2005-2018年黄河三角洲景观格局脆弱性的时空变化规律

[目的] 研究黄河三角洲景观最适宜分析粒度、尺度,并进行景观格局脆弱性演变规律分析,为土地资源的可持续利用和生态环境建设提供理论依据。[方法] 以2005,2012,2018年3个时期的Landsat遥感影像为数据源,运用景观格局指数法、变异系数法从景观水平和类型水平两个角度确定研究区最佳空间分析粒度;运用网格法和地统计方法,确定最佳空间分析尺度;在此基础上计算3个年份黄河三角洲景观格局脆弱度指数,并分析其时空演变及空间关联特征。[结果] ①2005—2012年和2012—2018年两个研究时段内,黄河三角洲建设用地（10.1%,10.0%）、未利用地（-7.7%,-9.4%）动态度较大;②黄河三角洲最适宜景观分析粒度为220 m;最适宜景观分析尺度为3 km×3 km;③景观格局脆弱性从沿海到内陆逐渐增加,高脆弱区主要分布在北部和东部沿海处,低脆弱区广泛分布于中部和西南部;④Moran’s I系数逐年升高,2005,2012,2018年分别为0.354,0.365,0.399,空间聚集效应日益明显。[结论] 研究时段内黄河三角洲景观格局脆弱性有逐渐恶化趋势,且空间上的差异较为显著。     

西南科技大学城市学院校园景观格局分析

运用景观格局分析方法,针对西南科技大学城市学院景观空间格局现状情况展开定量评价研究。根据校园现状,将其分为教学办公区、生活服务区、体育运动区、游憩休闲区,借助测量和设计软件对四大功能分区的各类景观斑块进行数据采集与调研分析,并从各分区的最大斑块指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数等方面评价校园景观空间格局。     

基于景观格局的干旱区绿洲生态风险评价与管理——以青铜峡市为例

干旱区绿洲抗干扰能力弱,开展其生态风险评价具有的重要意义。以景观生态学理论为指导,选取青铜峡市作为研究对象,采用三期遥感数据,运用景观格局指数评估生态风险,并对生态风险指数进行空间化,绘制研究区2006年、2010年、2016年的生态风险空间分布图。在此基础上,结合空间统计法分析了研究区生态风险的聚集模式。结果表明:(1)研究期间,青铜峡市景观格局变化明显。耕地、水域和未利用土地的景观破碎度增加,大斑块破碎化趋势明显,区域的景观稳定性降低。景观格局指数的空间分布显示景观破碎度、损失度较高区分布在人口和经济活动聚集的绿洲核心区。(2)研究区的生态风险时空变化差异较大。其中高风险区面积减少最为显著,并随着风险等级之间的转换,中等风险区成为研究区的主要风险类型。生态风险呈现缓和趋势。(3)研究区的生态风险存在显著空间正相关,"低低"和"高高"聚集是主要的生态风险聚集模式,低值为高值包围或高值为低值包围的空间孤立点表现不显著,高低风险之间严重分化是研究区亟待解决的问题。     

淮河流域上游山丘区景观格局动态变化研究

采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,在ArcGIS 9.2和景观卒间格局分析软件Fragstats 3.3的支持下,运用叠加分析(overlay)和景观的空间格局指数方法对淮河上游山丘区1990年、1995年和2000年3期的土地利用景观空间格局及其动态变化进行系统的分析研究,探讨其景观格局变化与相应生态过程之间的关系.结果表明:(1)1990-2000年的10 a问,研究区景观结构总体未发生重大变化.(2)10 a间,研究Ⅸ内平原区水田景观类型向平原区旱地、林地和农村居民点用地景观类型转化的趋势显著.(3)10 a间,研究区整体景观异质性上升,斑块趋向离散,连接性下降.(4)研究区后5 a部分面积优势景观类型较前5 a的破碎化程度均有减弱,斑块聚集度增加且连接性变强.(5)研究区生态系统结构和功能处于"局部改善、整体恶化"状态.     

