容重、增加孔隙度、吸湿系数、凋萎湿度、饱和持水量和田间持水量较对照有差异显著(P0.05)。随着生物炭添加量的增加,土壤有效水分范围进一步增大,速效水与中效水含量增加,提高了土壤对作物的供水能力;同时,生物炭在一定程度上减少了水分蒸发,提高了土壤的保水保湿能力。因此,合理施用生物炭对改善土壤供水能力有着重要作用,在我国南方红壤旱地中有很强的适用性。     

施钾对不同小麦品种氮素、磷素吸收利用的影响

盆栽条件下,研究了黄淮麦区当年广泛种植的28个小麦品种在2个供K水平下N、P吸收利用差异。研究结果表明,高K与低K条件下,不同小麦品种N、P吸收利用能力差异都很大,小麦品种间N、P积累量与干物质积累量呈极显著正相关;相关分析表明,无论是低K还是高K下,不同小麦品种K积累量、K利用效率与N积累量、N利用效率及P积累量、P利用效率都存在极显著的正相关,这就显示出K高效小麦品种同时也是N高效、P高效小麦品种。     

水肥条件对小麦、玉米N、P、K吸收的影响

水、N是影响作物N、P、K吸收的重要因素。通过对 6个水分等级和 5个N肥等级相互搭配的研究结果表明 ,高水、高N处理不利于小麦N吸收 ,而玉米是耐肥作物 ,相同灌水条件下 ,玉米的吸N量随施N量的增加而增加。在低灌水条件下 (W 0、W 1处理 ) ,玉米子粒吸N量很低 ,变幅为 0～17.3kg/hm2,并且不受施N量的影响 ;而小麦子粒吸N量仍达 36.6～154.2kg/hm2。小麦与玉米吸P量的变化趋势与吸N量的变化趋势非常接近。但是 ,作物的吸K量随灌水量增加有明显增加的趋势 ,在玉米上表现尤其明显 ,并且作物的吸K量主要存在于茎秆中 ,因此 ,在当地推广和宣传秸秆还田很有必要     

深松与压实对红壤坡耕地土壤物理性质的影响

以红壤坡耕地为研究对象,研究了深松和机械压实对土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明:深松改善了除土壤最小持水量和毛管孔隙度外的土壤物理性质,并对表层土壤的改善效果较好,进而提高了红薯产量;机械压实则对除土壤紧实度和最小持水量外的土壤物理性质产生了负面影响,影响深度达30 cm左右,造成红薯产量降低。0~20 cm土层土壤容重、土壤孔隙度及土壤持水量之间呈显著或极显著相关;20~40 cm土层土壤容重、毛管孔隙度与土壤紧实度分别呈极显著和显著相关性,土壤持水量与土壤非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关。可见,避免机械压实并对深松耕作管理模式进行优化,是缓解红壤坡耕地农业生产与生态破坏的突破口之一。     

耕深对土壤物理性质及小麦-玉米产量的影响

为了解不同犁底层破除程度对黄淮海平原农田土壤蓄水保墒、穿透阻力动态变化及作物产量的影响,在山东德州试验基地以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,设置4个犁底层厚度处理,分别为犁底层不破除(RT15)、犁底层破除1/3(DL20)、犁底层破除2/3(DL25)和犁底层完全破除(DL40)。结果表明:1)完全或者部分破除犁底层均能够显著降低10~30 cm土层容重和穿透阻力,各处理降低幅度具体表现为DL40DL25DL20RT15。2)DL20、DL25和DL40处理有利于增加降水或灌溉后水分入渗,冬小麦苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高5.3%、15.9%和23.6%,且冬小麦季耗水量分别较RT15处理提高4.9%、10.2%和11.6%;DL20、DL25和DL40处理夏玉米苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高7.7%、14.2%和15.8%,但夏玉米季耗水量分别较RT15处理降低5.8%、7.6%和10.5%。3)冬小麦季0~15和15~30 cm土层穿透阻力均表现为双峰型,且2土层受冻融作用影响各处理在越冬期达到穿透阻力峰值1 489.2~2 128.1和1 925.4~4 423.7 kPa;30~45 cm土层各处理穿透阻力变化规律在两季作物生长后期差异较大,冬小麦生长后期表现为DL40DL25DL20RT155,而夏玉米后期表现为DL40DL25DL20RT15。4)相对完全打破犁底层,部分打破犁底层更有利于提高水分利用效率,显著增加作物产量,DL25处理冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别较DL40处理增加4.2%和2.4%。综合考虑,DL25是目前相对较好的犁底层改良方式,此时犁底层厚度适当,既可节省农机能耗,又可兼有透水、增产效能。     

