土壤修复菌剂在设施番茄上的应用效果

随着番茄产业稳定高效的发展,设施番茄土壤质量问题日益突出。在试验小区内施用土壤修复菌剂进行试验,对不同处理下设施番茄的土壤养分、微生物数量以及番茄的产量进行分析。结果表明,施用土壤修复菌剂可以显著提高番茄的产量及经济效益,显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度;还可以提高土壤的养分含量。与对照处理相比,施用土壤修复菌剂的土壤pH、有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了0.2%～4.6%、1.2%～5.1%、4.2%～11.8%、6.9%～23.8%、5.4%～7.9%和3.1%～7.7%;土壤细菌和放线菌数量也有明显的增加,真菌数量显著降低。由此可见,施用土壤修复菌剂,不仅可以提高作物的产量,还可以改善土壤质量。     

气化渣改良风沙土对土壤水分物理性质的影响

为了探讨气化渣对毛乌素沙漠风沙土的改良效果,利用气化渣作为一种风沙土改良材料,与风沙土按不同掺入量混合,通过对土壤粒径组成、保水性能以及土壤水分特征曲线的变化情况分析,探讨了气化渣对风沙土土壤水分物理性质的影响。结果表明:添加气化渣使风沙土的粒径组成得到明显改善,砂粒含量降低5.89%～35.8%,黏粒、粉粒含量分别提高0.89%～2.92%,7.94%～32.88%,风沙土土壤容重显著降低(p<0.05),降低幅度为7.75%～55.5%; 风沙土土壤质地也由砂土转向砂质壤土,保水性能也随之呈现上升的趋势,显著影响了土壤饱和含水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量(p<0.05),增长幅度分别为13.53%～158.93%,7.12%～126.95%,23.19%～252.47%; Van Genuchten模型可以很好地拟合气化渣添加后风沙土的土壤水分特征曲线,表明气化渣的添加明显提高了土壤保水性,并且风沙土土壤保水性能的主成分分析结果表明气化渣添加量越高土壤保水性提高越明显。由此可以得出,水煤浆气化渣能够有效地改善风沙土的水分物理性质,显著提高风沙土的保水性能,对风沙土改良效果明显。     

不同秸秆还田模式对风沙土玉米生育特性及土壤活性碳、氮的影响

研究设计两年风沙土玉米盆栽试验,设置五个处理:秸秆不还田(CK)、秸秆春还田配合还田灌溉一次(SI),秸秆春还田配施菌剂及还田灌溉一次(SIB),秸秆秋还田配合还田灌溉两次,还田一次,上冻前一次(FI),秸秆秋还田配施菌剂及还田灌溉两次(FIB),其他田间管理相同,所有处理均常规施肥,通过分析作物苗期的生物量、根冠比及产量等植株信息,以及地下土壤部分可溶性碳、氮等指标,探讨秋季秸秆坐水还田模式对风沙土土壤养分的影响及对当季作物生长发育的贡献。结果表明:(1)与常规施肥处理CK相比,秋季坐水还田FIB处理植株鲜重增加了49.82%,干重增加了45.19%,粒重增加了131.74%;(2)植株苗期,与常规施肥处理CK相比,FIB处理地下部分增加了70.32%,根冠比增加了63.50%,存活率也大幅度提高,达到100%;(3)在植株整个生育期内,FIB处理从拔节期到大喇叭口期植株茎粗生长速度最快,高度增级幅度最大达22.08%;(4)在大喇叭口期,与常规施肥处理CK相比,FIB处理土壤微生物碳增加了103.98%,土壤微生物氮增加了312.11%,土壤可溶性碳增加了3.93%,土壤可溶性氮略有下降。可见,秸秆经秋季坐水还田冬季冻融作用后,比常规还田和菌剂配施还田腐熟更快,更有利于提高风沙土土壤养分以及作物的生长发育。     

