小秦岭某金矿区农田土壤重金属污染评价

小秦岭金矿区是中国第二大产金区,金矿开采、选冶活动会将重金属释放到环境中,对土壤环境造成污染。本研究系统采集了133件农田土壤样及邻区非矿业活动区的土壤对照样,结果表明,研究区农田土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd污染明显。以邻区表层土壤重金属含量作为对比评价矿区土壤污染的对比值,除Cr外,Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、As累积超标率分别为96.90%、100%、60.10%、12.03%、78.90%、69.17%。Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准的样本超标率分别为43.16%、12.8%、7.52%、3.01%、2.25%。土壤重金属综合污染指数表明,36.08%的土壤样本受到了轻度以上污染。Hg是农田土壤中最主要的重金属污染物,超标倍数均值为4.71,受Hg污染的农田面积为136.3km2,占到研究区面积的51.76%。土壤污染极其严重,矿区环境污染治理迫在眉睫。     

芜湖市不同功能区土壤重金属污染状况与环境质量评价

通过对芜湖市工业区、商业区、休闲区和居住区土壤重金属污染现状的调查与分析,分别以本地区自然土壤重金属元素自然含量的平均值和国家土壤环境质量标准作为评价标准,计算出各功能区土壤单因子污染指数,并采用主成分分析法确定权重,对各功能区的土壤环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明:芜湖市各功能区土壤Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn含量均超过本地区自然土壤重金属元素自然含量的平均值。其中工业区土壤中Cd、Hg和Cu,商业区土壤中Cd和Hg,休闲区和居住区土壤中Cd均超过国家土壤环境质量标准。Cu、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd污染均表现为工业区最大,商业区次之,Zn在各功能区含量差异不大。土壤中重金属含量上层高于下层,且在商业区和居住区差异明显。土壤环境质量居民区尚清洁,休闲区和商业区中度污染,工业区重度污染。     

北京市农田土壤重金属年际差异分析与评价

通过对2005年至2009年北京市农田土壤重金属含量的持续监测,分析了该地区农田土壤中As、Hg、Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb等重金属的统计特征和年度变化趋势,并结合国家土壤环境质量标准,对农田环境质量进行了评价。结果表明,2005年至2009年间,As、Hg、Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb等重金属中,Hg和Cr的含量有逐年上升的趋势,Hg的平均含量逐年为0.053、0.066、0.070、0.072 mg.kg-1和0.079 mg.kg-1,Cr平均含量为50.0、52.4、55.3、58.6 mg.kg-1和62.1 mg.kg-1。其他重金属含量上下波动,无上升或下降的变化趋势。结合重金属含量统计和单因子评价结果,重金属的污染程度依次为Cd〉Hg〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉As。北京农田整体处于清洁状态,但存在着个别的Hg和Cd污染。     

长期污灌农田土壤重金属污染及潜在环境风险评价

以西安市某典型污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,分析长期污水灌溉对表层土壤重金属含量及富集状况的影响,采用内梅罗指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其污染现状及潜在环境风险进行评价。结果表明：长期污灌已导致农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn7种重金属相对自然背景有不同程度累积,其富集比例依次为100%、82.69%、100%、100%、80.77%、98.08%和100%,仅有土壤As平均含量低于其背景水平;以国家土壤环境质量标准二级限量值作为污染评价阈值,其中Cd和Hg污染表现突出,按其污染指数平均值排序为Cd〉Hg〉Ni〉Cu〉Zn〉As〉Cr〉Pb;土壤重金属综合潜在环境风险为＂强＂等级,Hg、Cd的环境影响占据主导;随污灌年限增长,离灌渠越近,农田土壤重金属的污染水平和环境风险越高。鉴于该区土壤重金属已呈现较强生态危害性,应及时采取必要防治措施,调整土地利用结构,确保农田环境及农产品安全生产。     

安徽省某县农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

以安徽省沿江某县农田土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采集土壤样品199个,分析了土壤中主要重金属元素含量,采用地积累指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,并与GIS相结合评价了研究区农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险。结果表明:Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg等5种重金属元素的平均值分别为0.302、61.17、87.13、12.89 mg·kg~(-1)以及0.139 mg·kg~(-1),相较于《土壤环境质量标准》的二级标准只有Cd的平均值略超标;相较于当地土壤元素背景值则全部元素都超出范围;研究区土壤各种重金属元素出现污染的点位占比分别为:Cd 85.43%、Hg 76.38%、Pb 59.30%、As 26.63%以及Cr 19.60%。污染程度由强到弱依次为CdHgPbAsCr;研究区各种重金属潜在生态风险指数由高到低分别为:HgCdAsPbCr,其中Hg和Cd占主导地位;研究区综合潜在生态风险指数介于83.83~6 987.87之间,平均值为250.76,有13.57%的点位处于强或以上风险,应该引起相关部门的重视。     

