黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征

本文对黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征进行了研究。结果表明,①该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质组分HA、FA和HM含量均有明显的分层特征,土层间均表现出:结皮层0～2cm土层2～5cm土层;不同年限生物结皮土壤腐殖质含量总体表现出:16年8年32年12年,表明退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质含量随时间变化呈非线性变化趋势;HA/FA平均值变化范围为0.34～0.70,低于1,该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质胡敏酸含量不高,腐殖酸以富啡酸为主;②结皮层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值随时间变化总体上呈"抛物线"型变化趋势;而0～2cm和2～5cm土层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值呈缓慢增长的趋势;③腐殖质组分与土壤养分因子的全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn之间存在极显著的线性相关关系(p0.01);④土壤腐殖质组分含量的变化与全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn含量间存在满足二项式的函数回归关系(p0.01),表明生物结皮对土壤C素与N素和有效Zn的影响密切相关。     

沙坡头苔藓生物结皮层土壤特性演变研究

苔藓结皮是沙漠生物结皮发育成熟类型,对改善风沙区生态环境状况、促进风沙土发育等具有良好效果。采集了不同时间固沙植被下的苔藓结皮层样品,采用常规方法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(PE ICP-OES)分析测定了苔藓结皮层颗粒组成、腐殖质特征和全量化学元素含量变化。结果表明,苔藓结皮层颗粒物粒径集中分布在350～400μm范围,并且随着固沙植被时间的增加,苔藓结皮层10μm粒径的颗粒物含量呈现增加趋势。随着固沙植被时间增加,苔藓结皮层有机质含量从8.61 g/kg增加到11.95 g/kg,腐殖酸从2.10 g/kg增加到2.20 g/kg,胡敏酸含量从0.40 g/kg增加到0.90 g/kg,并且胡敏酸的光学特性E4、E6吸光值增加,而E4/E6值在减少。苔藓结皮层全量化学元素组成(SiO2除外)含量均高于流动沙土;随着固沙植被时间增加,苔藓结皮层SiO2含量呈现出明显降低的趋势,其它全量化学元素含量均呈现增加趋势。苔藓结皮层硅铁铝率低于对照流动沙土,且随着固沙植被时间的增加,苔藓结皮层硅铁铝率均呈现降低趋势。风沙环境下苔藓结皮层的形成和长期保留,能够提高细颗粒物含量,改善腐殖质特征,提高矿物质元素含量,对促进风沙土形成演变具有积极作用。     

植茶年限对土壤有机无机复合性状的影响

对不同种植年限茶园土壤有机无机复合状况及结合态腐殖质组成变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量、重组有机碳含量以及土壤有机无机复合量随着植茶年限的增加而增加,而复合度下降,这一结果与土壤有机质的来源及移动性的差异有关。自然土壤植茶后,茶园土壤各结合态腐殖质含量明显提高,且各结合态腐殖质的绝对含量为紧结态腐殖质松结态腐殖质稳结态腐殖质,松结态腐殖质和紧结态腐殖质构成了复合态有机质的主体。随着植茶年限的延长,松结态腐殖质的相对含量增加,紧结态腐殖质的相对含量则表现为减少,土壤腐殖质松/紧比值增加。土壤有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态与土壤养分之间存在相关关系,是表征土壤肥力演变的重要指标。     

长期定位施肥对土壤腐殖质结合形态的影响

长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能显著提高潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土耕层松结态腐殖质、稳结态腐殖质和紧结态腐殖质含量,但以有机无机肥配施的效果最好。有机无机肥配施能提高三种土壤耕层稳结态腐殖质和潮土耕层松结态腐殖质碳占重组有机碳的比例,降低三种土壤紧结态腐殖质碳占重组有机碳的比例。单施有机肥或化肥也能提高潮土耕层三种结合态腐殖质碳占重组有机碳的比例,降低旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土紧结态腐殖质碳占重组有机碳的比例。施肥还可以提高三种土壤耕层松结态腐殖质/紧结态腐殖质的比值。     