施肥对土壤腐殖质总碳和氨基酸氮含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究,对比了不施肥、施化肥、施芝麻饼肥、芝麻饼肥+化肥4个处理对烟草根际土壤腐殖质总碳、酸解性氨基酸氮和微生物C、N含量的影响.结果表明,施用饼肥可使土壤腐殖质含量得到一定的提高.施用饼肥可以明显提高土壤中酸解性氨基酸氮含量,与不施肥相比,增幅最大的是中性氨基酸(增加了830 μg/kg)和碱性氨基酸(增加了300 μg/kg),再次是酸性氨基酸(增加了80 μg/kg),而含硫氨基酸含量基本稳定.饼肥与化肥配施可明显提高根际土壤微生物C、N含量,比单施化肥分别提高79.88%～97.14%和29.73%～74.96%.土壤酸解性氨基酸氮与土壤微生物N含量呈极显著的正相关关系,在烟草不同生育期,根际土壤微生物C、N含量动态变化不同,反映出土壤微生物C、N在协调土壤C、N供应方面的重要作用,适量饼肥与化肥配合施用,有利于平衡烟草C、N营养,改善烟叶品质.     

矿物质调理剂对土壤养分含量及植物营养吸收的影响

通过室内培养和盆栽试验,研究了氮磷肥配施不同量(0、0.5、1.0、2.0 g/kg)矿物质调理剂对土壤pH和有效磷、钙、镁、硅等养分含量及作物产量和氮、磷、钾等营养元素吸收的影响。室内培养结果表明:施用1.0g/kg和2.0 g/kg调理剂,不仅增强了土壤抗酸化能力,使土壤pH从5.02提高到5.31和5.61,并且延缓了磷肥施入土壤后的固定速率,在施肥后第15天和第22天土壤有效磷含量得到明显增加,增幅分别为21.49%、24.17%和22.09%、23.84%。盆栽试验中,施用0.5～2.0 g/kg调理剂,土壤矿质养分得到有效补充,并能实现生菜增产10.47%～33.33%;同时,使生菜氮、磷、钾吸收量分别提高14.69%～44.26%、15.28%～52.89%和16.28%～42.43%。由此,施用矿物质调理剂是农业种植中改善土壤酸性、补充土壤有效养分、促进作物营养吸收并实现增产的有效途径。     

溶磷微生物菌剂对土壤营养元素及玉米生长的影响

为比较不同溶磷菌剂在田间应用效果,通过田间小区试验,研究3种菌剂草酸青霉I1(I1)、黑曲霉H1(H1)和巨大芽孢杆菌BM(BM)对土壤营养元素动态变化以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:施用3种菌剂,土壤有效磷含量显著提高,在不同磷水平下,土壤有效磷含量比对照提高6.47%~37.13%。在P2O592 kg·hm-2水平下,在玉米生长前期,施用3种菌剂,土壤pH值显著降低,土壤交换性Ca、Mg和有效性Fe、Cu、Zn含量以及玉米叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性显著增加,而有效Mn的含量降低;总体上,各处理间提高土壤交换性钙、镁和有效锌的能力为H1I1BM,提高土壤有效铁能力为H1≥BMI1,提高土壤有效铜能力为BMH1I1。不同磷水平下,施用3种菌剂后,玉米产量显著提高,在P2O592 kg·hm-2水平下,施用微生物菌剂玉米产量比CK增加8.2%~12.1%,总体上,增产效果为I1H1BM。     

