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1.
西南地区水稻洪涝灾害风险评估与区划   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
为全面评估水稻洪涝的综合风险,基于自然灾害系统理论和农业气象灾害风险评估方法,利用西南地区(重庆、四川、贵州和云南)193个气象站1961-2012年逐日降水资料、396个县(市)1981-2012年水稻产量、面积资料和17个农气站点水稻生育期数据,以及西南地区数字高程(DEM)数据,构建区域水稻洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性、孕灾环境敏感性和区域抗灾能力指数,以及综合风险评价模型,对西南地区水稻洪涝进行风险分析与区划。结果表明:(1)水稻不同生育阶段洪涝等级风险概率分布存在明显的地区差异,洪涝危险性表现为移栽分蘖期拔节孕穗期抽穗成熟期;全生育期高、次高危险区主要分布于云南南部和东北部、贵州南部,以及四川的成都、眉山和德阳地区。(2)基于不同时间序列的水稻相对暴露率明显波动,水稻生产承灾体高、次高暴露区主要集中在四川东北部和重庆地区;孕灾环境高、次高敏感区主要位于云南北部、四川南部和贵州东南部地区;水稻洪涝低抗灾能力区主要位于贵州。(3)西南地区水稻洪涝综合风险呈由中部向四周递增的趋势,高、次高风险区主要位于贵州南部、云南南部和四川东北部地区,低风险区位于重庆南部和云南北部地区。  相似文献   

2.
基于长江中下游地区1961-2014年297个气象站的日雨量数据,耦合单季稻生育期和洪涝灾情数据,统计单季稻不同生育阶段、不同等级的洪涝灾害样本过程降水量序列,基于S-W分布拟合检验,采用t-分布区间估计法计算样本序列95%可信区间的下限值,确定指标阈值,构建各省单季稻分生育阶段洪涝灾害的等级指标,并采用预留独立水稻洪涝灾害样本进行指标验证,分析了区域1961-2010年单季稻洪涝灾害的时空分布和风险分布。结果表明:同等洪涝灾情等级时,抽穗-成熟期的洪涝灾害指标阈值最高,拔节-孕穗期次之,移栽-分蘖期最低;同一生育阶段、同等灾情等级时,5省份的洪涝灾害指标阈值从低到高依次是江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、浙江;各省每年均有单季稻洪涝灾害发生,发生次数呈波动增减,无明显的线性趋势;随着洪涝灾害等级加大,洪涝发生的次数减少;灾害的多发区主要位于鄱阳湖和黄山地区、浙江沿海及恩施和张家界一带;移栽-分蘖期灾害风险指数普遍较高,大部分地区风险指数在0.6以上;拔节-成熟期,风险指数高值区明显缩小,主要位于浙江沿海地区,其余大部分地区处于低值区,风险指数大都低于0.3。  相似文献   

3.
利用四川省159个站点1960-2010年逐日降水量、日平均气温资料和水稻生育期资料,分别将降水距平百分率、相对湿润度指数作为干旱指标,分析四川省水稻分蘖期、拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-扬花期不同气候干旱等级发生概率,构建水稻气候干旱灾害风险模型,评估四川省水稻分蘖期、拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-扬花期以及全生育期的气候干旱风险。结果表明,四川省水稻气候干旱风险较高的生育期主要是拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-扬花期,利用降水距平百分率和相对湿润度指数得到的风险区划结果存在一定差异,但其风险分布趋势相近。从水稻全生育期看,风险较高区域主要集中在四川盆地和四川西北部部分地区,川南地区发生干旱的概率较小。研究结果有利于降低干旱对水稻生产造成的损失,为水稻干旱评估和制定防灾减灾措施提供科学依据。  相似文献   

