中国禹城土壤盐渍化的时空变异及其预测

This research used both geostatistics and GIS approach to compare temporal change of soil salt between 1980 and 2003, to analyze the spatial distribution of surface soil salt, to developed methods for predicting soil salinization potential based on recent improvements to the Dempster-Shafer theory, and to develop probability maps of potential salinization in Yucheng City, China. A semivariogram model of soil salt content was developed from the spherical model, and then employing kriging interpolation the spatial distribution of salt content in 2003 was obtained utilizing data from 100 soil sampling points. Potential salinization distribution was mapped using an approach that integrated soil data of the second general survey in 1980 in Yucheng City, which included groundwater salinity, groundwater depth, soil texture, soil organic matter content, and geomorphic maps. With the support of Dempster-Shafer theory and fuzzy set technique the factors that affected potential soil salinization were characterized and integrated;and then soil salinization was predicted. Finally a prognosis map of potential salinization distribution in the research area was obtained, with higher probability values indicating higher hazards to salinity processes. The distribution of the potential soil salinization probability was a successive surface.     

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: Ⅰ. Salt-Water Dynamics in Unsaturated Soils Under Stable Evaporation Condition

A long term simulation test on salt-water dynamics in unsaturated soils with different groundwater depths and soil texture profiles under stable evaporation condition was conducted.Salinity sensors and tensiometers were used to monitor salt and water variation in soils.The experiment revealed that in the process of fresh groundwater moving upwards by capillary rise in the column,the salts in subsoil were brought upwards and accumulated in the surface soil,and consequently the salinization of surface soil took place.The rate of salt accumulation is determined mainly by the volume of capillary water flow and the conditions of salts contained in the soil profile.Water flux in soils decreased obviously when groundwater depths fell below 1.5m.When there was an interbedded clay layer 30cm in thickness in the silty loam soil profile or a clay layer 100cm in thickness at the top layer,the water flux was 3-5 times less than in the soil profile of homogeneous silty loam soil.Therefore,the rate of salt accumulation was decreased and the effect of variation of groundwater depth on the water flux in soils was weakened comparatively.If there was precipitation or irrigation supplying water to the soil,the groundwater could rarely take a direct part in the process of salt accumulation in surface soil,especially,in soil profiles with an interbedded stratum or a clayey surface soil layer.     

盐碱地咸水灌溉枸杞种植条件下土壤盐分变化

In order to utilize the wasted saline-sodic soils under shallow groundwater condition,a 3-year field study was carried in a field cropped with Lycium barbarum L.and irrigated by drip irrigation with saline groundwater under the water table depth of 30-40 cm in the northern Yinchuan Plain,China.Effects of cropping duration (one,two,and three years) on soil salinity,soil solution composition,and pH in three adjacent plots were investigated in 2008.Results showed that a high irrigation frequency maintained high soil water potential and subsequently facilitated infiltration and downward movement of water and salt in the crop root zone.Salt accumulated on the edges of the ridges,and soil saturated-paste electrical conductivity (ECe) was higher in the edge.Concentrations of Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Cl-,and SO42- in the soil increased with the soil depth as did the ECe,while HCO3- and pH had a relative uniform distribution in soil profile.As planting year increased,the ECe and soil salts in the field had a decreasing tendency,while in the root zone they decreased immediately after irrigation and then remained relatively stable in the following growing seasons.HCO3- and pH had little change with the planting year.Results suggested that the application of drip irrigation with saline water could ameliorate saline-sodic soil and provide a relatively feasible soil environment for the growth of salt-tolerant plant Lycium barbarum L.under the saline-sodic soils with shallow groundwater.     

华北平原土壤质量与农业生产的关系

Sustainable agricultural production is of vital importance to food supply security. This study aimed to investigate crop yield response to spatial variability of soil quality at a county scale in the North China Plain(NCP) and subsequently derive key soil quality indicators. Soil samples were geo-referenced and taken in 2008 from both surface(0–20 cm) and subsurface(20–40 cm) layers in132 fields throughout the Fengqiu County, located in the centre of the NCP, for subsequent soil properties' analyses. Annual crop yields were obtained from the same fields where soil samples were collected. Soil quality was evaluated based on a fuzzy set with 13 soil properties, and its spatial distributions were investigated by integrating geostatistical analysis and geographic information system(GIS) techniques. Soil quality indices were classified into five grades, and their spatial distributions were mapped within the county.The surface soil qualities were about one to two grades higher than the subsurface soil. The quality indices for surface and subsurface soils were positively associated with the annual crop yields, suggesting the importance of both. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen,available P, and available K contributed 50% of the combined weight to the soil quality index and were identified as key indicators of soil quality status in the area in terms of sustainability.     

