中国农田氮淋失相关因素分析及总氮淋失量估算

通过对我国近 10 年 382 组农田 N 素淋失数据进行统计分析,发现水田的 NO3--N 淋失量与土壤体积质量、有机质、全 N（TN）、黏粒含量百分比显著负相关,与施 N 量、灌水量显著正相关;旱地中 NO3--N 淋失量与全 P（TP）、粉粒含量百分比、土层深度显著负相关,与土壤中 TN 含量、砂粒百分比含量、施 N 量、降雨量、灌溉水量显著正相关。水田中总 N 表观淋失率平均值为 2.19%,95% 的置信区间为 1.56% ~ 2.82%;旱地中总 N 表观淋失率平均值为 4.35%,95% 的置信区间 2.88% ~ 5.82%。根据 2008 年中国统计年鉴计算出 2007 年我国总 N 淋失量达到 0.644 Tg,约占我国总施 N 量的2.80%。     

夏季休闲与种植对华北潮土剖面残留硝态氮分布的影响

本研究以高丹草(Pacesetter)结合单作春玉米(Zea mays L.)及休闲,探讨华北潮土区夏季多雨时期,牧草、作物及休闲三种土地管理方式土壤剖面0—200 cm NO3--N的分布及运移。研究表明,整个生长季节三种土地管理方式土壤NO3--N逐渐向下层移动,高丹草、玉米地均表现为NO3--N的逐渐耗竭,休闲地则为波浪式上升;种植结束时休闲地在0—200 cm土壤层次硝态氮较种植前增加,高丹草、玉米地则表现为较种植前降低,NO3--N在剖面60—80 cm深度出现积累。与休闲相比,植物对土壤剖面硝态氮的吸收显著减少了硝态氮向深层的淋溶,而休闲却增加了硝态氮向深层淋溶的风险。根长密度及根干重均随剖面深度增加而降低,在0—30 cm土层高丹草明显大于玉米,0—60 cm区域植物根长密度与相应层次土壤NO3--N消减量呈现显著正相关。高丹草对土壤上层氮素的吸收消耗大于玉米,其对截获残留硝态氮,阻止硝态氮大量向下迁移的作用更强,体现出植物吸收的"安全网"功能。     

赣南稀土尾矿山土体硝态氮累积特征研究

稀土开采会造成大量浸矿剂（硫酸铵）残留在土壤中，高浓度铵态氮（NH4+-N）可能在生物化学作用下转化为硝态氮（NO3--N）。为探明NO3--N在稀土尾矿山土体内的含量及影响因素，明确硝酸盐污染程度，本研究选择赣南地区一个离子型稀土原地浸矿尾矿山，由表土分层采样至基岩面，并分析土壤NO3--N及相关的理化性质。研究结果表明，尾矿山土体NO3--N含量变异范围非常大（2.80~193.99 mg·kg-1），其平均值为46.30±55.16 mg·kg-1，表层土壤NO3--N含量均值为5.16 mg·kg-1，与自然土壤相近；含矿层土壤NO3--N含量均值为48.64 mg·kg-1，是自然土壤的10倍。尾矿山土体深部含矿层土壤NO3--N含量明显高于表层， NO3--N含量随深度的分布规律与自然土壤相反，这是矿体部分残留大量浸矿剂造成的。土壤NH4+-N含量主导了NO3--N的产生量，但NO3--N在土体不同深度、山体不同部位的累积量还受降雨淋溶及NO3--N迁移过程的控制。开采结束4年后，尾矿山内累积的NO3--N仍不断向环境中释放。长期来看，尾矿山土壤中富集的NH4+-N将不断转化为NO3--N并随水迁移，持续威胁生态环境及人类健康。本研究可为稀土原地浸矿场地土壤及下游水体污染的评价和治理提供理论基础与科学支撑。     

滴灌棉田氮肥用量对土壤无机氮的动态影响

通过南疆滴灌条件下N肥田间试验,研究了施用N肥对棉花生育期土壤无机N累积及收获后土壤NO3--N残留的影响.棉花生育期土壤无机N的累积规律是:花期以后,施肥量较高(N 225～337.5 kg/hm2)时,土壤无机N以NO3--N为主要形式累积于表层0～40 cm土壤中.棉花生育期施肥量影响收获后耕层土壤残留NO3--N.根据各施肥处理土壤NO3--N残留状况及产量,确定N 180～225 kg/hm2为南疆滴灌棉田土壤NO3--N发生少量累积同时获得高产的适宜施肥量范围.     