晋西黄土区不同土地利用方式对土壤物理性质的影响

通过野外调查与室内实验相结合的方法,对晋西黄土区5种土地利用方式的土壤容重、土壤孔隙度及贮水量、土壤微团聚体分形特征进行了对比分析,以期为该地区土壤结构的改良提供理论指导.结果表明:各土地利用方式下随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重均显著增大,土壤孔隙度均显著下降,人工混交林土壤物理结构最好,荒草地最差;土壤0-50 cm贮水能力依次为人工混交林(74.56士14.96) mm＞人工纯林(72.13±8.63) mm＞经济林地(65.51±6.43) mm＞农地(61.38±9.55) mm＞荒草地(55.19±13.18)mm,其中人工混交林与人工纯林,农地和经济林地之间无显著差异,荒草地与其他土地利用类型均差异显著;土壤微团聚体平均分形维数(D)表现为荒草地(2.37±0.07)＞农地(2.32±0.08)＞经济林地(2.25±0.06)＞人工纯林(2.09±0.05)＞人工混交林(2.07±0.08);土壤微团聚体分形维数(D)与土壤容重,0～0.005 mm,0.005～0.01 mm和0.01～0.05 mm粒级土壤微团聚体体积分数均呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤各孔隙度及其所对应的贮水量和0.05～0.25 mm粒级土壤微团聚体体积分数均呈极显著负相关关系.     

磷素对高硼土壤小麦生长的影响

为减轻高硼对小麦的毒害作用,研究不同土壤Ｂ浓度下磷素对小麦生长的影响。结果表明、增施Ｐ素能减轻小麦Ｂ毒害症状,小麦平均黄叶率由９．９５％降至７．６０％,促进泪科生长,Ｂ浓度为５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,小麦根系和地上部分生物量分别增加４４．９Ａ％和１１．７２％,３０ｃｍ以下土层根系平均增加２．１％,促进了小麦对深层养分和水分的利用。     

龙须草对土壤理化性状的影响研究

通过定位试验方法,从定量的角度研究与探讨种植龙须草对土壤理化性状的影响。研究结果表明,龙须草能降低土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,适当增加土壤中粘粒、粉粒含量、减少砂粒含量,改善土壤通气透水性能,提高土壤肥力,改善土壤化学性状,从而达到改良土壤耕性的效果。     

稻麦轮作周年氮磷运筹对作物产量和土壤养分含量的影响

通过稻麦轮作两周年四季作物的田间小区试验,研究了氮磷减量及磷肥运筹对水稻、小麦产量和第二周年稻麦收获后土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:在习惯施肥的基础上减少氮肥用量10.8%和磷肥25.0%,对第一周年小麦、水稻产量和第二周年小麦产量没有显著影响,却显著降低了第二周年水稻产量;氮磷减量处理显著降低了第二周年水稻收获后土壤有效磷的含量,而对土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量没有显著影响;在氮磷减量条件下,小麦、水稻两季均施用磷肥与小麦一季集中施用磷肥进行比较,二者之间两周年四季作物产量没有显著差异。据此,建议稻麦轮作区实施"氮肥适当减量、磷肥隔年集中施用在小麦季"的氮磷施肥原则,可以达到降低肥料用量和劳动力投入,同时保证产量的目的。     

臭氧污染对水稻土物理结构和氮磷钾含量的影响

利用中国稻-麦轮作O3FACE(Free-air O3 concentration enrichment)试验平台,研究了连续3年大气O3浓度升高(比周围大气高50%)对稻田表层(0~20 cm)土壤团聚体、土壤容重及孔隙度和氮磷钾养分含量的影响。结果表明,大气O3浓度升高显著增加耕层土壤0.25~0.053 mm团聚体23.5%和降低<0.053 mm团聚体24.6%。O3污染具有增大0~10 cm土层和降低10~20 cm土层土壤容重的趋势,0~10 cm土壤中气体孔隙度显著减小39.8%,10~20 cm土壤中毛管孔隙度显著增加9.1%和气体孔隙度显著减小32.4%,改变了固、液、气三相比。长期O3污染显著降低土壤全氮含量10.5%和速效钾13.3%,显著增加有效磷40.8%,但对有效氮未产生显著影响。结果表明,长期臭氧污染将改变土壤物理结构和养分物质的生物地球化学循环。     