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: II. Effect of Precipitation on Salt-Water Dynamics

Through a simulation test carried out with soil columns (61.8cm in diameter),the effect of precipitation on salt-water dynamics in soils was studied by in-situ monitoring of salt-water dynamics using soil salinity sensors and tensioneters.The results show that in the profile of whole silty loam soil,the surface runoff volume due to precipitation and the salt-leaching role of infiltrated precipitation increased with the depth of ground water;and in the profile with an intercalated bed of clay or with a thick upper layer of clay,the amount of surface runoff was greater but the salt-leaching role of precipitation was smaller than those in the profile of whole silty loam soil.In case of soil water being supplemented by precipitation,the evaporation of groundwater in the soil columns reduced,resulting in a great decline of salt accumulation from soil profile to surface soil.The effect of precipitation on the water regime of soil profile was performed via both water infiltration and water pressure transfer.The direct infiltration depth of precipitation was less than 1m in general,but water pressure transfer could go up to groundwater surface directly.     

长期地下水位管理及施用秸秆对中国亚热带水稻土团聚体形成的影响

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and iron(Fe)-oxides are important contributors of aggregate stability in highly weathered soils, and they are influenced by groundwater management and straw application. A 30-year plot experiment with early rice(Oryza sativa L.)-late rice-winter fallow rotations was conducted using a upland clay soil in cement pools under shallow groundwater table at a depth of 20 cm(SGT) and deep groundwater table at a depth of 80 cm(DGT) to simulate the groundwater tables of two types of important paddy soils, gleyed paddy soils and hydromorphic paddy soils, respectively, in subtropical China. Soil redox potential(Eh) was measured in situ, and 0–20 cm soil samples were collected for the analyses of soil Fe-oxides, SOC, and aggregates under SGT or DGT with different straw application treatments, in order to evaluate the interaction of groundwater management and straw application on paddy soil aggregation and the relative importance of SOC or Fe-oxides on soil aggregation. The results showed that soil Eh was restricted by irrigation, and its variation was more significant under DGT than under SGT. The decreased soil Eh or reduced drying and wetting cycles under SGT resulted in more SOC accumulation with the straw application, had no effect on soil free Fe-oxides(Fed), significantly increased the amorphous Fe-oxide(Feo) and complex Fe-oxide contents, but decreased the crystalline Fe-oxide content(Fed–Feo). The soils under DGT had more macroaggregates than those under SGT, but the difference decreased with the straw application. It could be concluded that soil Fe-oxides were the principal contributing factor to the aggregation of paddy soils in subtropical China and SOC was also an important contributing factor.     

Dynamics of Soil Moisture and Salt Content After Infiltration of Saline Ice Meltwater in Saline-Sodic Soil Columns

Saline ice meltwater can be used for irrigation and leaching of salts in salt-affected soil regions.A laboratory experiment was conducted using soil columns to investigate the redistribution of soil moisture, salt and sodium adsorption ratio(SAR) in saline-sodic soil under the infiltration of saline ice meltwater.Soils were treated using saline water of three irrigation volumes(1 600, 2 400 and 3 200 mL) at four salinity levels.These four salinity levels included salt free(0 g L~(-1)), low salinity level(1.4 g L~(-1)), moderate salinity level(2.7 g L~(-1)) and high salinity level(4.1 g L~(-1)).The prepared saline water was frozen into ice, and then the ice was put on the surface of soil columns.After 96 h, the infiltration rate and soil moisture content of saline ice treatments were greater than those of salt-free ice treatments, increasing with the increase of ice salinity.Infiltration of saline ice meltwater increased soil moisture content in the upper layers for all treatments.Both salt contents and SAR values in the upper soil layers decreased in all saline ice treatments and were lower than those in salt-free ice treatment.However, this trend was reversed in the deeper(below 20 cm) soil layers.The highest desalting rate and lowest SAR were observed in high-salinity treatment under three irrigation volumes in the 0–15 cm soil layer,especially under irrigation volume of 2 400 mL.These results indicate that saline ice(0–20 cm) meltwater irrigation is beneficial to saline-sodic soil reclamation, and the best improvement effect would be achieved when using high-salinity ice under optimal irrigation volume.     