连续污泥农用对土壤微团聚体及有机质组分中 重金属分布的影响

采用物理和化学相结合的分组方法,将土壤逐级分离成不同粒径后再分出以有机无机复合体存在的重组,研究施加不同污泥后土壤中不同粒径颗粒、不同重组结合态腐殖质组分中铜锌镉的分配特征。结果表明,土壤重金属浓度随其粒径减小呈不断升高趋势,但施用污泥增加了土壤细砂粒级组分中的重金属所占比例,且随施用污泥中重金属浓度上升而增率升高。施加污泥后,不同粒径土壤颗粒中松结态腐殖质比例明显增加,紧结态腐殖质所占比例下降。施加污泥后土壤细砂颗粒松结态腐殖质中铜锌镉所占比例上升,紧结态腐殖质中铜锌镉所占比例下降。粉砂粒级松结态腐殖质中铜镉比例上升,紧结态腐殖质中铜镉所占比例下降。细粉砂和胶体粒级不同结合态腐殖质中铜锌镉比例没有明显变化。不同粒径组分土壤颗粒中重金属比例变化不仅与不同结合态腐殖质的比例有关,还与土壤颗粒大小和土壤性质有关。     

连续污泥农用对土壤微团聚体及有机质组分中 重金属分布的影响

采用物理和化学相结合的分组方法,将土壤逐级分离成不同粒径后再分出以有机无机复合体存在的重组,研究施加不同污泥后土壤中不同粒径颗粒、不同重组结合态腐殖质组分中Cu、Zn、Cd的分配特征。结果表明:土壤重金属浓度随其粒径减小呈不断升高趋势,但施用污泥增加了土壤细砂粒级组分中的重金属比例,且随施用污泥中重金属浓度上升而增加。施加污泥后,不同粒径土壤颗粒中松结态腐殖质比例明显增加,紧结态腐殖质所占比例下降。施加污泥后土壤细砂颗粒松结态腐殖质中Cu、Zn、Cd所占比例上升,紧结态腐殖质中Cu、Zn、Cd比例下降。粉砂粒级松结态腐殖质中Cu、Cd比例上升,紧结态腐殖质中Cu、Cd比例下降。细粉砂和胶体粒级不同结合态腐殖质中Cu、Zn、Cd比例没有明显变化。不同粒径组分土壤颗粒中重金属比例变化不仅与不同结合态腐殖质的比例有关,还与土壤颗粒大小和土壤性质有关。     

库布齐沙漠生物结皮层土壤理化特性的研究

本文对库布齐沙漠生物结皮层土壤的水分物理和化学特性进行了初步研究,结果表明,结皮层具有较高的养分含量和吸水能力,并且呈现出一定的垂直变化规律.室内水分蒸发试验表明,由于生物结皮层能够明显抑制水分蒸发的时间比裸露沙土滞后2～3天,从而使得沙漠生物结皮层累计蒸发损失的水量大于裸露的沙土.     

不同耕作制下水稻土有机物质变化及其团聚作用

本文论述了半旱式垄作和常规水旱轮作在不同施肥处理条件下有机物质变化及其团聚作用.结果表明,猪粪的施用能明显提高土壤有机碳和松、稳结态腐殖质含量.土壤有机碳和松、稳结态腐殖质随时间准移而减少,重组碳、复合量和复合度则随之增加,表明猪粪的施入不断地参与了土壤有机无机复合.半旱式垄作比常规水旱轮作更有利于有机碳和重组碳的积累,且具有较高含量的松结态腐殖质.松、稳结态腐殖质有助于>0.25毫米团聚体的形成和稳定,而紧结态腐殖质对微团聚体的稳定起着重要作用.     