不同氮磷钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响

采用土壤培养方法研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响。结果表明,在培养60 d时,所有氮肥处理均降低了土壤pH,增加了Cd的提取量;但高量尿素和氯化铵处理土壤pH降低最多,提取的Cd也最多;硫酸铵提取的Cd较对照增加最小。所有磷肥处理均引起土壤pH小幅降低,但对土壤Cd提取量的影响以普钙稍大。3种钾肥处理均降低了土壤pH,其中氯化钾在0 d时提取的Cd在所有钾肥处理中为最高,其提取能力15 d后逐渐消失,试验结束时所有钾肥处理对Cd提取量均低于对照。本研究进一步表明,在土壤Cd含量处于污染临界值附近或已受Cd污染的土壤上,应避免施用高量的酸性肥料如尿素、氯化铵、普钙,以及其他酸性物料。在常用磷、钾肥中,磷酸二铵和硫酸钾在Cd污染土壤上施用更为适合。     

Effects of 5 years of corn residue grazing and baling on nitrogen cycling,soil compaction,and wind erosion potential

Abstract

Corn residue grazing can provide a valuable and cost effective means of feeding cattle and is a common practice in most corn producing states. Mechanical means of residue removal (baling) is also often practiced as a means of harvesting cattle feed. However, there are concerns about the effects of management practices that remove crop residue on soil processes such as compaction, aggregation, and N cycling. To study these concerns, an experiment with four treatments including control, light grazing, heavy grazing, and baling was carried out for 5?years at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Water Resources Field Laboratory near Brule, NE. Soil penetration resistance was measured after 3, 4, and 5?years of residue removal. Wind erodible fraction, mean weight diameter of dry aggregates, and soil total N were measured after 5?years. Corn yields were determined throughout the study. Results indicate that light grazing showed little or no difference from the no residue removal treatment, but heavy grazing and baled treatments often had higher penetration resistance, indicating that high rates of residue removal may increase risks of soil compaction. However, compaction did not appear to be cumulative over time. No significant differences were observed in wind erodible fraction and dry aggregate mean weight diameter. However, there were trends that suggest heavy grazing and baling may, in the long term, reduce dry aggregate stability, increasing wind erosion potential. Results also show that in the surface 0–2.5?cm grazing animals may increase soil total N and that baling residue may decrease soil N content. There was no impact on corn yields throughout the study. Overall, corn residue grazing and baling appear to have little or no adverse effects on soil compaction, aggregation, or nitrogen cycling after 5?years.     

Diffusive fluxes of phosphorus,potassium and metallic microelements as affected by soil compaction

ABSTRACT

The objective was to evaluate the effects of soil compaction on phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) diffusive fluxes. The experiment consisted of two Oxisols and eight compaction pressures. The soil samples were placed in diffusion chambers, simultaneously with two ion-exchange membranes (anionic and cationic), compressed and incubated for 20 days. The P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn diffusive fluxes (PDF, KDF, ZnDF, CuDF, FeDF, and MnDF) were determined. The compaction decreased the PDF in the oxidic-gibbsitic soil, and increased KDF, ZnDF, CuDF, and MnDF, in both soils. There was a higher diffusion of Zn, Cu, and Mn in the kaolinitic than the oxidic-gibbsitic soil. The descending order of cationic-microelement diffusive flux was MnDF > ZnDF ? FeDF > CuDF. Presumably, Fe was mainly diffused as organic complexes with net negative charges, whereas Zn and Mn as free ions and, or, inorganic and organic complexes with positive charges.

Abbreviations: CuDF, cupper diffusive flux; FeDF, iron diffusive flux; KDF, potassium diffusive flux; MnDF, manganese diffusive flux; PDF, phosphorus diffusive flux; ZnDF, zinc diffusive flux; AEM, anion-exchange membrane; CEM, cation-exchange membrane     

Combined effects of soil texture and machine operating trail gradient on changes in forest soil physical properties during ground-based skidding

Wood extraction by heavy machinery has always been associated with soil disturbance in mountain forests,and the degree of soil degradation is influenced by several factors,including site and soil characteristics,soil moisture,type of equipment used,and number of machine passes.The effects of ground-based skidding operations on the physical properties of soils with different texture were evaluated at different levels of traffic frequency and trail gradient at two sites in an Iranian temperate forest.The treatments included combinations of three different traffic frequencies(3,8,and 14 passes of a rubber-tired cable skidder),three levels of trail gradient(10%,10%–20%,and20%) and two soil texture classes,clay loam(Site 1) and sandy loam(Site 2).The average gravimetric soil moisture at the time of skidding was 23%(Site 1) and 20%(Site 2).The average dry bulk density and total porosity of the undisturbed soil(control) were0.71 g cm~(-3) and 73.3% at Site 1(clay loam) and 0.86 g cm~(-3)and 59.1% at Site 2(sandy loam),respectively.At site 1(fine-textured soil),rutting began after three passes of the skidder,whereas at site 2(coarse-textured soil),rutting occurred only after eight passes.Independent of the traffic frequency and trail gradient,machine impact on the fine-textured soil caused greater increases in bulk density and rut depth compared to that on the coarse-textured soil.After three skidder passes and independent from trail gradients,dry bulk density at Site 1 increased by 54.8% compared to that of the undisturbed control,and the increase was 45.5% at Site 2.Therefore,medium to fine-textured soils are more susceptible to compaction than coarse-textured soils.Such soils,especially when moist,should be protected using brush mats created from harvesting residues during the forest processing phase.     

