喀斯特槽谷区岩石与坡面夹角对坡面集中流水力学特性的影响

喀斯特槽谷区地表出露的岩石与坡面形成不同夹角,塑造了复杂的微地貌,显著改变坡面集中水流路径,使得水流特性发生重大变化。目前,不同岩石与坡面夹角下集中流水力学特性的变化特征还不清楚。通过室内放水冲刷模拟试验,研究了3个坡度(10°、15°和20°)、3个冲刷流量(5、7.5、10 L·min-1)和6个岩石与坡面夹角(30°、60°、90°、120°、150°和180°(0°))组合条件下喀斯特槽谷区地表集中流的水力学特性。结果表明:集中水流雷诺数(Re)随冲刷历时变化趋势较复杂,试验条件下,Re随流量的增大而增大,随坡度变化规律不明显,变化范围为517～3343。Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数(f)随冲刷历时表现出增大的变化趋势,其随坡度增大而增大,随流量增大而减小,变化范围为0.62～5.70。Re和岩石与坡面夹角关系均不显著,f和岩石与坡面夹角间的关系在各流量和坡度组合下表现不同。f与Re之间的耦合关系受岩石与坡面夹角的显著影响,当岩石与坡面夹角小于90°时,f-Re关系用对数方程描述比较好;夹角大于等于90°时,则用幂函数方程描述更好。试验条件下,当Re1 791时,f与Re关系不显著;当Re1 791时,f与Re则呈显著正相关。本研究可为喀斯特槽谷区土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立提供依据。     

喀斯特槽谷区的顺/逆层坡面对水动力学参数的影响

喀斯特槽谷区不仅存在地上/地下双层空间结构,还存在典型顺/逆层坡两种特殊的地质构造,因此研究喀斯特槽谷区两翼坡面水流移动规律具有重要意义。根据野外调查结果,在喀斯特槽谷区临界坡度25°条件下进行人工模拟降雨试验,采用顺/逆层坡岩层倾角(30°、60°和90°)和3种雨强(30、60和90 mm·h~(-1))作为变量因子,并以裸坡作为对照因子,研究喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡面水动力参数特征。结果表明:喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡主要以薄层浅流为主,顺层坡的岩层倾角越大则坡面流速越小,逆层坡则以岩层倾角60°为临界点,裸坡的流速均大于顺/逆层坡。对于喀斯特槽谷区顺层坡而言,其雷诺数Re和佛汝德数Fr均大于逆层坡而小于裸坡,阻力系数f均小于逆层坡而大于裸坡。雷诺数Re和阻力系数f两个参数呈显著的幂函数正相关关系。地表累积径流量分配比例大小排序为裸坡顺层坡逆层坡,地下累积径流量分配比例为逆层坡裸坡顺层坡。本研究可为喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡的坡面的土壤侵蚀预报模型提供科学依据。     

喀斯特槽谷区不同岩石与坡面夹角下集中流侵蚀水动力学特征

喀斯特槽谷区地表出露岩石与坡面成不同夹角显著改变地表集中水流特性,进而影响地表侵蚀过程。目前,不同岩石与坡面夹角下的坡面集中流侵蚀水动力特征动态变化过程还不清楚。通过室内模拟放水冲刷试验,研究了6个岩石与坡面夹角角度（30°、60°、90°、120°、150°、180°）、3个坡度（10°、15°、20°）、3个流量（5、7.5、10 L·min-1）组合条件下喀斯特槽谷区坡面土壤侵蚀率与水动力学变化过程。结果表明：在各岩石与坡面夹角下,随冲刷历时的推延,土壤侵蚀率（E）先波动性减小后逐渐趋于稳定,水流功率（ω）呈波动变化但趋势不明显,单位水流功率（Up）逐渐减小,水流剪切力（τ）和过水断面单位能量（ε）波动性逐渐增大;夹角150°时平均土壤侵蚀率（0.078 kg·m-2·s-1）最大,随着夹角增大,τ、ω和ε均呈先减小后增大,Up整体呈减小的变化趋势,各夹角下水动力学指标间差异均显著（P<0.05）;E、τ、ω和Up随坡度和流量的增大而增大,ε随流量增大而增大,随坡度变化不明显;试验条件下,E与τ（R2=0.603）、ω（R2=0.600）和Up（R2=0.583）间的关系用幂函数方程描述较好,与ε间的关系则用线性方程描述较好（R2=0.294）;相比而言,水流剪切力可更好地描述喀斯特槽谷区不同岩石与坡面夹角坡面的土壤侵蚀率。研究结果为揭示喀斯特槽谷区不同岩石与坡面夹角下坡面集中水流侵蚀水动力学机制提供了理论依据。     