长期定位施肥对土壤腐殖质结合形态的影响

长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能显著提高潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土耕层松结态腐殖质、稳结态腐殖质和紧结态腐质含量，但以有机无机肥配施的效果最好。有机无机肥配施能提高三种土壤耕层稳结态腐殖质和潮土耕层松结态腐殖质碳占重组有机碳的比例，降低三种土壤紧结态腐殖质碳占重组有机碳的比例。单施有机肥或化肥也能提高潮土耕层三种结合态腐殖质碳占重组有机碳的比例，降低旱地红壤和红性水稻土紧结态腐殖质碳占重组有机碳的比例。施肥还可以提高三种土壤耕层松结态腐殖质／紧结态腐殖质的比值。     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮土壤温度年内动态特征及其对土壤水分的响应

[目的] 明确黄土丘陵区粉砂质壤土上生物结皮土壤温度年内动态以及其与土壤水分的关系，为进一步理解生物结皮在黄土丘陵区生态系统中的功能提供科学依据。[方法] 于2016年1月1日至2018年12月31日在陕西省吴起县退耕封禁地进行野外长期定位监测试验。[结果] ①生物结皮土壤温度具有明显的年内动态。一般生物结皮层月均温最高出现在6月，为27.1℃；结皮层下5 cm土壤月均温最高在7月，为22.7℃；生物结皮层和结皮层下5 cm土壤月均温均在1月最低，分别为-1.7和-1.4℃。②生物结皮层和结皮层下5 cm土壤温度日动态均为正弦曲线。生物结皮层和结皮层下5 cm土壤温度最大日较差均出现在6月，分别为32.0和17.2℃；10月生物结皮层温度日较差最小，为17.3℃，1月结皮层下5 cm土壤温度日较差最低为8.5℃。③年内生物结皮土壤温度与气温呈显著正相关；3-10月生物结皮土壤温度与土壤水分呈显著负相关，11-12月生物结皮土壤温度与土壤水分呈显著正相关。④1月和7月土壤含水量的增加导致生物结皮层和结皮层下5 cm土壤温度日较差下降。[结论] 黄土丘陵区粉砂质壤土上生物结皮土壤温度与土壤含水量密切相关，且不同月份土壤水分对生物结皮土壤温度的影响程度不同。     

31P-NMR spectra of humic acids: A comparison of four different raw humus types in Norway

Humic acids have been prepared from four Norwegian forest soils, namely crust, felty, greasy and granular raw humus. ³¹P-NMR spectra demonstrated the presence of a variety of phosphorus esters and diesters in all the humic acids investigated. Alkylphosphonic acids and/or esters were present in humic acids from crust and felty raw humus.     

A comparison of four different raw humus types in Norway using chemical degradations and CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy

Crust, felty, greasy and granular raw humus were analysed by wet chemical methods and by ¹³C NMR. The amounts of amino acids, monosaccharides and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids were determined and the yields compared with the ¹³C NMR spectra. Protein carbon constitutes 9–13%, polysaccharide carbon 8–19% dicarboxylic acids 1–2% and free carboxylic acid groups 2–4% of the total sample carbon. Degradation of greasy raw humus yields half the amount of monosaccharides and twice the amount of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids found in the other raw humus types. This result is confirmed by ¹³C NMR. Forty to fifty percent of the soil carbon is unaccounted for among the degradation products identified. Based on estimates of ¹³C NMR data, the unknown part consists of aliphatic carbon, where the C:O ratio ranges between 1 1.1:1 and 1.8:1. All data indicate great similarity between crust and felty raw humus, whereas greasy raw humus differs clearly from those two. Granular raw humus gives approximately the same amount of degradation products as crust and felty raw humus but differs in its ¹³C NMR spectrum. The relative proportions of all compounds identified, including aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, are approximately constant, indicating a difference in degree rather than kind of the four raw humus types.     