4.
夏季小流域洪涝常常导致南方稻田受淹并成灾。为探究小流域洪涝淹没时长对水稻生长发育及产量的影响,于2015—2016年在广西象州县选用丝香1号和百香139进行双季稻淹水试验,分别设分蘖期、孕穗期和开花期淹没0(对照CK)、2、4、6、8、10 d处理,测定淹没前后的茎蘖数变化、抽穗期及收获后的每穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量和每盆稻谷产量,并对产量构成因素进行相关分析和通径分析。结果表明:与对照组相比,同一生育期内淹没时间越长茎蘖死亡率越高、植株恢复生长越慢,但不同的淹没时期影响程度和主要影响对象存在差异。分蘖期淹没超过6d则死苗率大于80%,且不能完全恢复生长,收获时水稻茎蘖数显著低于对照组;孕穗期淹没超过6d则死苗率大于50%,而淹没小于4 d的处理水稻能恢复生长,收获时水稻茎蘖高于对照组;开花期淹没10 d死苗率不足50%,收获时茎蘖数与对照组差异不显著。分蘖期淹没小于4 d水稻始穗期及抽穗持续时间均无显著变化,大于8 d则水稻始穗期显著推迟,抽穗持续时间增加;孕穗期受淹没则会使水稻始穗期推迟,抽穗持续时间显著增加,甚至收割时也未能达到齐穗期标准。分蘖期淹没小于4 d,单株产量无显著下降,淹没6 d及以上则减产率大于80%;孕穗期及开花期淹没超过2 d则减产率大于50%。不同生育期淹没处理下产量的主要因素不同,分蘖期主要受有效穗数和结实率影响,孕穗期受结实率及每穗粒数影响,开花期受结实率和有效穗数影响。研究可为建立西南地区双季稻洪涝灾害指标体系和提出减灾管理措施提供依据。  相似文献   

5.
四川盆地水稻不同生育期干旱频率的空间分布特征   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
将四川盆地按地理地貌类型及水稻种植区划分为5个区域即盆南、盆中、盆西、盆周和盆东,基于区内102个县(市)气象台站1980-2014年的逐日气象资料及32个农业气象观测站的水稻生育期资料,利用干旱评估指标分析四川盆地水稻各生育期干旱发生频率的空间分布特征。结果表明:水稻移栽-分蘖期干旱频率在盆中及盆南部分区域高达90%以上;分蘖-拔节期及拔节-孕穗期干旱频率也相对较高,大部地区集中在50%~90%;水稻孕穗-抽穗期和抽穗-成熟期的干旱发生频率与其它生育期相比较低,孕穗-抽穗期干旱发生频率除盆西部分区域、盆中及盆东北局部在70%~84%以外,其余大部在50%左右;抽穗-成熟期干旱发生频率大部分在50%~70%。  相似文献   

6.
应用15N示踪技术研究水稻对氮肥的吸收和分配   总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7  
晏娟  沈其荣  尹斌  万新军 《核农学报》2009,23(3):487-491
运用15N示踪技术研究了不同生育时期水稻对肥料氮的吸收和分配。结果表明:15N分别标记基肥(N1)、分蘖肥(N2)和拔节孕穗肥(N3)处理中,水稻吸收的氮素在分蘖盛期、拔节孕穗期和开花期分别有23.1%、8.3%和19.9%来自肥料;从开花期到成熟期,不同时期标记的15N转运量大小为:拔节孕穗期追肥(N3)>基肥(N1)>分蘖期追肥(N2), 但基肥的氮素转运效率最高, 其他两次追肥氮素转运效率相当;在成熟期,N1、N2、N3处理残留在的稻草中的15N分配比例分别为24.3%、26.7%和30.4%。无论是氮肥基施,还是分蘖期或拔节孕穗期追肥,水稻开花期之前所吸收的15N主要分配在叶片中,其次是鞘,再次是茎,开花期后,随着15N从营养器官向籽粒中的转移,叶片、茎秆和鞘中的15N分配百分比逐渐下降,籽粒15N的分配百分比逐渐上升。试验结果还显示,基肥15N标记时,分蘖盛期所吸收氮来自肥料最高,为23.1%,随生育期的推进逐渐下降,到成熟期仅为10.6%,成熟期吸收的氮来自分蘖期和拔节孕穗期追施的氮肥分别为5.9%和12.4%。表明(1)当土壤氮素含量不高时, 基肥对水稻整个生育期生长很重要,基肥适量增加可显著增加水稻茎蘖数,对水稻群体质量建成有决定作用;(2)拔节孕穗肥可显著促进水稻生育后期的籽粒灌浆和充实,增加拔节孕穗期的氮素供应有利于提高水稻的氮素收获指数;(3)分蘖期追肥氮素损失较大,水稻吸收较少,可以适量增加水稻基肥而不施分蘖肥,或在水稻分蘖后期水稻生物量较大时适量施肥以促进水稻吸收。  相似文献   

