2005-2018年黄河三角洲景观格局脆弱性的时空变化规律

[目的] 研究黄河三角洲景观最适宜分析粒度、尺度,并进行景观格局脆弱性演变规律分析,为土地资源的可持续利用和生态环境建设提供理论依据。[方法] 以2005,2012,2018年3个时期的Landsat遥感影像为数据源,运用景观格局指数法、变异系数法从景观水平和类型水平两个角度确定研究区最佳空间分析粒度;运用网格法和地统计方法,确定最佳空间分析尺度;在此基础上计算3个年份黄河三角洲景观格局脆弱度指数,并分析其时空演变及空间关联特征。[结果] ①2005—2012年和2012—2018年两个研究时段内,黄河三角洲建设用地（10.1%,10.0%）、未利用地（-7.7%,-9.4%）动态度较大;②黄河三角洲最适宜景观分析粒度为220 m;最适宜景观分析尺度为3 km×3 km;③景观格局脆弱性从沿海到内陆逐渐增加,高脆弱区主要分布在北部和东部沿海处,低脆弱区广泛分布于中部和西南部;④Moran’s I系数逐年升高,2005,2012,2018年分别为0.354,0.365,0.399,空间聚集效应日益明显。[结论] 研究时段内黄河三角洲景观格局脆弱性有逐渐恶化趋势,且空间上的差异较为显著。     

西南科技大学城市学院校园景观格局分析

运用景观格局分析方法,针对西南科技大学城市学院景观空间格局现状情况展开定量评价研究。根据校园现状,将其分为教学办公区、生活服务区、体育运动区、游憩休闲区,借助测量和设计软件对四大功能分区的各类景观斑块进行数据采集与调研分析,并从各分区的最大斑块指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数等方面评价校园景观空间格局。     

基于景观格局的干旱区绿洲生态风险评价与管理——以青铜峡市为例

干旱区绿洲抗干扰能力弱,开展其生态风险评价具有的重要意义。以景观生态学理论为指导,选取青铜峡市作为研究对象,采用三期遥感数据,运用景观格局指数评估生态风险,并对生态风险指数进行空间化,绘制研究区2006年、2010年、2016年的生态风险空间分布图。在此基础上,结合空间统计法分析了研究区生态风险的聚集模式。结果表明:(1)研究期间,青铜峡市景观格局变化明显。耕地、水域和未利用土地的景观破碎度增加,大斑块破碎化趋势明显,区域的景观稳定性降低。景观格局指数的空间分布显示景观破碎度、损失度较高区分布在人口和经济活动聚集的绿洲核心区。(2)研究区的生态风险时空变化差异较大。其中高风险区面积减少最为显著,并随着风险等级之间的转换,中等风险区成为研究区的主要风险类型。生态风险呈现缓和趋势。(3)研究区的生态风险存在显著空间正相关,"低低"和"高高"聚集是主要的生态风险聚集模式,低值为高值包围或高值为低值包围的空间孤立点表现不显著,高低风险之间严重分化是研究区亟待解决的问题。     

淮河流域上游山丘区景观格局动态变化研究

采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,在ArcGIS 9.2和景观卒间格局分析软件Fragstats 3.3的支持下,运用叠加分析(overlay)和景观的空间格局指数方法对淮河上游山丘区1990年、1995年和2000年3期的土地利用景观空间格局及其动态变化进行系统的分析研究,探讨其景观格局变化与相应生态过程之间的关系.结果表明:(1)1990-2000年的10 a问,研究区景观结构总体未发生重大变化.(2)10 a间,研究Ⅸ内平原区水田景观类型向平原区旱地、林地和农村居民点用地景观类型转化的趋势显著.(3)10 a间,研究区整体景观异质性上升,斑块趋向离散,连接性下降.(4)研究区后5 a部分面积优势景观类型较前5 a的破碎化程度均有减弱,斑块聚集度增加且连接性变强.(5)研究区生态系统结构和功能处于"局部改善、整体恶化"状态.     