坡耕地黄墡土结皮的理化性质分析

在实验和对比分析的基础上 ,讨论了黄土善土结皮的一些主要物理化学性质特征。结果认为 ,结皮的形成是以细砂和粗粉砂为骨架 ,以小于 0 .0 1mm的细小颗粒填塞土壤空隙的一个物理过程 ,其腐殖质含量几乎与土壤相同 ,而碳酸钙含量则略低。结皮的坚实度与前期含水率呈负相关 ,与容重和厚度呈正相关 ,而容重与厚度间的关系较为复杂     

Boreal forest microbial community after long-term field exposure to acid and metal pollution and its potential remediation by using wood ash

A 2²-factorial design with sulphuric acid (pH 3.1) and Cu-Ni addition was used to assess the effects of moderate amounts of continuous acid (Acid and CuNi+Acid) and metal (CuNi and CuNi+Acid) deposition on humus microbial activity and community structure in the field after nine growing seasons. These 20 field experiment samples were also used to measure the suitability of wood ash for remediation. Microcosms were treated with wood ash at a fertilization rate of 5000 kg ha⁻¹, irrigated with water and incubated for 2 months in the dark at 20 °C and a constant relative humidity of 60%. Microcosms only irrigated with water served as a control. Microbial activity was measured as basal respiration. Microbial community structure was determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, which mainly targets bacteria. Fungal community structure was assessed by 18S rDNA-targeted polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. The bioavailability of Cu was tested with the Pseudomonas fluorescens DF57-Cu15 reporter strain, which bioluminescences in the presence of Cu. Our field study showed, that acid and metal treatments both changed the humus layer microbial community structure. Acid application decreased humus layer pH and base saturation (BS) and increased the amounts of both extractable and bioavailable Cu. Metal application increased the concentration of extractable Ni and changed the fungal community structure. In irrigated laboratory microcosms the above-mentioned treatment effects were still seen except for the acid and metal effects on microbial and fungal community structures. For ash-treated microcosms, neither acid nor metal effects were found for humus layer pH, BS, extractable Cu and Ni, or bioavailable Cu. Thus, wood ash can be used for remediation of acid and metal polluted humus.     

坡耕地黄墡土结皮的理化性质分析

在实验和对比分析的基础上，讨论了黄Shan土结皮的一些主要物理化学性质特征。结果认为，结皮的形成是以细砂和粗粉砂为骨架，以小于0．01mm的细小颗粒填塞土壤空隙的一个物理过程，其腐殖质含量几乎与土壤相同，而碳酸钙含量则略低。结皮的坚实度与前期含水率呈负相关，与容重和厚度呈正相关，而容重与厚度间的关系较为复杂。     

长期施肥条件下土壤养分的动态和平衡——Ⅰ对土壤腐殖质积累及其品质的影响

长期施用有机肥和化肥,对土壤腐殖质积累和改善品质的作用研究,于1986～1991在俄罗斯季米里亚捷夫农学院等地进行。主要结果如下:.1.有机肥对土壤腐殖质的积累作用大于NPK化肥。施肥所增加的土壤腐殖质,除了砂壤土外,主要是在0～60cm土层,60cm以下土层施肥效果不明显。.2.长期施用有机肥和NPK化肥,提高了胡敏酸组分Ⅰ(游离的及与活性R₂O₃结合态)的含量和腐殖酸相对迁移率,而与Ca⁺⁺离子结合的胡敏酸组分Ⅱ含量下降。由于胡敏酸组分Ⅱ与Ca⁺⁺离子结合减弱,增加了腐殖质在水中的溶解,使之在大雨或大量灌水时易于淋失。.3.施用有机肥和NPK化肥,水溶性腐殖物质的含量明显提高,缓解了干旱条件下土壤高浓度矿物盐的影响。.4.长期施肥提高了土壤的亲水性;其膨胀容积、膨胀速度常数、土壤吸水量、土壤表面积等指标均不同程度的提高,但砂壤土增加了幅度低于粉砂壤土和粘壤土。.5.胡敏酸甲氧基功能团的含量多寡是衡量土壤腐殖质化的重要指标。试验表明,长期施肥下低肥力酸性土壤中胡敏酸甲氧基含量提高了46％～300％,高肥力非酸性土壤提高了17％～32％。     