微生物肥对设施土壤次生盐渍化和番茄生产的影响

以江苏太仓设施番茄发生次生盐渍化土壤为研究对象,通过农田小区定位试验,研究施用微生物肥料对设施栽培土壤次生盐渍化的缓解作用和对番茄生产的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,施用微生物肥各处理土壤中微生物量均明显提升,其中细菌、放线菌比对照平均分别增加了64.80%、40.28%;土壤含盐量显著下降,其中施用1.2 kg/m~2时,pH值提升最高,NO3-含量下降最为显著,分别达60.29%、96.18%;T1、T2、T3、T4总盐含量分别下降了0.76、1.49、1.54、1.87 g/kg;土壤质量和养分含量也有所改善,其中土壤容重下降了1.60%～11.20%,有机质含量上升幅度为4.81%～28.35%;全氮在0.9 kg/m~2时含量最高,提高了29.41%;而速效养分含量随微生物肥用量增加却呈下降趋势,有效磷下降了3.88%～29.85%;施用微生物肥亦降低了土壤中Cd浓度,且在1.2 kg/m~2时下降幅度最大,达到76.09%;微生物肥对番茄生长状况也产生了显著影响,茎粗、叶龄在生长期内有所提高,尤其在0.3、0.6 kg/m~2时,对生长指标的促进作用尤为明显;施用微生物肥对番茄产量也产生显著影响,在微生物肥用量为0.9 kg/m~2时坐果数和总重最大,分别高于常规施肥处理42.86%、36.36%。由此得出,施用微生物肥料能改善土壤条件,降低土壤含盐量,缓解设施土壤次生盐渍化状况,从而增加番茄产量,提高番茄品质。综合考虑土壤改良效果与经济成本,每公顷施用6 000～9 000 kg为宜。     

微生物菌剂对连作地块草莓生长、土壤养分及微生物群落的影响

为了研究微生物菌剂对连作地块草莓（Fragaria×ananassa Duch.）生长和土壤性状的影响，设置3个处理：不施用微生物菌剂（CK）、施用单一微生物菌剂（T1）和施用复合微生物菌剂（T2），统计草莓存活率和产量，并测定土壤样品的理化性状和微生物群落结构变化。结果表明，微生物菌剂处理有助于草莓的生长和增产。与CK相比，T1、T2的草莓存活率分别提高17.99和25.19个百分点，草莓产量分别增加30.16%和41.79%。微生物菌剂处理有效改善了土壤养分。与CK相比，T2土壤有效磷和速效钾含量显著提高18.31%和55.27%。然而，微生物菌剂处理提高了土壤电导率并降低了土壤pH值，长期施用微生物菌剂存在土壤盐渍化和酸化的风险。微生物群落结构分析结果表明，草莓土壤中细菌和真菌的优势菌门分别为厚壁菌门和子囊菌门，优势菌属分别为芽孢杆菌属和曲霉属。微生物菌剂施用提高了土壤真菌群落的丰富度和多样性，但对土壤细菌群落影响较小。与CK相比，微生物菌剂处理增加了芽孢杆菌属、根霉属和假霉样真菌属的相对丰度，其中根霉属和假霉样真菌属相对丰度在T2达到显著水平；降低了鞘氨醇单胞菌属、曲霉属和青霉...     

微生物菌剂对新疆棉花连作障碍的消减研究

通过田间试验研究微生物菌剂对新疆棉花连作障碍的消减作用。试验结果表明,施用菌剂对连作棉田棉花黄萎病有明显的抑制作用,有效地降低发病指数和发病率的同时能够减弱病情,防效可达50%左右,能够达到9.64%～26.21%的增产幅度。施用微生物菌剂可显著提高棉花连作土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别为15.4%、36.8%、19.8%;且微生物菌剂处理后连作土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著提高,通过酶活等代谢活动降低土壤p H值,增加土壤中磷钾的有效性并减少土壤对新施用磷钾肥的固定;施用未灭活微生物菌剂能显著降低棉花根系丙二醛含量40.9%,提高根系活力18.8%～68.8%,从而减轻连作对棉花的自毒作用,消减棉花连作障碍。     