人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土坡面流水动力学参数特征

采用人工模拟降雨法,在3.0m长、1.0m宽的可变坡土槽上,通过4个不同坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°)、5个不同雨强(0.6mm/min,1.1mm/min,1.6mm/min,2.12mm/min,2.54mm/min)的组合实验,对降雨条件下紫色土坡面流水动力参数特征进行了研究。结果表明,在实验的坡度和雨强范围内,紫色土坡面流平均雷诺数Re变化于104.9～1571.7之间,在一定雨强和坡度条件下,坡面流雷诺数Re随实验时间延长而逐渐增大,这主要与坡面形态受降雨侵蚀发生改变后坡面流流态由层流向紊流转变有关;坡面流弗罗德数Fr在各种雨强和坡度条件下都小于1,属缓流状态;坡面流阻力系数f与雷诺数Re无明显关系,但其与佛罗德数Fr之间呈显著的指数关系;曼宁糙率系数n与雷诺数Re之间为幂函数关系,但其与佛罗德数Fr无明显关系。     

岩层倾向对喀斯特槽谷区地表/地下产流过程的影响

喀斯特槽谷区在降雨过程中极易发生水土流失,这使得该区生态环境被破坏。以喀斯特槽谷区为研究对象,通过室内模拟其典型顺/逆层坡面特征及地下孔裂隙发育程度,利用人工降雨试验研究不同雨强条件下地表地下产流特征,从而揭示喀斯特槽谷区地表地下产流机制。结果表明:(1)喀斯特槽谷区地表地下产流受雨强影响,小雨强(30 mm/h)条件下地下产流量大于地表产流量,中雨强(60 mm/h)条件下地表产流量增大且裸坡条件下地表产流量大于地下产流量,大雨强(90 mm/h)条件下裸坡与顺层坡的地表产流量均大于地下产流量。(2)地下孔裂隙发育程度对地表地下产流量的分配比例产生影响,地下孔裂隙度越大则地下产流量越多,且2%～3%的地下孔裂隙度时地表地下产流量分配比例发生转变。(3)不同岩层倾向条件下,地表产流量及其分配比例最高为裸坡,最低为逆层坡,地下产流量及其分配比例最高为逆层坡,最低为裸坡。(4)不同岩层倾角条件下,顺层坡地表产流量最高为30°,最低为90°,地下产流量则相反;逆层坡地表产流量最高为90°,最低为60°,地下产流量最高为60°,最低为90°。研究结果可为喀斯特槽谷区地表及地下产流机制的进一步认识提供科学依据。     

喀斯特槽谷区岩石与坡面夹角对产流产沙过程的影响

为明确喀斯特槽谷区岩石与坡面夹角对坡面产流产沙过程的影响,在6个岩石与坡面夹角(30°,60°,90°,120°,150°,180°)、3个坡度(10°,15°,20°)和3个流量(5,7.5,10 L/min)组合条件下,开展室内放水冲刷试验。结果表明:(1)地表产流率随冲刷历时呈先增加后稳定的趋势,而含沙量和地表产沙率随冲刷历时均呈波动性减小趋势;(2)各岩石与坡面夹角下,地表产流率无显著差异(P＞0.05);但含沙量与地表产沙率均差异显著(P＜0.05),表现为含沙量和地表产沙率在60°夹角下与30°和120°夹角下差异不显著(P＞0.05),但显著高于90°,150°和180°条件下的含沙量和地表产沙率(P＜0.05);(3)地表产流率与含沙量在60°,90°,120°夹角下均呈显著幂函数正相关(R²=0.32~0.56,P＜0.05),而在其他夹角下二者关系不显著(P>0.05)。地表产流率与地表产沙率在60°,90°,120°,150°,180°夹角下呈显著线性正相关(R²=0.35~0.86,P＜0.05)。研究表明喀[JP]斯特槽谷区岩石与坡面呈一定夹角时,可加剧坡面产沙,并改变产流与产沙关系。     