酸雨对黄土磷的淋溶效应

采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,分析了陕西省杨凌区3种土壤在5个酸雨梯度的侵蚀作用下,土壤磷的释放和迁移规律.结果表明,酸雨会使土壤受到一定程度的酸化,而土壤的酸化程度与酸雨的pH值、土壤的类型、土壤的pH值、阳离子交换量、有机质含量有关.土壤对酸雨的缓冲能力由大到小的顺序为:腐殖质层＞母质层＞黏化层.随着酸雨累积淋溶量的增加,土壤磷的释放总量呈增加趋势,但淋失率会下降.酸雨的pH值为5时土壤磷的累积淋失量最大,土壤磷的累积淋失量和淋失率顺序为:腐殖质层＞黏化层＞母质层.酸雨对腐殖质层的磷具有最强侵蚀效应.母质层和黏化层的酸化主要发生在土壤表层,而腐殖质层酸化主要发生在土壤底层,酸雨侵蚀后腐殖质层酸化最严重.长期的酸雨侵蚀会导致土壤磷流失,造成土壤养分贫瘠化.     

Soil invertebrate activity in biological crusts on tropical inselbergs

Granite inselbergs protrude from forest and savanna in the tropics. They are exposed to harsh climates (alternation of heavy rain and severe drought) and provide little nutrient for plants. Soil animals and humus components were investigated in cyanobacterial crusts close to patches of epilithic vegetation on the surface of the Nouragues inselberg (French Guiana). Three biological crust samples, corresponding to bromeliacean carpets of increasing size (supposed of increasing age), were sampled for faunal and micromorphological studies. Arthropods (mainly mites and insects) were abundant and highly diversified, the more so after enchytraeid worms ate and transformed the cyanobacterial mass. Below the superficial cyanobacterial crust, humus was made of a loose assemblage of enchytraeid faeces where these animals were present, or of a compact assemblage of cyanobacteria and amorphous organic matter where mites were the dominant animal group. Roots abounded in the humified part of the crust. We conclude that soil invertebrates, in particular enchytraeid worms, are important for the accumulation of organic matter on granite outcrops, and so therefore for the encroachment of plant succession.     

Characteristics of dissolved organic matter and phenolic compounds in forest soils under silver birch (Betula pendula), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

The aim was to characterize dissolved organic matter in soils under different tree species. Molecular size distribution and chemical composition of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen were determined in water extracts from humus layers and mineral soils taken from silver birch ( Betula pendula Roth.), Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Concentrations of tannins and 15 phenolic acids in the humus layers were measured. Per unit of organic matter, the concentrations of dissolved organic C and N were larger in birch and spruce humus layers than in the pine humus layer. In the underlying mineral soil, the concentrations of dissolved organic C were similar at all sites, but the concentration of dissolved organic N was greater in spruce and pine soils than in birch soil. In all soils, the 10–100 kDa fraction was the most abundant molecular size group and hydrophobic acids the most abundant chemical group of dissolved organic C. In all humus layers, hydrophobic acids and hydrophilic bases were the major components of dissolved organic N. There were only minor differences in the concentrations of total tannins in the humus layers under different tree species. Small-molecule tannins (about < 0.5 kDa) were most abundant in the birch humus, and large-molecule tannins in the pine humus. Coniferous humus contained more ferulic and p -coumaric acids than did the birch humus. The concentrations of 3,4 and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were similar in all soils.     

Response of soil nematode communities to tree girdling in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of southwest China

The impact of canopy photosynthates on soil microbial biomass and nematode trophic groups was studied in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest by performing a large-scale tree girdling experiment. Total fungal biomass was unaffected by tree girdling. Bacterial biomass differed significantly between the girdled and control plots in the mineral soil, but was not affected by girdling treatment in the humus layer. Girdling reduced total nematode density in the humus layer. The reduced fungivorous nematode density in girdled plots in the humus layer suggested a modified energy flow through the fungal based pathways. There were no differences in the abundance of bacterial-feeding, herbivorous and omnivorous-predatory nematodes between the girdled and control plots in both humus and mineral soil layers. This study provides direct evidence that the termination of belowground photosynthate-C allocation achieved by tree girdling affects soil nematodes, and that different trophic groups vary in their responses to the reduction of C efflux into the soil.