品种演替和土壤肥力对小麦产量和磷生理效率的影响

以25年来长期定位施肥试验构建不同土壤肥力梯度为平台,研究品种演替过程中籽粒产量和磷效率对土壤肥力的响应。结果表明,各施肥处理,随品种演替小麦籽粒产量呈显著增加趋势,其中郑麦0856的产量最高(8 157. 3kg·hm-2),郑麦7698次之,豫麦13的产量最低(5 915. 39 kg·hm-2);不施肥处理(CK)则下降。无论施肥或不施肥处理,100 kg小麦籽粒对磷素的需求量均随品种的演替呈上升趋势。此外,随品种演替,磷的生理效率呈先增加后降低的趋势,郑麦941 (172. 48 kg·kg-1)的磷生理效率最高,郑麦9023 (145. 79 kg·kg-1)、郑麦7698 (130. 51kg·kg-1)和郑麦0856 (147. 65 kg·kg-1)次之,三者之间差异不明显,豫麦13 (66. 71 kg·kg-1)的磷生理效率最低;同一品种,单施化肥处理(NPK)小麦磷生理效率显著高于其他施肥处理(MNPK、1. 5MNPK和SNPK)(豫麦13除外)。同时,品种演变明显提高了磷农学效率;但在施肥条件下,继续增施肥料和养分投入使豫麦13、郑麦941、郑麦7698和郑麦9023的磷农学效率降低;而郑麦0856的农学效率随着土壤肥力的增加而增加,与籽粒产量协同提升。因此,黄淮海地区小麦品种演替在土壤肥力养分充足时籽粒产量显著提高,磷效率也呈增加的趋势。     

Eucalyptus growth and phosphorus nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and phosphorus fertilization

ABSTRACT

Soil compaction interferes in soil nutrient transport and root growth. The aim of this work was to evaluate eucalypt growth and phosphorus (P) nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and P rates. The treatments were composed of a 3 × 4 factorial scheme (soil bulk densities levels versus P fertilization rates) for two weathered tropical soils, a clayey Ferralsol (F_Clayey) and a sandy Ferralsol (F_Sandy). The soil bulk densities assessed were 0.90, 1.10 and 1.30 g cm^?3 for F_Clayey, and 1.35, 1.55 and 1.75 g cm^?3 for F_Sandy. The P rates were 0, 150, 300 and 600 mg kg^?1 for F_Clayey, and 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg^?1 for F_Sandy. Soil compaction reduced root growth, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P recovery efficiency; and increased average root diameter. Phosphorus fertilization increased root length density, root surface area, dry matter, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P uptake efficiency; and decreased P recovery efficiency. It was concluded that P fertilization is not effective to offset the deleterious effects of soil compaction on eucalypt growth and nutrition.

Abbreviations: F_Clayey: clayey Ferralsol; F_Sandy: sandy Ferralsol; R_Dens: root length density; R_Diam: root diameter; R_Surf: root surface area; R_DM: root dry matter; S_DM: shoot dry matter; WP_DM: whole-plant dry matter; R_P: root P content; S_P: shoot P content; WP_P: whole-plant P content; PU_tE: P utilization efficiency; PU_pE: P uptake efficiency; PRE: P recovery efficiency.     

施用预处理稻秆的土壤供氮特征及对冬小麦氮吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了经过预处理的水稻秸秆(预处理稻秆)施入土壤后对土壤的供氮特征及小麦氮营养的影响。研究结果表明,稻秆经过预处理后,纤维素、半纤维素以及二氧化硅比原始稻秆都有所降低,而可溶性物质增加;施用时配施无机氮肥,小麦全生育期内土壤微生物量N和矿质态N平均分别比对照(纯土壤)提高232.3%和66.0%,小麦干物重和吸收总氮量分别比对照高56.3%和124.3%,并优于未经处理的原始秸秆及单施尿素处理。可见处理秸秆配施尿素能够显著改善土壤的供氮状况,促进小麦对氮素的吸收,增加小麦产量,提高化学肥料氮的利用率。