不同种类微生物及其碳酸酐酶对土壤-灰岩系统钙镁锌元素迁移作用的土柱模拟实验研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了筛选自西南岩溶区的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对石灰岩的溶蚀动态及作用效果,并研究了这3种类群微生物及其碳酸酐酶(CA)对土壤-灰岩系统Ca、Mg、Zn元素迁移的影响。结果表明:①实验所用的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌均对石灰岩有较强的溶蚀作用,但是不同类群的微生物对石灰岩的溶蚀效果不同,溶蚀后石灰岩的表面形貌变化不同,其中,真菌的溶蚀效果最显著,放线菌和细菌次之;②典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对不同元素迁移的影响不同,对于Zn2 、Ca2 的迁移影响而言,真菌>放线菌>细菌>无菌对照组;对于Mg2 的迁移影响而言,细菌>真菌>放线菌>无菌对照组;③一定范围内温度增加对Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的迁移有不同程度的促进作用;④土柱淋出液中CA平均活性与Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的总淋失量之间存在一定的正相关关系,说明CA对这3种元素的迁移具有一定的影响,且因不同元素而异。本研究结果对于评价不同类群微生物在生物岩溶及岩溶系统元素迁移中的作用和地位提供了一定的科学依据。     

土霉素在土壤中的垂直迁移及其影响因素研究

采用土柱淋溶法,研究了土霉素在土壤中的垂直迁移特性,探讨了不同土壤类型、淋溶体积、淋溶液pH值、施药量等因素对土霉素在土壤中淋溶迁移的影响。结果表明,在红壤、黑钙土、赤红壤3种不同类型的土样中,土霉素的迁移深度为：赤红壤〉红壤〉黑钙土;土霉素主要富集在土壤表层,其含量随土壤深度增加而明显降低;同一深度的土壤中土霉素含量随着淋溶液体积的增加而增大,随pH值增大而减小;土霉素在土层中的含量分布、淋溶深度与其施药量均呈正相关;当淋溶液中含有一定量的土霉素溶液时,土霉素在土壤中的迁移深度明显增加。     

水耕条件下元素迁移与平衡及其土壤发生意义

人为水耕过程就是一个强烈改变原有成土条件的过程,又是一个影响土壤系统内物质迁移与平衡的过程,它导致土壤形态学、物理化学性质以及土壤肥力特征发生新的变化。     

淹水条件下土壤中元素迁移的地球化学特征

本文研究了淹水条件下水稻土的两种主要母土的元素活化迁移规律及其地球化学特征。结果表明,淹水条件下淋溶迁移元素来源于不同的母体;铁,锰,钙,镁等元素的活化作用加强,迁移能力增加,元素的迁移序列中锰的迁移能力已接近钙,镁等活泼元素;两种土壤中元素的迁移序列不同。性质相似的元素在迁移过程中具有相似的行为,相互之间有很好的相关性,因而在统计区分中位置靠近。引起元素在土壤中活化迁移的过程包括还原,重碳酸化,     

磷在稻田土壤中的淋溶和迁移模拟研究

稻田土壤磷(P)的淋溶和迁移受到人们的普遍关注。对水稻土施P后立即进行高强度淋洗的研究表明,施P对各处理淋出液的P浓度没有明显影响,各种形态的P淋溶到60cm土层以下的浓度不超过0.1mg/kg,折合每公顷损失P量分别为可溶活性P约1.2~1.4kg,非活性P为1.2~1.6kg,全P为2.5~2.8kg,对地下水影响小。施P量低于400kg/hm2时,施入的P没有移出上层土壤;当施P量高于800kg/hm2时,P从上层向下移动现象明显;施P量超过1600kg/hm2后,移动距离可达10cm。并预测出上层土壤可能发生P的移动和淋溶的土壤Olsen-P阈值为74.1mg/kg,超过该值发生P移动和淋溶的可能性增加。     

碘-125在华南亚热带地区土壤中淋溶和迁移的研究

采用玻璃土柱法研究了125I在华南地区砖红壤和水稻土中的淋溶和垂直迁移.结果表明,通过20cm土柱后收集到的全部淋溶水中125I的含量,在砖红壤中约占标记量的5.26%,在水稻土中约占11.05%.淋溶后砖红壤中约88.03%的125I残留在表层10cm内,水稻土中约92.21%残留在表层10cm内.迁移试验结果表明,125I在土柱中垂直迁移27d后,各层均有分布,但大部分分布在土壤表层,其中砖红壤中有91.67%的125I分布在表层2cm以内,水稻土中有83.98%分布在表层2cm内.     