施氮和秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作农田硝态氮淋溶的影响

连续4 a采用渗漏计测定法研究了陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区施氮和秸秆还田对土壤剖面90 em处NO3--N淋溶的影响.结果表明,NO3--N淋洗主要发生在7、8、9月份或灌溉后,年际间变异较大.监测期内各处理渗漏液NO3--N浓度和淋失量的变幅为0～103.5 mg L-1和0～21.8 kg hm-2,二者均随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势.小麦施氮150 kg hm-2、玉米施氮180 kg hm-2时,连续4a作物均能获得高产.施氮量继续增加,产量不再增加,0 ～100 cm土层NO3--N累积量和90 cm处NO3--N淋失量却相应增加.秸秆还田2 a后作物显著增产,2010年和2011年分别增产15.1％和14.2％,但对NO3--N累积和淋溶的影响不显著.回归分析显示,NO3--N年淋失量和0～ 100 cm土层累积量均随年施氮量的增加呈指数形式增加,说明施氮量越高,NO3--N年淋失量和累积量越高,二者占施氮量的比例也越高.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程对土壤剖面矿质氮累积影响--以纸坊沟流域试验区为例

根据不同植被类型和不同植被恢复年限,在位于半干旱黄土高原丘陵沟壑区延安安塞纸坊沟流域采集68个剖面样品,探讨植被恢复过程土壤剖面中残留矿质态氮的变化;同时采取该流域连续14年施用不同肥料处理的坡地长期定位试验剖面土样,研究连续施肥对农田土壤剖面残留NO3--N累积的影响。结果表明,NH4 -N在土壤剖面中的分布和累积基本不受植被恢复及植类型的影响,但NO3--N在土壤剖面中的累积量随植被恢复而下降。林地、草地和农田0～50cm土层平均累积的NO3--N分别为17 4kg/hm2,14 9kg/hm2和39 9kg/hm2;林地和草地剖面中NO3--N累积量所占矿质氮总累积量比例远小于NH4 -N,而对农田土壤,剖面中NO3--N累积量所占比例与NH4 -N所占比例基本相当;农田土壤剖面中NO3--N累积量所占比例显著大于林地和草地。长期定位试验结果进一步证明了在农田连续施用氮肥会显著增加土壤剖面中残留NO3--N累积,当农田退耕还林还草后,累积的这一部分NO3--N因植物吸收利用、土壤生物固定和损失等途径而下降,最终达到低而稳定的水平。     

模拟降雨下初始含水量对砂黄土硝态氮迁移特征的影响

利用室内人工模拟降雨,研究了不同初始含水量砂黄土在降雨条件下入渗-径流、土壤侵蚀,以及NO3--N随径流流失和土壤深层淋溶特征。结果表明,初始含水量对产流时刻影响在相对含水量为49.4%和76.9%之间存在一个转折点,高初始含水量较低含水量产流提前大约15 min;土壤侵蚀量随着土壤初始含水量的增加而增加,相对含水量为97.1%时,侵蚀泥沙量分别是相对含水量22.9%的2.8倍,49.4%的2.3倍,76.9%的1.5倍。初始含水量高的处理径流初始NO3--N浓度高,随后各处理均衰减很快,10 min左右NO3--N含量趋于雨水本底值;土壤初始含水量越低,NO3--N被淋洗的程度越严重,土壤剖面中NO3--N的浓度峰越深。对于黄土高原坡地砂黄土NO3--N迁移特征来看,按照NO3--N迁移数量,随径流和泥沙流失量比向土壤深层迁移的数量小。说明在降雨条件下,NO3--N主要通过土壤深层淋溶损失,且土壤初始含水量越低其损失越严重。针对黄土高原降水量小,分布集中的特点,采取措施增加入渗,蓄积水分,在一定含水量下施肥,以提高氮肥利用率,降低NO3--N的淋溶。     