城市污泥生物质炭对豫东黄泛平原风沙土耕地土壤有机碳矿化影响

为探讨城市污泥生物质炭对风沙土耕地作物产量、土壤有机碳及其矿化的影响,采用田间定位试验,设置5个处理,分别为20(B_(20)),40(B_(40)),60(B_(60)) t/hm~2生物质炭、无机肥(NPK)、对照(CK),以一级动力学理论为基础,对5个处理的土壤样品进行了室内培养试验。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,不同施量生物质炭处理较CK产量提高了21.30%,51.88%,41.06%,有机碳含量提高了18.30%,21.84%,29.62%。(2)不同处理土壤有机碳矿化速率随培养时间的动态变化特征呈对数函数关系,培养初期矿化速率先上升,之后迅速下降,最终趋于稳定,培养49 d后,NPK处理土壤有机碳累积矿化量最高,达到645.50 mg/kg,B_(40),B_(60)次之,为449.53,401.33 mg/kg。(3)风沙土土壤有机碳矿化动态变化可以用一级动力学方程拟合,供试土壤潜在有机碳矿化库(C_p)和矿化速率常数(k)较高,分别为0.26～0.66 g/kg和(0.008 6～0.013 4)/d,与CK处理相比,B_(40),B_(60),NPK处理土壤有机碳矿化率提高55.93%～150.37%。上述结果显示豫东黄泛平原风沙土施用生物质炭可以提高土壤有机碳含量,对比NPK处理,减小了土壤有机碳累积矿化量、矿化率,增强土壤固碳能力,以40 t/hm~2处理的效果更佳。研究结果可为豫东黄泛平原风沙土土壤碳储量增加、城市污泥的资源化利用提供科学依据。     

接种单细胞微生物对土壤团聚体形成及其稳定性的影响

将根瘤菌（Rhizobium sp.）G-01、肠杆菌（Enterobacter sp.）San8及粘红酵母（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）R1等3株产胞外多聚物（Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）的单细胞微生物接种于供试土壤,进行土培试验和盆栽黄瓜试验,研究接种微生物及作物根系对土壤团聚体形成、团聚体组成变化的影响。结果表明,3株单细胞微生物分泌EPS的量分别为2.12 mg（1010 cells）?1、0.56 mg（1010 cells）?1、172.71 mg（1010 cells）?1,其主要组分是多糖、其次是蛋白质,且含有羟基、羧基、羰基等官能团;土培试验后,接种产EPS单细胞微生物处理土壤的大团聚体（> 0.25 mm）含量比接种丝状微生物处理提高了71.31%,而盆栽试验后各处理土壤的大团聚体含量（> 0.25 mm）比土培试验后土壤显著增加,这可能是由于植株根系挤压及其分泌物作用促进了土壤大团聚体形成并提高了团聚体稳定性所致。     

Microbial and Enzyme Activities of Saline and Sodic Soils

Salinization and sodication are abiotic soil factors, important hazards to soil fertility and consequently affect the crop production. Soil salinization is of great concern for irrigated agriculture in arid and semi‐arid regions of the world; sodicity is characterized by an excessively high concentration of sodium (Na) in their cation exchange system. In recent times, attention has been turned to study the impacts of these factors (salinity and sodicity) on soil microbial activities. Microbial activities play central role in degradation and decomposition of soil organic matter, mineralization of nutrients and stabilization of soil aggregates. To understand the ecology of soil system, therefore, it is important to be conversant with the soil microbial activities, which show quick response to little change in the soil environment. Microbial activities (generally measured as C–N dynamics, soil respiration–basal respiration, or CO₂ emission), microbial abundance, microbial biomass, quotients (microbial and metabolic) and microbial community structure, and soil enzymes have been considered as potential indicators to assess the severity of the land degradation and the effectiveness of land use management. Therefore, it is important to synthesize the available information regarding microbial activities in use and management of salt‐affected soils. The reclamation and management of such soils and their physico‐chemical properties have been reviewed well in the literature. In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the current knowledge about the effects of soil salinization and sodication on microbial and enzyme activities and identify research gaps for future research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Studies on aggregate stability. I. Re-formation of soil aggregates