洛克沙胂在土壤柱中的淋溶迁移

畜禽粪便中残留的兽药进入土壤后的移动性是评价其淋溶能力（对地下水的污染风险）的重要信息。通过土壤柱稳定流实验,考察了不同淋溶剂、粪浸液等对洛克沙胂在不同深度（0～20、20～50、50～80 cm）灰潮土中的迁移行为影响。结果表明,水、0.01mol.L^-1 CaCl2、0.01 mol.L^-1 EDTA-Na2淋溶剂,对不同深度土壤柱中洛克沙胂的淋溶穿透曲线（BTCs）呈现不同程度的不对称性,在不同深度土壤柱中对洛克沙胂的淋出率分别为：水为92.3%～97.1%,0.01 mol.L^-1 CaCl2为71.0%～84.9%,0.01 mol.L^-1 EDTA-Na2为75.4%～91.2%;土壤柱先用粪浸液通过后,洛克沙胂的穿透曲线峰时间均有不同程度的提前,淋出率均有增加,在不同深度土壤柱中的淋出率分别为：水为96.4%～110.4%,0.01 mol.L^-1 CaCl2为94.5%～106.8%,0.01 mol.L^-1 EDTA-Na2为90.8%～103.2%。说明洛克沙胂随粪便进入土壤后可较快地淋溶迁移,可进入地表水和地下水中,对水环境质量的影响较大。     

不同地理环境土壤中氟元素迁移致病的途径及防治对策

地方性氟病是由于长期馀用当地的高氟水或摄入含量较高的食物及落后的生活习惯所引起的一种慢性氟中毒病，通过对各种病源的实际调查和实验分析得知，发病地区的饮用水和粮食中氟的含量均与土壤中的电化学性质有关。本文以四川开县和大庆地区的地理环境为例，探讨了土壤中氟元素迁移致病的途径及防治对策。     

用土柱淋溶实验研究水杨酸对酸性土壤铝迁移的影响

选择2种可变电荷土壤和1种酸性恒电荷土壤用土柱淋溶实验研究了水杨酸对土壤铝迁移的影响。结果表明,不同土壤由于矿物组成的差异,它们对有机酸的吸附容量有很大的不同,因此有机酸对不同土壤中铝的迁移有不同的影响。富铁土游离氧化铁的含量低于铁铝土,它对有机酸的吸附量也低于铁铝土的,因此在淋溶实验初期,有机酸对铝迁移的影响较小,在淋溶实验后期,由于土壤对有机酸的吸附达饱和状态,有机酸对铝的迁移表现出很强的促进作用,特别在有机酸初始浓度较高的情况下。铁铝土含有大量铁、铝氧化物,对有机酸有很高的吸附容量,有机酸对这类土壤铝迁移的影响很小。淋溶土对有机酸的吸附量很小,当有机酸的初始浓度较高时,淋溶实验开始后不久,有机酸就对铝的迁移表现出明显的促进作用。实验结果还表明,铝的迁移还与体系pH有关,低pH条件有利于土壤铝的溶解和迁移。     

滇中高原云南松林土壤微生物群落结构及其多样性对氮沉降的响应

[目的] 探究氮沉降下滇中高原云南松土壤化学性质及土壤微生物群落多样性和结构组成的变化特征,并分析土壤微生物与土壤化学性质的相关关系,为了解氮沉降下森林土壤生态系统养分循环变化趋势及观测土壤微生态变化提供科学依据。[方法] 选取滇中高原云南松林土壤为研究对象,以CO(NH₂)₂为N源,设置对照CK [N 0 g/(m²·a)]、低氮LN [N 10 g/(m²·a)]、中氮MN [N 20 g/(m²·a)]和高氮HN [N 25 g/(m²·a)]4个不同梯度进行模拟N沉降试验,测定分析土壤细菌、真菌群落结构及多样性和土壤pH、有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、铵态氮(NH⁺₄-N)和硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)的变化特征。[结果] (1)在不同季节下,与CK相比各氮处理下土壤pH、TOC含量均降低,TN均升高,NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N均在MN、HN处升高;(2)细菌和真菌α多样性雨季均高于旱季;与CK相较细菌α多样性在2个季节下LN处上升,而真菌α多样性则在旱季LN处上升;(3)在旱季和雨季细菌优势菌门均为变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门,真菌优势菌门为担子菌门、子囊菌门和被孢菌门;(4)在旱季和雨季,细菌和真菌优势菌属与pH、TOC、TN、NO^-₃-N呈显著相关关系。[结论] 氮沉降可以为土壤微生物提供NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N等有效养分,但由于氮沉降导致土壤酸化使土壤TOC含量降低,影响土壤微生物群落结构。     