三峡库区典型农耕地的氮素淋溶与评价

试验选择重庆市三峡库区典型、具有代表性的菜地和坡耕地,于2005至2007年将改进后的离子交换树脂吸附装置分别埋入20cm、30cm、40cm深度的土壤中,中雨、大雨之后或按月收集树脂吸附的NO3--N和NH4+-N,连续三年原位定点研究了两种土壤的氮素淋溶状况。结果表明,菜地的氮素淋失量(74.58kghm-2a-1)高于降雨输入量(56.9kghm-2a-1),坡耕地的(46.01kghm-2a-1)则相反,说明菜地的氮素淋失局部影响当地水环境,农耕地可能不是区域水体富营养化的主要原因。NO3--N占土壤氮素总淋溶量的90%以上,主要发生在施肥后的第一次中雨、大雨中。此外,NO3--N淋溶量耕作层心土层底土层,前者远远高于后两者。在整个降雨季节,土壤NO3--N淋溶量前期高,峰值出现在5月份;在雨季后期,土壤NO3--N淋失量很低,故对水体的影响甚小。NO3--N淋溶与土壤碱解氮呈指数正相关。由此可见,三峡库区降低土壤氮素淋溶的主要对象是菜地,有效措施包括控制氮肥用量,降低土壤有效氮库,抑制硝化作用等。     

武汉市城郊区集约化露天菜地生产系统硝态氮淋溶迁移规律研究

以武汉市及其周边区域的典型露天菜地为研究对象,对菜地土壤、土壤溶液及菜地附近井水中硝态氮（NO3--N）含量进行了周年监测分析。结果表明:菜地土壤100 cm内各土层NO3--N平均含量为11.2 mg/kg,其中0~20 cm土壤剖面NO3--N含量为21.1 mg/kg;60 cm深度处土壤溶液中NO3--N含量为27.5 mg/L;井水中NO3--N含量为19.6~39.8 mg/L,其含量达到了饮用水安全标准的2~4倍。由此说明:武汉城郊菜地土壤NO3--N淋失量较大,已造成地下水NO3--N污染;且硝酸盐淋失量随着氮肥施用量和水分输入量的增加而增大,同时与种植蔬菜的种类有一定相关关系;由于土壤理化性质不同,土壤硝酸盐含量在正常范围内并且尚能够安全种植作物时,地下水可能已受到严重的污染,这种情况在砂性土壤中表现更为明显。本文的研究为科学评价露天菜地土壤和地下水NO3--N污染提供了科学理论依据。     

氮肥用量对旱地冬小麦产量及夏闲期土壤硝态氮变化的影响

在陕西渭北旱塬,利用长期定位试验研究了长期不同氮肥用量（0、80、160、240、320 kg hm-2）对旱地冬小麦产量形成,氮素利用,土壤硝态氮残留、夏闲期淋溶和矿化的影响。结果表明：随用量增加,施氮提高旱地小麦产量的效应下降,而土壤硝态氮残留迅速增加。作物生长当季的硝态氮残留主要分布在0～60 cm土层,施氮超过160 kg hm-2时,达56.8～211.7 kg hm-2,来源于当季施用氮肥的残留占64%～90%。夏闲期土壤硝态氮发生淋失的土层深度和硝态氮淋失量均与施氮量呈显著的抛物线关系（r = 0.988 9和0.994 0）,施氮量超过160 kg hm-2时,每增加100 kg hm-2的氮肥投入,硝态氮淋失深度和淋失量增加量分别高于27 cm和80.4 kg hm-2。平均每10 mm的夏闲期降水可使离开原土层发生淋溶的硝态氮向下移动2～4 mm。施氮量对硝态氮淋失的深度没有显著影响。夏闲期土壤氮素矿化量、来源于当季施入土壤肥料氮被生物固定后的再矿化量分别为51.8～160.9 kg hm-2和31.6～109.2 kg hm-2。基于本研究,建议渭北旱塬冬小麦施氮量控制在146～163 kg hm-2,以保证旱地小麦高产,防止过量肥料氮残留,减少淋溶风险。     