When natural soil aggregates were destroyed by crushing, techniques traditionally used for re-forming aggregates, such as wetting/drying and freezing/thawing cycles, did not produce any stable re-formed aggregates. Incubation without amendment, was similarly unsuccessful, whereas incubation with glucose amendment did produce stable aggregates, and their stability was related both to the natural soil organic matter levels and to the original stability of the natural aggregates. However, the stability induced by incubation with glucose was of a transient nature and declined over a period of 12 weeks. This behaviour was attributed to the production of microbial, extracellular polysaccharides and their subsequent decomposition. Addition of microbial polysaccharides of known structure confirmed that such polymers were capable of producing stable re-formed aggregates without the assistance of further microbial activity. Longer term incubation showed that the stability of the re-formed aggregates also declined as soil micro-organisms broke down the polysaccharide material. Neither the glucose incubation nor addition of extracellular polysaccharide was very successful in producing stable aggregates when used with soil which had been washed with salt solutions, and dialysed, to form mono-ionic soils.     

Aggregate stability and microbial community dynamics under drying-wetting cycles in a silt loam soil

Aggregate stability often exhibits a large inter-annual and seasonal variability which occurs regardless of residue treatments and is often larger than the differences between soils or cropping systems. Variations in soil moisture and seasonal stimulation of microbial activity are frequently cited as the major causes. The goal of this paper was to evaluate the effects of drying-rewetting cycles on aggregate stability and on its main microbially mediated agents from a mechanistic point of view. The 3-5 mm aggregates of a silty soil were incubated at 20 °C for 63 days with the following treatments and their combinations: (i) with or without straw input and (ii) with or without exposure to four dry-wet cycles. Microbial activity was followed by measuring the soil respiration. We estimated the microbial agents of aggregate stability measuring hot-water extractable carbohydrate-C, microbial biomass carbon and ergosterol content. We measured the water drop penetration time to estimate the hydrophobicity and aggregate stability according to Le Bissonnais [1996. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: I. Theory and methodology. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 425-437] to distinguish three breakdown mechanisms: slaking, mechanical breakdown and microcracking. The addition of straw stimulated microbial activity and increased the resistance to the three tests of aggregate stability, enhancing the internal cohesion and hydrophobicity of aggregates. All the estimated microbial agents of aggregate stability responded positively to the addition of organic matter and were highly correlated with aggregate stability. Fungal biomass correlated better with aggregate stability than total microbial biomass did, showing the prominent role of fungi by its triple contribution: physical entanglement, production of extracellular polysaccharides and of hydrophobic substances. Dry-wet cycles had less impact on aggregate stability than the addition of straw, but their effects were more pronounced when microbial activity was stimulated demonstrating a positive interaction.     

Pedogenesis,land management and soil classification in hyper‐arid environments: results and implications from a case study in the United Arab Emirates

A study of the soils in the Northern Emirates (NE), which covers 8.2% of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was undertaken applying the USDA Soil Taxonomy (ST) to classify soils up to the family level. The objective of the study was to identify the key factors and processes responsible for soil formation in hyper‐arid environments in general and the study area in particular and to draw conclusions regarding soil classification and land management. Fifteen pedons representing the major soils in the region were investigated. Samples were collected, processed and analysed for physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics. Factors controlling soil development such as parent material, climate, plants and animals, relief, time, human activities and processes of salinization, calcification, gypsification, sodification and aeolian deposition were evaluated to guide soil classification and management. Data from soil families were used for describing and comparing soil‐forming factors and processes. It is concluded that these factors and processes play major roles in influencing soil use and management. There are also strong relationships between these factors and processes and the relevant soil taxa from Soil Taxonomy.     