基于最佳粒度的生态移民安置区土地利用景观格局分析——以宁夏红寺堡区为例

以宁夏红寺堡区为例,采用2015年遥感影像,综合运用遥感、GIS手段、景观指数法等多种研究方法,从景观的要素构成及景观形态、不同景观的空间关系和景观空间构型4个方面来研究了景观格局的粒度变化效应,并确定了最佳粒度值,根据最佳粒度进行了研究区景观格局分析。结果表明:粒度与景观指数都具有相关性且粒度与部分景观指数拟合效果较好,确定最佳粒度为80m;草地为研究区主要景观类型且草地景观优势明显,占景观总面积的61.8%,是基质景观;研究区耕地和林地景观分布较为均匀;景观形状指数为31.229,分维数为1.040 1,表明景观整体主要由团聚的大斑块组成,形状复杂程度适中,蔓延度指数为65.254 7,表明破碎化程度不高,稳定性较差,不利于土地利用景观格局现状的维持。     

闽江下游地区景观空间格局及其变化

以闽江下游地区为研究实例,运用景观生态学的基本理论与方法,在ARC／INFO和ENVI系统的支持下,选取多样性指数,均匀度,优势度,分离度,破碎化指数和分维数等指标,对该区的景观空间格局进行分析,并分析了1995－2000年期间研究区的景观动态变化情况。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同地貌类型土地利用景观格局

地貌是自然地理环境的重要要素之一,对土地利用景观格局具有深刻的影响。以陕西省安塞县为例,依据景观生态学原理,运用ArcGIS软件,对不同地貌类型下的土地利用景观格局进行了分析研究。结果表明,不同地貌区景观类型组合不相同,不同景观类型在同一地貌区内的格局特征大不一样,同一景观类型在不同地貌区的空间格局也有明显差异。河谷阶地区景观的空间异质化程度高,多样性和均匀度指数大,黄土梁涧区次之;黄土峁状丘陵区以草地作为本底,其他景观要素镶嵌于这一本底,优势度高;黄土梁峁丘陵区形状最复杂,斑块凸起多,形状不规整,斑块间大小差异十分明显。     

宁夏中部干旱带农业景观格局变化研究

选择宁夏中部干旱带为研究区域,基于RS和GIS技术,运用人机交互目视解译方法对1987年、1996年、2005年和2011年的遥感影像进行解译分类,获得宁夏中部干旱带1987—2011年的农业景观解译分类专题图,采用Fragstats软件栅格版进行研究区农业景观格局指数的计算,在此基础上分析了研究区农业景观格局的变化特征。结果表明:研究区各类农业景观变化较明显,1987—1996年间,各景观类型斑块数增加,平均斑块面积减小,斑块密度变大,破碎化明显,而在2005年之后,朝着改善的方向发展。景观聚集度整体持续下降,表明景观中各种类型的斑块在空间的分布出现了均衡化,多样性和均匀性指数整体平稳增加,反映出研究区不同类型的农业景观的分配相对均匀,景观的异质性增加。     

巢湖水陆交错带土地利用景观格局梯度分析

通过解译巢湖水陆交错带2013年Landsat 8遥感影像,提取土地利用类型信息,运用景观格局指数和地理空间插值法分析研究区的景观格局特征。在景观格局分析基础上选择代表性样带,应用移动缓冲带法对景观梯度变化进行研究,以期为巢湖水陆交错带的土地利用、生态环境保护和景观优化提供参考。结果表明:景观破碎度、景观多样性在空间分布及梯度变化上表现出较高的区域分布一致性,即二者的高值、低值分布区相匹配。景观优势度在不同特征的样带内表现出不同的变化特点,其变化不仅受斑块面积的影响,用地布局对其影响更大。景观连通性在各个样带内均较高,各景观类型的斑块内部之间连接紧密。     

松嫩平原西部土地整理区景观格局指数的粒度效应研究

以松嫩平原西部大安市土地整理项目区为研究区,基于大安市土地整理前（2008年）1∶10 000土地利用现状图和土地整理后（2014年）项目区1∶10 000土地整理规划设计图,运用GIS技术绘制研究区土地整理景观类型图。运用Fragstats软件分别计算2种不同空间幅度土地整理区整理前后的景观格局指数,选取10个能综合反映土地整理景观格局特征的景观指数,在5～300 m之间的21个粒度范围内分析景观格局指数的粒度效应,并使用数学模型对景观格局指数随粒度增加的变化趋势进行曲线拟合。结果表明:景观格局指数随粒度增加呈现单调上升或下降、先上升后下降和无规律变化3种变化趋势;不同空间幅度下部分景观格局指数粒度效应的转折点存在差异,土地整理前后部分景观格局指数随粒度增加而变化的敏感性不同;斑块数量、斑块密度、最大斑块指数等8个指数能用数学模型很好的拟合,斑块面积方差和Shannon多样性指数拟合效果并不理想,斑块数量、斑块密度、最大斑块指数、斑块面积方差和景观形状指数整理后的拟合效果优于整理前;大安市土地整理项目区景观格局分析的适宜粒度为15～35 m。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.