冬小麦对铵态氮和硝态氮的响应

在陕西省永寿县和河南省洛阳市分别设置了11和7处大田试验,分5层采集0~100 cm土壤样品并测定其起始硝态氮含量。永寿试验设7个处理,分别为不施氮,硝态氮、铵态氮品种、硝态氮与铵态氮2∶1组合各2个处理;洛阳试验设6个处理(硝态氮肥只有1个品种),施氮处理均施N 150 kg hm-2,研究小麦对铵态氮和硝态氮肥响应的差异及其与不同深度土层硝态氮累积量的关系。试验表明,同一形态不同氮肥品种之间的增产差异显著低于不同形态之间的差异。比较不同形态氮肥的小麦产量、增产量和增产率的平均值,硝态氮肥最高,硝态氮、铵态氮组合次之,铵态氮最低。氮肥增产量和增产率随土壤累积硝态氮量增加而显著下降;累积量越低,氮肥增产效果越突出,硝态氮的效果也越显著。由此可见,土壤累积的硝态氮量是决定氮肥肥效的主要因子,也是决定不同形态氮素效果的主要因子。只有在硝态氮累积量低的土壤上,氮肥才能充分发挥作用,硝态氮也才能表现出明显的优势。     

Nutrient deficiency diagnosis of corn (Zea Mays L.) plants from yield and composition responses to additions of N and S

Abstract

Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown in the greenhouse in a Laughlin (Ultic Haploxeroll) loam soil, with various amounts of N and S added in order to determine possible interactions of these nutrients with the relationship between plant composition and grain yields. Previous field experience and preliminary experiments had shown that this soil gave yield responses to N and S additions.

Regression equations were used to describe the relationship between composition of various plant parts and grain yields. The best correlation (R² = 0.943) was obtained using the total N concentration in leaf samples taken at the silking stage, but excluding data from plants which, based on their amide N concentrations (greater than 500 ppm), were considered S deficient. Calculations using the first derivative of the cubic polynomial indicated that a concentration of 2.5% N in the lower leaves was necessary in order to obtain maximum grain yields. The concentrations of total N in the upper leaves and the stalks at the silking stage also correlated well with the grain yields. The relationship of NO₃‐N in the stalks at silking to grain yields could be better described mathematically with an exponential function, but the correlation coefficient was low (R² = 0.58). The responses of two genotypes, one containing the opaque ‐ 2 gene, the other its normal counterpart, were similar.

The total N concentration in the leaves collected at the tassel stage did not correlate quite as well with grain yield as those collected later, but using the exponential model NO₃‐N concentrations in the stalks at the earlier stage showed a closer relationship to grain yield than for samples collected at silking. Excluding data for the plants showing S deficiency, a correlation coefficient of 0.90 was obtained. At both tasseling and silking stages, the S deficient plants were characterized by high N:S ratios, with values of 18 to 50 for the stalks, compared to values of less than 10 for the S adequate plants. The marked effect of inadequate S on grain formation was not evident in the amounts of leaves and stalks produced.

Field studies will be necessary to evaluate further the merit of the diagnostic procedure indicated by these experiments.     

植物液泡中硝酸盐行为的研究概况

化学氮肥利用率低和损失严重而造成的环境污染问题是农业生态系统中氮素管理首当其冲要研究和解决的问题 ,这方面的研究工作在国内外报道浩如烟海 ,但突破性进展不多。另一方面 ,植物体内的硝酸盐含量高又严重影响农产品有关的品质性状 ,特别是我国加入WTO后蔬菜和果实中高含量的硝酸盐是影响这些产品出口的主要限制因子之一。因此 ,从植物体本身着手研究植物氮素高效利用的机理与途径 ,这是近几年来植物氮素营养研究的热点之一。植物液泡占据了成熟植物细胞体积的 90 %左右 ,而液泡和细胞质中硝酸盐的浓度通常分别在 30～ 5 0molm- 3和 3～ 5molm- 3,因此 ,如何调动植物液泡中的硝酸盐使之得到更高程度的再利用 ,这是提高植物氮素利用效率和降低植物体内硝酸盐含量的途径之一。本文综述了国内外有关液泡中硝酸盐行为的研究状况 ,在此基础上作者首次提出植物液泡中硝酸盐的内外流与植物氮素高效利用之间可能存在着密切的关系 ,旨在拓始这方面的工作能尽快开展 ,为植物氮素高效利用的分子生物学研究开辟新的研究领域。     

Effect of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on nitrification and immobilization of NH<Subscript>4</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript>-N