贵州喀斯特地区土壤石漠化的本质特征研究

喀斯特土壤石漠化是我国西南喀斯特地区诱发重要地质灾害的生态环境问题,是制约区域社会经济发展的关键因素。通过分析贵州喀斯特地区土壤的机械组成、物质成分、理化性质和微生物特性,探讨了土壤石漠化的本质。结果表明:土壤侵蚀,细粒物质减少,表层土壤消失,岩土界面缺少风化母质的过渡层,或者被裸露基岩取代;土壤质地出现砂化,颗粒变粗;土壤有机质及养分含量减少,保水保肥性能减弱;土壤微生物功能多样性降低;超载的社会经济压力等是导致喀斯特地区土壤石漠化最重要的驱动力。     

氮肥和羊粪对内蒙古典型草原土壤多糖含量及组成的影响

采用三氟乙酸(TFA)水解、糖醇乙酸酯衍生、气相色谱法测定土壤多糖含量,研究了内蒙古羊草草原围栏封育并连续5年施用氮肥和羊粪的表层土壤的多糖含量和组成特征。结果表明:长期施用氮肥显著降低土壤多糖含量6%～19%;施用羊粪显著提高土壤多糖含量20%。施氮肥或羊粪都降低了(半乳糖+甘露糖)(/阿拉伯糖+木糖)(GM/AX)和甘露糖/木糖(M/X)的比例,表明施肥降低了微生物多糖对土壤多糖的贡献,但是施氮肥的土壤降低幅度大于施羊粪的土壤。这表明,长期施氮肥和羊粪都将改变土壤多糖含量和组成。     

三七收获后不同年限土壤微生物代谢多样性分析

采用Biolog技术,对云南省砚山县的盘龙、阿猛、干河3个乡镇进行了三七历年种植地的调查研究,以未种植过三七的土壤为对照,研究三七收获后1~6 a不同年限对土壤养分、土壤微生物对碳源利用以及土壤微生物多样性的影响。结果表明,反映土壤微生物活性的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)并未随年限增加呈现明显变化规律;微生物培养96 h活性旺盛。对Biolog板31种碳源吸光度值聚类分析表明,3个乡镇所取三七收获后1 a和6 a土壤微生物碳源利用均可聚为一类,其土壤微生物碳源利用特征相似,其余不同年限土壤微生物碳源利用聚类并未出现一定规律;与未种植过三七的土壤相比,三七收获后1 a、6 a土壤微生物均对碳水化合物类、聚合物类、羧酸类和酚类碳源的利用分别高出25.97%~55.59%和53.14%~65.68%;随着三七收获后年限的增加,土壤微生物对碳水化合物、氨基酸类、羧酸类碳源利用呈收获后2 a升高、4 a和5 a下降趋势。收获三七后1~6 a土壤与未种植过三七的土壤相比,氮、磷、钾及有机质含量差异均不显著。除干河乡外,阿猛乡和盘龙乡收获三七后1~6 a土壤微生物与未种植过三七的相比,Shannon-Wiener指数、丰富度指数、Simpson指数均值总体差异不明显。试验说明三七轮作至少需6 a以上时间,土壤微生物对不同碳源的优势利用可反映出三七连作障碍与土壤微生物群落结构差异有密切联系。     

贵州喀斯特地区土壤石漠化的本质特征研究

喀斯特土壤石漠化是我国西南喀斯特地区诱发重要地质灾害的生态环境问题,是制约区域社会经济发展的关键因素.通过分析贵州喀斯特地区土壤的机械组成、物质成分、理化性质和微生物特性,探讨了土壤石漠化的本质.结果表明土壤侵蚀,细粒物质减少,表层土壤消失,岩土界面缺少风化母质的过渡层,或者被裸露基岩取代;土壤质地出现砂化,颗粒变粗;土壤有机质及养分含量减少,保水保肥性能减弱;土壤微生物功能多样性降低;超载的社会经济压力等是导致喀斯特地区土壤石漠化最重要的驱动力.     

东北几种耕作土壤的微形态特征

黑土、白浆土、苏打盐土是我国东北地区的主要耕作土壤。为了培育高肥沃度土壤,不仅需要了解它们的保肥量、供肥量、供肥速度和土壤的水、热、气状况等。也要摸清其结构性态,即土壤颗粒间的团聚垒结程度、团聚体的大小、排列状况和所形成团聚体的稳定性和孔隙性。以便揭示土壤肥力形成的机理,为进一步调节控制土壤肥力提供依据。