铜在草甸黑土中的淋溶规律及其对不同因素的响应

通过室内土柱试验,模拟研究在扣除地表径流影响的条件下,铜在草甸黑土中的淋溶规律。结果表明:随着淋溶液用量增加,铜的淋出量增大;土壤溶液和腐殖酸溶液作为淋溶液,在一定程度上抑制铜的淋溶,而EDTA会显著促进铜的淋溶;CaCl2、MgSO4、KCl和NaCl 4种无机盐淋溶液均能促进铜的淋溶,促进作用顺序为CaCl2>MgSO4>KCl和NaCl>对照;随着淋溶液pH值的降低,铜的淋出量增加;间断淋溶方式不利于土壤中铜的淋溶。     

不同种植年限土壤微量元素对山银花品质的影响

[目的]探索不同种植年限土壤微量元素对山银花品质的影响,筛选山银花高产优质的最佳种植年限范围。[方法]采用野外调查和室内分析结合的方法,研究贵州省绥阳县不同种植年限山银花土壤微量元素对山银花品质的影响。[结果]不同种植年限下土壤pH值为4.67~6.01,土壤微量元素平均含量为:Cu 17.17~37.50 mg/kg,Mo 1.52~2.24 mg/kg,Mn 444.6~544.26 mg/kg,Zn 102.06~114.39mg/kg;山银花花蕾微量元素平均含量为:Cu 6.91~14.52 mg/kg,Mo 0.16~0.24 mg/kg,Mn 30.06~79.36mg/kg,Zn 12.73~23.54mg/kg;不同种植年限山银花绿原酸含量为2.988%~7.840%。[结论]土壤中Zn,Cu含量随种植年限增加而递增,Mo,Mn含量总体呈下降趋势。11~15a的山银花绿原酸含量最高,植物生长状况良好,花蕾微量元素含量总体随年限增加而增加。微量元素Cu,Zn能促进山银花的生长和绿原酸的合成,Mn元素与山银花的茎粗和叶片生长有关。     

Phosphate solubilization by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium</Emphasis> spp. closely associated with wheat roots

In this study we found that Penicillium spp. exhibiting P-solubilizing activity are common both on and in the roots of wheat plants grown in southern Australian agricultural soils. From 2,500 segments of washed and surface-disinfested root pieces, 608 and 223 fungi were isolated on a selective medium, respectively. All isolates were screened for P solubilization on solid medium containing hydroxyapatite (HA); 47 isolates (5.7%) solubilized HA and were identified as isolates of Penicillium or its teleomorphs. These isolates were evaluated for solubilization of Idaho rock phosphate (RP) in liquid culture. Penicillium bilaiae strain RS7B-SD1 was the most effective, mobilizing 101.7 mg P l^–1 after 7 days. Other effective isolates included Penicillium simplicissimum (58.8 mg P l^–1), five strains of Penicillium griseofulvum (56.1–47.6 mg P l^–1), Talaromyces flavus (48.6 mg P l^–1) and two unidentified Penicillium spp. (50.7 and 50 mg P l^–1). A newly isolated strain of Penicillium radicum (KC1-SD1) mobilized 43.3 mg P l^–1. RP solubilization, biomass production and solution pH for P. bilaiae RS7B-SD1, P. radicum FRR4718 or Penicillium sp. 1 KC6-W2 was determined over time. P. bilaiae RS7B-SD1 solubilized the greatest amount of RP (112.7 mg P l^–1) and had the highest RP-solubilizing activity per unit of biomass produced (up to 603.2 g P l^–1 mg biomass^–1 at 7 days growth). This study has identified new isolates of Penicillium fungi with high mineral phosphate solubilizing activity. These fungi are being investigated for the ability to increase crop production on strong P-retaining soils in Australia.     

In situ net N transformations in pine,fir, and oak stands of different ages on acid sandy soil, 3 years after liming

Summary The effect of liming on in-situ N transformations was studied in two stands of different ages of each of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco], and common oak (Quercus robur L.). The stands were located on acid sandy soils in an area with high atmospheric N input. The organic matter of the upper 10-cm layer of the soil, including the forest floor, had a relatively high N content (C: N ratio <25) in all stands. Using a sequential core technique, N transformations were measured in both control plots and plots that had been limed 3 years previously with 3 t ha^-1 of dolomitic lime. Limed plots had a higher net NO _inf3 ^sup- production and a higher potential for NO _inf3 ^sup- leaching than the controls in all stands except that of the younger oak. Net N mineralization did not differ significantly between limed and control plots in oak stands and younger coniferous stands but was significantly lower in the limed plots of the older coniferous stands. It is concluded that long-term measurements of net N mineralization in limed forest soils are needed to evaluate the effect of liming with respect to the risk of groundwater pollution.     