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to demonstrate that reduced availability of CO₂ may be an important factor limiting nitrification. Soil samples amended with wheat straw (0%, 0.1% and 0.2%) and (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ (200 mg N kg^–1 soil, 2.213 atom% ¹⁵N excess) were incubated at 30±2°C for 20 days with or without the arrangement for trapping CO₂ resulting from the decomposition of organic matter. Nitrification (as determined by the disappearance of NH₄⁺ and accumulation of NO₃^–) was found to be highly sensitive to available CO₂ decreasing significantly when CO₂ was trapped in alkali solution and increasing substantially when the amount of CO₂ in the soil atmosphere increased due to the decomposition of added wheat straw. The co-efficient of correlation between NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^–-N content of soil was highly significant (r =0.99). During incubation, 0.1–78% of the applied NH₄⁺ was recovered as NO₃^– at different incubation intervals. Amendment of soil with wheat straw significantly increased NH₄⁺ immobilization. From 1.6% to 4.5% of the applied N was unaccounted for and was due to N losses. The results of the study suggest that decreased availability of CO₂ will limit the process of nitrification during soil incubations involving trapping of CO₂ (in closed vessels) or its removal from the stream of air passing over the incubated soil (in open-ended systems).     

Improved diffusion methods for determination of inorganic nitrogen in soil extracts and water

Diffusion methods previously developed for inorganic-N analysis of soil extracts were modified to improve reliability, increase the dynamic range, extend the scope of applications, and simplify the processing of samples for N-isotope analysis. In these methods, the soil extract is treated with MgO, or MgO plus Devarda‘s alloy, in a 473-ml (1-pint) wide-mouth Mason jar to convert NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^–-N, and/or NO₂ ^–-N to NH₃-N. The NH₃ thereby liberated is collected in H₃BO₃-indicator solution in a Petri dish suspended from the Mason-jar lid and determined quantitatively by acidimetric titration. With the modifications described, analyses can be performed on 10- to 100-ml samples of water, 0.5MK₂SO₄, 1MKCl, 2MKCl, or 4MKCl, at temperatures between 20 and 30°C. Recovery from 10 or 20ml was quantitative in 18–80h with up to 4mgN; recovery from 50 or 100ml was quantitative in 3–13 days with up to 2mgN. Removal of H₃BO₃ for N-isotope analysis by the Rittenberg process was effected using methanol. Mason-jar diffusion methods are much simpler and more convenient than conventional steam distillations. Comparative studies showed that quantitative determinations are more accurate and precise by diffusion than by distillation. Received: 15 May 1996     

Nitrogen mineralization and water-table height in oligotrophic deep peat

Summary Peat cores, 0–60 cm depth, were taken on 14 occasions from three experimental plots where the water levels in the surrounding ditches had been artificially controlled for 14 years at 0, 20 and 50 cm below the surface. Numbers of aerobic and anaerobic ammonifying bacteria in the profile were significantly increased (P< 0.05) by lowering the water level from 0 to 50 cm. These increases occurred mainly in the surface 20 cm horizon, where 80%–90% of the ammonifying bacteria in the profile occurred. Mineral N in fresh samples, which was present almost entirely as ammonium, decreased sharply with depth below 20 cm, and on two occasions concentrations were significantly greater (P<0.05) in plots with water levels at 20 and 50 cm than in the flooded peat. Readily mineralized N, produced during waterlogged incubation at 30°C for 9 weeks, was significantly greater (P<0.05) on eight occasions in samples from plots with water levels at 20 or 50 cm than in those where the water level was at the surface. Calculations showed that the increases in N availability as a result of lowering the water-table could be attributed mainly to deeper rooting.     