中国渤海海岸盐碱土及非盐碱土中土壤生物多样性

A plethora of information is available on the effects of salinity on plant growth and soil physico-chemical properties,but the effects on soil organisms are often neglected.Thus,a systematic investigation of how soil biodiversity,including bacteria,nematodes,mites,and earthworms,changes along saline gradients was conducted along the Bohai Sea coast at Laizhou City,Shandong Province,China,with 30 soil samples randomly selected and classified by salinity into two categories:saline and non-saline.Testing revealed a significantly higher abundance of the surveyed organisms in non-saline soils.The redundancy analysis showed that a negative correlation was observed between electrical conductivity and soil organism abundance in saline soil,but not in non-saline soil.Soil organic matter,available nitrogen,and total nitrogen all positively affected organism abundance in both saline and non-saline soils.The richness and Shannon diversity of nematodes were significantly higher in non-saline soils,but were not significantly different between soil types for other organisms.None of the environmental factors surveyed was obviously related to soil organism diversity.Consequently,our results suggested that soil electrical conductivity only negatively affected soil organisms in saline soil,while soil fertility positively affected soil organisms in both saline and non-saline soils.     

中国新疆绿洲地区多时空尺度上土壤盐分变化特征及其相关驱动因素研究

Located in the inland arid area of central Asia, salt-affected farmlands take up one third of the total irrigated land area in Xinjiang of Northwest China. Spatio-temporal variability of soil salinity and the underlying mechanism are fundamental problems challenging the sustainability of oasis agriculture in China. In this study, the data of total dissolved solids(TDS) measured for soil samples collected from 27 representative study areas in the oasis areas of Xinjiang were analyzed and the coefficient of variation(CV) and stratification ratio(SR) of TDS were used to describe the lateral and vertical soil salinity variations, respectively. Weekly, monthly,and annual changes in soil salinity were also summarized. Results showed that the top(0–20 cm) soil salinity was highly variable(CV 75%) for most studied areas. Lateral variation of soil salinity was significantly correlated with the sampling interval; as a result, a maximum sampling interval of 0.9 m was found for reducing evaluation uncertainty. The top 0–20 cm soil salt accounted for about25.2% of the total salt in the 0–100 cm soil profile. The stratification ratio values(the ratio of TDS at the 20–40 cm depth to that at the 0–20 cm depth) were mostly smaller than 1 and on average 0.92, illustrating that the top 0–20 cm soil contained slightly more salt and a considerable amount of salt still existed in subsurface and deep horizons. Irrigation reduced top soil salinity by 0.52 g kg-1, or14.6%, within the first week. On average, the relative range of soil salinity, calculated to indicate monthly changes in soil salinity, was58.2% from May to September. A 27-year experiment indicated that cultivation increased soil salinity by 44.4% at a rate of 0.14 g kg-1year-1. At small spatio-temporal scales, soil salinity variation was mainly affected by anthropogenic factors, such as irrigation and land use. However, natural factors, including groundwater, topography, and climate conditions, mainly influenced soil salinity variation at large spatio-temporal scales. This study displayed the highly variable nature of soil salinity in space and time. Those driving factors identified in this study could provide guidelines for developing sustainable agriculture in the oasis areas and combating salinization in arid regions of China.     

Effect of Initial Soluble Salt Composition of Saline Soil on Salinity Tolerance of Barley Plant

A pot experiment was carried out on a marine saline soil to study the effect of initial soluble Na/Ca ratio of saline soil on the salinity tolerance of barley plant.The results showed that (1) the Na/Ca ratio affected significantly the dry weight of the plant at an earlier stage of growth,the critical values of initial Na/Ca ratio at which the plant could grow normally on soils containing salts of 2.5,3.5 and 4.5g kg^-1 were 30,20 and 15,respectively;(2)smaller Na/Ca ratio resulted in a considerable decrease in Na accumulation but a great increase in K accumulation in the barley plant;and (3) the plasmallema of barley leaf were badly injured when the Na/Ca ratio was more than 30 and the increase of Na content of plant caused an exudation of K from the leaf cells.Some critical indexes were suggested for the cultivation of barley plant on marine saline soils and could be used as reference in the biological reclamation of marine saline soils.     