Changes in active microbial biomass by earthworms and grass amendments in agricultural soil

The influence of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa on the biomass and the proportion of active and dormant soil microorganisms after the addition of cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to upper soil from agricultural field was studied in a microcosm experiment. During a 2-month period, soil samples were taken 1, 8, 22, 36, 50, and 64 days after cut grass addition. A substrate-induced respiration (SIR) method was used to analyse the samples for total microbial biomass and the distribution of active and dormant microbial biomass. It was found that the addition of grass increased the microbial biomass (SIR) because of an increase in the active microbial biomass. After the initially high values, the active microbial biomass decreased slowly, and at day 64, it was still higher in the grass-amended soils than in the control treatment without grass addition. After 1 day, the active microbial biomass was higher in the soil with A. caliginosa than without the earthworm. At the subsequent samplings, there were no differences in microbial biomass or the proportion of dormant vs active microorganisms between the grass-amended soils. The average from all sampling occasions of SIR was higher in earthworm-treated soil.     

生物结皮发育对风沙土盐基离子释放和矿物风化的影响

为探明生物结皮发育对风沙土盐基离子释放和矿物风化的影响,以进一步明确生物结皮的风化成土作用。以典型风沙土上发育的生物结皮为对象,通过模拟淋溶试验比较不同类型生物结皮(藻结皮、藻—藓混生结皮和藓结皮)覆盖土壤的盐基离子释放规律,探究盐基离子释放量随淋溶液pH的变化趋势,以及量化生物结皮覆盖土壤的矿物风化速率。结果表明:矿物风化反应阶段不同种类盐基离子的淋出量均较为平缓,生物结皮覆盖土壤的各盐基离子总淋出量表现为Ca²⁺＞K⁺＞Mg²⁺＞Na⁺,其中藻结皮覆盖土壤的盐基离子总淋出量最高,比无结皮、混生结皮和藓结皮分别增加了112.0%,31.2%,27.1%。淋溶液pH显著影响盐基离子的淋溶释放,且其作用程度因离子种类和结皮类型而异。生物结皮覆盖提升了土壤的易风化矿物含量、风化程度和速率,藻结皮、混生结皮和藓结皮覆盖土壤的风化速率相比无结皮分别提升了61.2%,27.1%,152.6%,并且风化速率随淋溶液pH降低而提升。综上,生物结皮能显著促进风沙土矿物风化,其对风沙土改良和修复具有积极意义。     

Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms isolated from rhizosphere of maize cultivated in an oxisol of the Brazilian Cerrado Biome

Many soil microorganisms are able to transform insoluble forms of phosphorus to an accessible soluble form, contributing to plant nutrition as plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM). The objective of this work was to isolate, screen and evaluate the phosphate solubilization activity of microorganisms in maize rhizosphere soil to manage soil microbial communities and to select potential microbial inoculants. Forty-five of the best isolates from 371 colonies were isolated from rhizosphere soil of maize grown in an oxisol of the Cerrado Biome with P deficiency. These microorganisms were selected based on the solubilization efficiency of inorganic and organic phosphate sources in a modified Pikovskaya's liquid medium culture containing sodium phytate (phytic acid), soybean lecithin, aluminum phosphate (AlPO₄), and tricalcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂). The isolates were identified based on nucleotide sequence data from the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for bacteria and actinobacteria and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA for fungi. Bacteria produced the greatest solubilization in medium containing tricalcium phosphate. Strains B17 and B5, identified as Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp., respectively, were the most effective, mobilizing 67% and 58.5% of the total P (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) after 10 days, and were isolated from the rhizosphere of the P efficient L3 maize genotype, under P stress. The fungal population was the most effective in solubilizing P sources of aluminum, phytate, and lecithin. A greater diversity of P-solubilizing microorganisms was observed in the rhizosphere of the P efficient maize genotypes suggesting that the P efficiency in these cultivars may be related to the potential to enhance microbial interactions of P-solubilizing microorganisms.     

不同施肥模式对雷竹林氮磷流失的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究袋控释肥对集约经营雷竹林氮磷损失的影响。结果表明:施肥后雷竹林的径流液及渗漏液中氮磷含量随时间呈现先升后降的单峰变化趋势;袋控释肥处理中径流液全氮和全磷流失量分别为1 844.43,152.58 g/hm^2,比撒施肥处理减少了18.75%和40.94%;在渗漏液中,袋控释肥处理的全氮和全磷流失量为108.84,3.32 kg/hm^2,比撒施肥处理减少15.35%和22.91%;施肥后7天内,撒施肥处理的氨挥发占总氨挥发量的75.06%,而袋控释肥处理的氨挥发量在施肥后第28天才释放总量的68.06%,且袋控释肥处理的氨挥发量比撒施肥处理减少32.08%。因此,通过施用袋控释肥能有效降低雷竹林氮磷的损失,提高肥料利用率。