扩散法测定土壤无机氮~(15)N丰度方法优化研究

扩散法与质谱测定技术相结合,被广泛应用于环境、生态和农业领域中土壤、水等样品中无机氮15N同位素丰度的测定。为建立一套可快速、准确测定土壤无机氮15N同位素丰度的扩散培养体系,针对土壤样品无机氮量的变化特点,从培养温度、培养时间、试剂选择和用量等方面对扩散条件进行优化。结果发现,对于大部分无机氮浓度大于2 mg L~(-1)的土壤样品,20 ml土壤提取液,在不小于250 ml的蓝盖瓶中,悬挂两张各滴加了10μl 1 mol L~(-1)草酸的滤纸,加入0.1 g的Mg O,25℃下以140 r min-1的转速振荡培养24 h即可完成对样品中NH4+-N的扩散与回收;换入2张加酸滤纸继续摇培48 h可基本去除残余的NH4+-N;再换入2张加酸滤纸并加入0.1 g的戴氏合金振荡培养24 h即可。对于无机氮浓度低于2 mg L~(-1)的土壤提取液,需用50 ml提取液按以上条件进行扩散培养即可保证测定结果的准确性。本方法大大缩短了扩散法所需的实验周期,实现在一份样品内同时完成NH4+-N和NO3--N的扩散与回收,减少了样品的需要量,并通过优化Mg O、戴氏合金(Devarda’s alloy)的用量减少杂质氮可能带来的污染。     

Measurement of Nitrate Efflux from Roots and Its Relation to Nitrate Accumulation in Two Oilseed Rape Cultivars

Studies have reported significant differences in nitrate accumulation among genotypes within a crop species, but the reason for these differences is not clear. This study investigated nitrate (NO₃) efflux from roots of two oilseed rape cultivars (Brassica napus L. cvs. ZY821 and D89) and the relationship between nitrate efflux and plant nitrate accumulation. Nitrate efflux was estimated by measuring nitrate released from roots into nitrate-free nutrient solutions 58 days after sowing. The solutions were buffered with either 2.0 mM (n-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) or 0.05 mM phosphate. Whole-plant and petiole nitrate accumulations were significantly greater for ZY821 compared to D89. Nitrate efflux varied diurnally, and the difference between cultivars was greater in the morning than in the afternoon. Data suggested that the relatively high pH of the phosphate-buffered solutions increased nitrate efflux rates from oilseed rape plants; therefore phosphate buffer should not be used when making direct determinations of nitrate efflux. Maximum cumulative nitrate efflux was 0.97 μmol g^?1 fresh-weight (FW) root for ZY821 and 1.9 μmol g^?1 FW root for D89. Maximum nitrate efflux rate was 0.084 μmol g^?1 FW min^?1 for ZY821 and 0.097 μmol g^?1 FW min^?1 for D89. These results indicated that between the two cultivars, ZY821 had the greatest petiole nitrate nitrogen concentration and the lowest total nitrate efflux. We suggest that cultivars with low nitrate efflux rates are able to translocate and store greater amounts of nitrate in aboveground plant organs, especially in petioles.     

Inorganic nitrogen in a tropical soil with frequent amendments of sewage sludge

Accurate prediction of plant-available N release from sewage sludge is necessary to optimize crop yields and minimize NO₃^– leaching to groundwater. We conducted a 1.5-year study with three maize crops to determine N mineralization from an urban sewage sludge from Barueri, State of São Paulo, Brazil, and its potential to contaminate groundwater with NO₃^–. The soil at the experimental site was a loamy/clayey-textured Dark Red Dystroferric Oxisol. The treatments consisted of: plots without chemical fertilization or sludge, plots with complete chemical fertilization, and plots receiving four different doses of sewage sludge. Dose 1 was calculated at the agronomic N rate, while doses 2, 3 and 4 were, respectively, two, four, and eight times dose 1. The inorganic N addition increased with the rate of biosolid application. The high NO₃^– concentrations in relation to NH₄⁺ were associated with intense soil nitrification. High N losses occurred for the first 27 days after soil sludge incorporation, even at the lowest dose, suggesting that land application of sewage sludge based on the N requirement of the crop may be overestimating the amount of sewage sludge to be applied.     

氮肥对大白菜硝酸盐累积的影响及合理施用量研究

对宁夏灌淤旱耕人为土氮(N)肥与大白菜产量及菜体和土体中硝酸盐累积的关系进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,在设计范围内,银川平原复种大白菜的产量及净菜率与施N量成正比;施N肥增加大白菜硝酸盐含量;复种大白菜的最高产量施N量为448.5㎏/hm2,最佳产量施N量为427.5㎏/hm2;大白菜外叶硝酸盐含量高于内叶,内叶硝酸盐含量随施N肥量的增加而增加,外叶硝酸盐含量在高施N时,随生育期延长而增加;施用N肥明显增加土体各土层中的硝态N含量。