闽江下游地区景观空间格局及其变化

以闽江下游地区为研究实例,运用景观生态学的基本理论与方法,在ARC/INFO和ENVI系统的支持下,选取多样性指数、均匀度、优势度、分离度、破碎化指数和分维数等指标,对该区的景观空间格局进行分析,并分析了1995～2000年期间研究区的景观动态变化情况。     

基于最佳粒度的生态移民安置区土地利用景观格局分析——以宁夏红寺堡区为例

以宁夏红寺堡区为例,采用2015年遥感影像,综合运用遥感、GIS手段、景观指数法等多种研究方法,从景观的要素构成及景观形态、不同景观的空间关系和景观空间构型4个方面来研究了景观格局的粒度变化效应,并确定了最佳粒度值,根据最佳粒度进行了研究区景观格局分析。结果表明:粒度与景观指数都具有相关性且粒度与部分景观指数拟合效果较好,确定最佳粒度为80m;草地为研究区主要景观类型且草地景观优势明显,占景观总面积的61.8%,是基质景观;研究区耕地和林地景观分布较为均匀;景观形状指数为31.229,分维数为1.040 1,表明景观整体主要由团聚的大斑块组成,形状复杂程度适中,蔓延度指数为65.254 7,表明破碎化程度不高,稳定性较差,不利于土地利用景观格局现状的维持。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同地貌类型土地利用景观格局

地貌是自然地理环境的重要要素之一,对土地利用景观格局具有深刻的影响。以陕西省安塞县为例,依据景观生态学原理,运用ArcGIS软件,对不同地貌类型下的土地利用景观格局进行了分析研究。结果表明,不同地貌区景观类型组合不相同,不同景观类型在同一地貌区内的格局特征大不一样,同一景观类型在不同地貌区的空间格局也有明显差异。河谷阶地区景观的空间异质化程度高,多样性和均匀度指数大,黄土梁涧区次之;黄土峁状丘陵区以草地作为本底,其他景观要素镶嵌于这一本底,优势度高;黄土梁峁丘陵区形状最复杂,斑块凸起多,形状不规整,斑块间大小差异十分明显。     

宁夏中部干旱带农业景观格局变化研究

选择宁夏中部干旱带为研究区域,基于RS和GIS技术,运用人机交互目视解译方法对1987年、1996年、2005年和2011年的遥感影像进行解译分类,获得宁夏中部干旱带1987—2011年的农业景观解译分类专题图,采用Fragstats软件栅格版进行研究区农业景观格局指数的计算,在此基础上分析了研究区农业景观格局的变化特征。结果表明:研究区各类农业景观变化较明显,1987—1996年间,各景观类型斑块数增加,平均斑块面积减小,斑块密度变大,破碎化明显,而在2005年之后,朝着改善的方向发展。景观聚集度整体持续下降,表明景观中各种类型的斑块在空间的分布出现了均衡化,多样性和均匀性指数整体平稳增加,反映出研究区不同类型的农业景观的分配相对均匀,景观的异质性增加。     

巢湖水陆交错带土地利用景观格局梯度分析

通过解译巢湖水陆交错带2013年Landsat 8遥感影像,提取土地利用类型信息,运用景观格局指数和地理空间插值法分析研究区的景观格局特征。在景观格局分析基础上选择代表性样带,应用移动缓冲带法对景观梯度变化进行研究,以期为巢湖水陆交错带的土地利用、生态环境保护和景观优化提供参考。结果表明:景观破碎度、景观多样性在空间分布及梯度变化上表现出较高的区域分布一致性,即二者的高值、低值分布区相匹配。景观优势度在不同特征的样带内表现出不同的变化特点,其变化不仅受斑块面积的影响,用地布局对其影响更大。景观连通性在各个样带内均较高,各景观类型的斑块内部之间连接紧密。     

松嫩平原西部土地整理区景观格局指数的粒度效应研究

以松嫩平原西部大安市土地整理项目区为研究区,基于大安市土地整理前（2008年）1∶10 000土地利用现状图和土地整理后（2014年）项目区1∶10 000土地整理规划设计图,运用GIS技术绘制研究区土地整理景观类型图。运用Fragstats软件分别计算2种不同空间幅度土地整理区整理前后的景观格局指数,选取10个能综合反映土地整理景观格局特征的景观指数,在5～300 m之间的21个粒度范围内分析景观格局指数的粒度效应,并使用数学模型对景观格局指数随粒度增加的变化趋势进行曲线拟合。结果表明:景观格局指数随粒度增加呈现单调上升或下降、先上升后下降和无规律变化3种变化趋势;不同空间幅度下部分景观格局指数粒度效应的转折点存在差异,土地整理前后部分景观格局指数随粒度增加而变化的敏感性不同;斑块数量、斑块密度、最大斑块指数等8个指数能用数学模型很好的拟合,斑块面积方差和Shannon多样性指数拟合效果并不理想,斑块数量、斑块密度、最大斑块指数、斑块面积方差和景观形状指数整理后的拟合效果优于整理前;大安市土地整理项目区景观格局分析的适宜粒度为15～35 m。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.