河北板蓝根产地土壤-植物中镉铅汞砷含量特征及其污染评价

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤-植物中Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量特征及其在菘蓝中的累积特性,并对板蓝根产地土壤和草药中Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染状况进行了评价,为该地区安全、合理地发展中草药生产提供数据支撑和科学依据。结果表明,安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量差异不大,土壤重金属含量的变异系数在11.70%~97.65%。以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)一级标准值进行评价,综合污染指数评价结果显示45%板蓝根种植区土壤Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染等级为警戒限,其他处于清洁水平;而以《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准值进行评价,种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均0.7,土壤环境清洁。此外,菘蓝地上部(大青叶)Cd、Pb、Hg、As平均含量分别为0.22 mg·kg~(-1)、0.89 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.25 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgPbAs;菘蓝地下部(板蓝根)Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量均值分别为0.14 mg·kg~(-1)、0.57 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.26 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgAsPb。所有菘蓝样品中Pb、Hg、As含量均未超出《药用植物及制剂进口绿色行业标准》(WM2—2001),大青叶9.09%样品中Cd超标,且Cd平均污染指数0.7,属警戒限污染等级。因此,在中药材GAP(良好的农业规范)产地环境质量评价时,除板蓝根产地土壤完全符合土壤环境质量二级标准外,也不应忽视板蓝根和大青叶吸收和累积重金属的自身特性。     

郑州农区土壤重金属污染与蔬菜质量相关性探析

以单因子污染指数和综合污染指数为评价方法,对郑州市郊区3种不同灌溉方式农田土壤进行重金属(Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn)污染监测和蔬菜质量调查。结果发现,郑州市郊区的土壤均未超过GB15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准限值;部分蔬菜已受到重金属的污染,含量超过国家食品卫生蔬菜类标准;土壤中的Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr污染与多数蔬菜的污染呈显著的正相关,而Pb、Hg污染在多数蔬菜中均表现为与土壤污染无相关性。     

微生物对土壤Cd Pb和Zn生物有效性的影响研究

采用土壤盆栽模拟试验方法,研究了接种不同微生物对重金属富集植物——印度芥菜修复土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn的作用效果。结果表明,接入菌株JA27、JC55、JC40不仅显著促进植物的生长,提高印度芥菜的生物量,降低了土壤pH,并且对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn产生活化作用,使土壤Cd、Pb、Zn有效态含量显著增加,增强印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量,显著提高了富集植物的修复效果。以上3个处理使印度芥菜地上部Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量分别提高了117%～137%、37%～62%、9%～15.1%。接种JB37对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn产生钝化作用,并且抑制印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn的吸收。JB37处理印度芥菜地上部Pb、Zn吸收量分别降低了72.5%、27%,对Cd吸收量无显著影响。     

滩涂围垦区土壤重金属调查及生态风险评价——以盐城市弶港镇为例

以苏北盐城弶港镇滩涂围垦土壤为研究对象,进行了重金属Cr、Pb、As、Cd、Hg的测定及其风险评价,为我国沿海滩涂种植业的发展提供依据,并为其他国家和地区相关研究提供参考。结果表明,该区域土壤中5种重金属含量均未超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618—1995）一级标准限制,农田土壤Cr、As、Cd含量较高,郊区菜地土壤Pb、Hg含量较高;重金属Cr、Pb、As、Cd含量在不同土地利用类型间存在显著性差异;Hg含量差异不显著。采用地积累指数法进行评估可知,土壤没有受到单项重金属污染。依据内梅罗综合指数法评估可知,潮间带沉积物、工业区土壤、滩涂围垦熟化的土壤没有受到重金属污染;郊区菜地与农田土壤的污染等级已达到警戒线,污染水平属于＂尚清洁＂。Hakanson潜在生态风险评价结果表明,区域内土壤重金属处于无风险等级,尚不具有潜在生态风险。     

东平湖湖区农田土壤重金属污染评价

为考察东平湖湖区农田土壤的重金属污染状况,为农业活动和东平湖的水质安全提供支持,2014年在湖区农田中采集15个土壤样品,测定其中Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg 5种重金属的浓度,采用综合污染指数、地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数评价土壤的重金属污染状况,并用surfer软件对农田土壤的生态风险进行分区。结果表明:农田土壤中5种重金属的浓度基本都满足土壤环境质量标准的I~II类,主要富集物质为Hg,富集系数为2.50;综合污染指数为0.41,污染级别为1级;地累积指数为-1.23~2.63,污染级别为1~4级;潜在生态风险总指数为168,表明土壤具有中度的生态危害;分区结果显示湖区东北部的生态危害相对较重,需要进行进一步的污染源调查处置。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.