急陡黄土坡面细沟侵蚀的水动力学特性试验研究

通过组合不同坡度(25°,30°,35°,40°,45°,50°)、不同流量(0.6,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 L/min)的室内放水冲刷试验,对急陡黄土坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程中的细沟水动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明:细沟水流平均流速随细沟的发育呈现出先减小后稳定的变化趋势。细沟流的雷诺数Re在199.996～873.482变化,且主要受流量的影响,随着流量的增大呈线性关系;而弗劳德数Fr在整个细沟发育过程中均大于1,表明细沟流均处于急流范围,且与流量呈倒数关系,随着放水流量的增大Fr呈曲线减小。阻力系数f随着流量的增加而增大,且与雷诺数之间存在f=a·Re~-~b(a、b为系数)的幂函数关系。     

模拟降雨条件下崩积体坡面产流产沙特征及其响应关系

[目的]研究崩积体坡面产流产沙特征及其响应关系,为崩岗治理提供理论基础与科学依据。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨试验,探讨不同覆盖度(0%,25%,50%,75%,100%)和坡度(25°,30°,35°)组合坡面在90mm/h雨强条件下的产流产沙时空特征及其响应关系。[结果]不同覆盖度和坡度条件下,坡面产流时间的变化范围在33~292s;同一坡度条件下,坡面产流时间与覆盖度呈线性正相关关系;同一覆盖度条件下,坡面产流时间与坡度呈幂函数关系。通过双因素方差分析可知,坡度对径流量的影响达到极显著水平,覆盖度对产沙量的影响达到显著水平。当坡度为25°时,坡面产沙总量的临界覆盖度为50%;当坡度为30°时,坡面产沙总量的临界覆盖度为75%;当坡度为35°时,坡面径流量的临界覆盖度为50%。[结论]针对不同坡度崩积体坡面,可以选择合适的秸秆覆盖度以达到较好的水土保持效果。     

含沙量对高陡边坡径流水动力学特性的影响

[目的]揭示含沙量对高陡边坡水动力学特性的影响,为高陡边坡土壤侵蚀机理模型精度的提升提供理论支撑。[方法]设定3个含沙梯度(0,4%,8%)和3个放水梯度(12,16,20 L/min),在36°坡面进行野外径流冲刷试验。[结果]随着放水流量的增大,平均流速随着含沙量增加而减小的趋势较小,雷诺数Re随着含沙量增加而减小的趋势较明显;当放水流量为16,20 L/min时,随着含沙量的增加,坡面流态均由紊流向过渡流发展;弗汝德数Fr随着含沙量的增加而增大,且均大于1,坡面径流流态属于急流。阻力系数f与雷诺数Re呈极显著幂函数关系(p<0.01),随着含沙量的增加,雷诺数Re对阻力系数f的影响逐渐减弱。含沙量与平均流速、雷诺数、阻力系数、水流剪切力和水流功率呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数绝对值大小顺序为R(Re)>R(ω)>R(τ)>R(ν)>R(f),雷诺数Re是描述水动力学参数与含沙量关系的最佳参数,含沙量与弗汝德数Fr关系不显著,与雷诺数、水流功率、水流剪切力以及流速间的关系可用二元线性函数表示。[结论]含沙量对高陡边坡水动力学特性具有...     

模拟降雨条件下坡面水流流速与径流输出特征研究

利用室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度径流小区的水流流速与径流输出特征间的关系。研究结果表明:定坡长土槽坡度变化为5~20°时,水流流速随着坡面坡度的增加呈递增趋势;同时,同一坡度下坡面水流流速随时间的变化大体上是增加的过程;在模拟降雨条件下,30 min内坡面水流速度的变化趋势分为3个阶段:降雨径流产生初期,坡面微形态的形成阶段和侵蚀沟形成阶段。在25°坡面上,这3个阶段的界限不明显。另外,得出了径流量输出特征与水流速度有着密切的幂函数相关关系,且5°,10°,15°,20°坡面流速与径流量的相关系数在0.9左右,但25°坡面的相关系数较小。根据方差得出,5~25°坡面流速与径流量关系显著,坡度越大,流速对径流量的影响越显著,并分析出20~25°是坡地土壤侵蚀的临界坡度。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.