7.
基于农业气象灾害系统构成体系和灾害风险理论,依据海南岛18个气象台站1961-2012年9-11月逐日降水数据、地理信息数据、耕地面积和冬种瓜菜种植面积资料,借助GIS技术,采用加权法和自然断点法对海南岛冬种瓜菜暴雨洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性进行指标构建和风险分析,在此基础上构建冬种瓜菜暴雨洪涝灾害综合风险指数,并将该指数应用于海南岛冬种瓜菜暴雨洪涝灾害的风险区划。结果表明,海南岛东部和东北部地区为冬种瓜菜暴雨洪涝灾害高和次高危险区,其中万宁市大部、琼海市和屯昌县南部、陵水县中部风险最高;西部为次低和低风险区;其余地区为中等风险区。灾情验证结果表明,实际灾情的空间分布与风险区划结果基本吻合。研究结果可为海南冬种瓜菜生产布局、避减灾害风险提供依据。  相似文献   

8.
利用吉林省10个农业气象观测站1981−2019年日平均气温、水稻发育日期及产量、历史灾情等数据,识别水稻关键生育期延迟型/障碍型冷害两种类型冷害事件,并对关键生育期不同类型冷害的致灾强度和时空变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)全球变暖背景下吉林省各测站水稻发育期变化显著,其中移栽日期以提前为主,成熟日期以推迟为主,80%的站点移栽−成熟期间隔天数的气候倾向率为正值,且一半站点增加趋势通过了0.05水平显著性检验。(2)延迟型冷害发生次数在不同年代呈明显减少趋势,主要与移栽−抽穗期温度条件的改善有关;移栽−抽穗期延迟型冷害致灾强度更大。(3)障碍型冷害发生次数在不同年代之间无明显变化趋势,开花期障碍型冷害发生频率明显高于孕穗期,但孕穗期障碍型冷害致灾强度更大。(4)在空间分布上,延迟型冷害在全区发生频率差异不大,仅严重延迟型冷害在东部地区略高;障碍型冷害在吉林省东部区域发生频率明显较其他地区严重。综上,在全球变暖、农民调整水稻移栽日期和品种更换的共同作用下,水稻关键生育期延迟型冷害的发生明显减少,障碍型冷害主要在吉林省的东部时有发生。  相似文献   

9.
对暴雨洪涝较为严重的沁河流域进行暴雨洪涝风险评估需要致灾临界雨量。运用半分布式水文模型HBV,选取以润城水文站为控制站的沁河流域1977—1988年逐日气象数据和水文数据,在率定和验证水文模型HBV的基础上,结合水位—流量关系,对沁河流域洪涝致灾临界雨量进行确定,并且运用1982年洪涝灾情的实测水文数据和降水量数据,验证致灾临界降水量的合理性。结果表明:沁河流域的三级致灾临界降水量是合理的,可作为判断该流域在不同前期水位条件下是否发生暴雨洪涝灾害的依据。  相似文献   

10.
以江苏省为例,利用1980-2015年气象资料和水稻观测数据,基于Logistic曲线方程构建高温热害保险气象指数,并分别采用正态分布、正态对数分布和Weibull分布三种参数模型,以及基于信息扩散方法的非参数模型对水稻高温热害发生概率进行拟合。通过拟合优度检验发现,非参数模型可以较好地估算江苏各县水稻孕穗-抽穗扬花阶段高温热害发生概率,进而结合最优拟合模型,考虑农业保险的经营需求,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力四个方面出发,确定相应评估指数并构建综合指数,采用聚类分析的方法进行县级水平的水稻高温热害保险风险综合区划。评估分析表明,江苏水稻高温热害保险风险呈现"西南高东北低"的特征,中高风险区是需要依靠农业保险转移风险的重点关注区域。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

16.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

17.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

18.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

19.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

20.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

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