封丘县土壤盐分的演变特征研究

世界上影响灌溉农业最大的问题是盐渍化问题。中国是受土壤盐渍化影响的大国。盐碱化曾是限制封丘县农业生产的四大自然灾害之一。本文基于40个土壤剖面数据,结合第二次土壤普查的盐土数据,对封丘县的土壤盐分的时空特征进行了系统研究。结果表明:27年来封丘县土壤盐分含量大幅下降,盐碱土作为土壤发生类型只存在于极个别微域景观;土壤含盐量较高的区域集中分布在东南部,与地下水埋深趋势相吻合,但只有东南角部分地区含盐量超过0.293dS/m为盐化土。地下水位下降是土壤盐分降低的主要原因。盐分聚集在40cm以下,并未脱离土体。封丘县存在土壤盐碱化的自然条件,一旦水文地质条件发生变化,土壤盐渍化仍然可能发生。     

基于指示Kriging法的土壤盐渍化与地下水埋深关系研究

在北方干旱、半干旱的地下水浅埋区,土壤盐渍化是土地资源退化的主要原因,防治土壤盐渍化是农业和生态环境可持续发展的重要保障。该文以内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域为例,运用指示Kriging法绘制并比较了不同阈值下地下水位埋深和土壤表层含盐量的概率分布图,从概率空间分布的角度分析研究了土壤盐渍化与地下水位埋深之间的关系,从而将这方面的研究从通常的农田尺度扩大到灌域尺度。结果表明:1)土壤盐分和地下水位埋深空间变异强度均为中等,且具有中等的空间自相关性,球状模型拟合变异函数的效果较好;2)在灌域尺度上,解放闸灌域4月底土壤表层发生中度、轻度盐渍化时地下水位临界埋深分别为2.0、2.5m,西南及中东部地下水位埋深小于临界埋深的概率较大,是土壤返盐的高风险区;3)3月底地下水位埋深对土壤返盐的影响比4月底更大一些,这表明地下水位埋深对土壤返盐的影响具有一定滞后效应,只有地下水位埋深小于临界深度的状态维持一段时间,才会造成土壤中度或轻度盐渍化。     

基于多源数据的中原黄泛区土壤盐分空间变异分析

为研究中原黄泛区土壤盐分空间变异,以河南省封丘县为研究区,综合考虑引起土壤盐渍化的土壤盐分、地形、地下水位及矿化度、植被情况及其他影响因素,基于遥感影像和磁感式探测获得的土壤表观电导率等多源数据建立了区域土壤盐分综合评估模型,并对研究区分层土壤盐分空间变异进行评估。结果表明:对于0~60 cm土层利用多源数据进行模型构建中土壤表观电导率与光谱指数占主要比例,模型对于各层土壤盐分的评价精度0~60 cm土层优于≥60~120 cm土层。土壤盐分含量随着深度的增加而增大,变异系数在0.22~0.28之间,属中等变异强度。土壤盐分主要集中分布在研究区北部与东南部,尤其是东南角黄河沿线区域,且随着土壤剖面显示出从表现到深层逐渐增加的趋势。利用多源数据建立的分层土壤盐分综合评估模型对于区域土壤盐分解析具有较高精度。该研究为中原黄泛区土壤盐化消减与土壤质量提升提供了可靠新方法。     

新疆喀什地下水浅埋区弃荒地表层土壤积盐与地下水的关系

为了研究新疆喀什地下水浅埋区弃荒地表层土壤积盐与地下水的定量关系,对试验区自然状况下的土壤含水量、表层土壤含盐量、地下水埋深、地下水矿化度和潜水蒸发量进行了原位监测,模拟了潜水蒸发量与地下水埋深的关系,定量分析了弃荒地自然条件下地下水埋深、地下水矿化度对土壤表层盐分的影响,建立了表层土壤含盐量与地下水埋深、地下水矿化度的经验模型。结果表明:在5~50 cm土层,土壤质量含水率随土层深度增加而增大;地下水埋深、地下水矿化度对表层土壤盐分有显著的影响,当地下水埋深为定值时,表层土壤含盐量与地下水矿化度呈线性正相关;当地下水矿化度为定值时,表层土壤含盐量与地下水埋深呈线性负相关;土壤盐分表聚现象明显,不同地下水埋深条件下表层土壤含盐量随累计潜水蒸发量的增加而增大,表层土壤积盐速率随地下水埋深的增大而减小,地下水埋深为25 cm条件下表层土壤积盐速率约是地下水埋深为50 cm的表层土壤积盐速率的2倍多。     

地下水埋深对膜下滴灌棉田水盐动态影响及土壤盐分累积特征

为了探究不同地下水埋深条件下膜下滴灌农田的水盐运移规律,于2012—2016年在新疆库尔勒绿洲,对采用膜下滴灌结合冬春灌压盐的棉田开展定位观测,在不同位置处150 cm深土壤剖面进行水盐监测,探究不同生育阶段地下水埋深与土壤水盐含量的关系。结果表明,膜下滴灌农田土壤水分呈反"S"型分布,土壤盐分呈"酒杯"状表聚型分布;试验期内地下水埋深从2~3 m增加到5~6 m,相应地苗期和非生育期返盐程度显著降低,收获期盐分含量下降;5a来土壤含盐量从6.5 g/kg下降到1 g/kg,土壤累积含盐量与地下水埋深呈负的指数关系;深层水分交换量表明土壤水和地下水间的联系明显减弱。建议将类似地区的地下水埋深控制在3.5 m左右,膜下滴灌结合冬春灌淋洗可有效抑制土壤层盐分累积,并可保证自然植被的生态需水。     

黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化影响因素分析

通过野外土壤调查和采样分析,对黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化形成的天然环境和影响因素进行了概述,对区域土壤盐渍化程度、类型和特征等进行了分析和探讨。并根据采样点地下水位、矿化度、高程、植被盖度、离海远近等要素,采用灰色关联度模型,分析了不同盐渍化类型主导的环境要素。结果表明,原生盐渍土含盐量主要受地下水位、矿化度和植被覆盖的影响;土壤次生盐渍化主要受离排灌渠远近、地下水矿化度和埋深的影响。     

区域土壤水盐空间分布信息的BP神经网络模型研究

针对黄河下游三角洲盐渍区土壤水盐动态的复杂性和空间的变异性,将人工神经网络引入土壤水盐信息的模拟和预测中,探讨了3层网络结构下隐含层神经元数对网络训练和预测的影响,建立了0～20cm表土层水盐含量及其空间分布的BP神经网络模型。结果表明:研究区域表土层水盐与土壤容重和地下水性质间均具极显著的关联性,表土层盐分BP网络的输入因子以经、纬度坐标、土壤容重、地下水埋深和矿化度5个变量为宜,含水量则为经、纬度坐标、土壤容重和地下水埋深4个变量;隐含层神经元数过多会导致"过拟合",当表层土壤盐分和含水量BP网络的拓扑结构分别为5:8:1和4:6:1时,其预测精度最高;表土层水盐BP神经网络模拟值与观测值得到的分布图表现出相似的空间格局,BP神经网络模型有效地模拟了表土层水盐含量及其空间分布特征。该研究为黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生、发展及演变规律分析提供理论基础,并为盐渍土地的水盐调控与科学管理提供决策依据。     

黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化与地下水特征关系研究

为研究黄河三角洲表层土壤盐分含量与地下水特征的关系,对研究区内土壤盐分含量及地下水进行原位监测,分析土壤盐渍化和地下水特征,并运用灰色关联分析法对地下水埋深、电导率、p H和主要离子含量的关系进行定量分析。结果表明:土壤表层盐分含量均值为3.90~6.31 g kg-1,表层以下土壤盐分含量均值为2.54~3.44 g kg-1,属于中度及以上盐渍化程度;地下水埋深平均值为1.16~1.71 m,普遍较浅;地下水阴离子以Cl-为主,阳离子以Na+为主,两者分别占阴、阳离子总量的比例约为65%。关联分析表明,不同地下水特征指标与土壤表层盐分含量的密切程度不同,同一特征指标与土壤表层盐分含量的密切程度在不同时期间差异显著,总体而言,土壤表层积盐与地下水电导率、Na+、Cl-的关系较为密切,与p H、CO32-和HCO3-之间的关系较弱。在防治土壤盐渍化中,应当加强对地下水电导率、Na+、Cl-的控制与管理。     

Soil salinity development in the yellow river delta in relation to groundwater dynamics

The Yellow River Delta occupies an important position in the global ecosystem because of its valuable wetland habitat resources for migratory birds on the Eastern Pacific migration route. However, it has suffered from severe land degradation because of soil salinization. This paper assesses the distribution maps of saline soils during the past two decades, using field observations at three points in time using remote sensing images for the same periods, in combination with spatial models. Soil salinization appears to have expanded from the coastline to inland areas of the Yelow River Delta at a surprising speed during that period. The spatio‐temporal dynamics of the groundwater table and total dissolved solids (TDS) during the last 20 years were analyzed using maps based on Kriging interpolation. Kriging helped substantially to improve the accurateness of the predicted values of soil salt content, using a random subsample of the observation points as validation basis. Correlation analysis of the spatial data revealed that the distribution and evolution of saline soils are closely related to the dynamics of groundwater: the aggravation of soil salinization is associated with a rising groundwater table and increasing TDS. Insufficient recharge of the groundwater with fresh surface water due to reduced Yellow River discharge and subsequent seawater intrusion are therefore serious environmental problems in the Yellow River Delta ecosystem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.