福建省碳储量时空特征及其对土地利用变化的响应

[目的] 研究福建省生态系统碳储量及其对土地利用变化的响应,为生态系统保护提供参考。[方法] 基于土地利用数据和碳密度数据,运用InVEST模型模拟福建省1980,2000,2020年碳储量;利用冷热点分布、转移图谱和矩阵分析碳储量和土地利用的时空特征;最后分析碳储量对土地利用变化的响应。[结果] ①福建省碳储量整体均较高,82.5%以上区域的碳储量为中等以上(＞3 000 t),主要分布在山地丘陵地区,也是高碳储量的热点集中区;高(热点)低(冷点)碳储量集中区转移较少;1980—2020年总碳储量波动略升高,2000—2020年不同碳储量等级彼此之间转移相对较多。②福建省土地利用/覆被以林地为主(61.4%~62.9%),其次是耕地(16.9%~18.3%)和草地(15.2%~17.2%);土地利用/覆被变化在1980—2000年较稳定,在2000—2020年较剧烈。③林地、草地和耕地的总碳储量较高,水域、建设用地和未利用地总碳储量较少;耕地总碳储量减少,建设用地总碳储量增加,林地和草地有增加也有减少;由土地利用/覆被变化导致的总碳储量转出和转入最多均为林地,其次是草地和耕地;总碳储量净转移为负的是林地,其他为正,林地转移引起的碳亏损最多。[结论] 耕地、林地和草地是福建省的主要土地利用类型,它们贡献了较高碳储量,并相互转移引起了碳储量变化。     

天津市滨海新区1979-2013年土地利用及土壤有机碳储量空间变化

[目的]分析土地利用变化对土壤有机碳分布的影响，为科学评估区域生态系统碳储量的变化提供依据。[方法]利用遥感影像获取滨海新区1979与2013年土地利用变化数据，针对不同土地利用类型均匀布设样点采集2013年表层土壤，试验监测土壤有机碳含量。结合第二次土壤调查数据，计算分析研究区1979—2013年土壤有机碳储量的变化及其空间分布变化。[结果]研究期内土地利用变化明显，耕地、滩涂、未利用地等土地利用类型大量转变为建设用地，同时土壤有机碳密度和储量均相应降低，其中土壤有机碳储量从1979年的1．23×107 t 减少到2013年的9．97×106 t 。[结论]随着人类对土地利用程度的加强，碳储量空间分布由高碳储量分布为主转变为低碳储量分布为主的碳储量分布格局。     

海南岛海岸带土地利用变化及其对碳储量时空演变的影响

[目的] 预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化(land use and land cover change,LULCC)及其对生态系统碳储量的影响,为区域土地利用决策和碳管理提供科学依据。[方法] 基于30 m分辨率的海南岛1990,2000,2010,2020年土地利用遥感解译数据,运用ArcGIS与InVEST模型,探究土地利用时空演变及碳储量响应状况,并引入GeoSOS-FLUS模型预测研究区2030年土地利用多情景变化特征及其对未来不同情景下生态系统碳储量的影响机制。[结果] ①1990—2020年研究区耕地、林地、草地和未利用地面积减少,水域和建设用地面积增加。未利用地和耕地面积持续减少,建设用地面积持续增加。②30 a间LULCC导致区域碳储量持续减少,达到1.50×10⁶ t且年变化率为5.00×10⁴ t/a。建设用地的大肆扩张及林地退化是导致碳储量下降的重要原因,“未利用地→草地”为碳储量增加中最明显的图谱变化,“草地→林地(人工林地)”是碳储量减少中最显著的图谱变化。③2020—2030年的3种预测情景中,林地仅在生态优先情景下得到了有效保护,且面积增加了11.91 km²。建设用地在3种预测情景中均呈现不同程度扩张态势,且发展优先情景涨幅最大。[结论] 海南岛大面积高碳密度的天然草地转换为低碳密度的人工林地,高碳区转变为低碳区,区域固碳能力削弱。应采取提高林地、草地等地类比重等一系列的土地利用调控政策,加大区域碳源向碳汇转换的优化发展。     

东北典型黑土区表层土壤有机碳储量及适宜样本容量

为了对典型黑土区土壤碳库有更加清晰与深刻的认识,并为其他地区土壤碳储量调查研究提供参考,利用典型黑土区2003—2004年收集的209个样点的实测数据,估算黑土区表层土壤平均有机碳密度及储量,研究碳密度的影响因素,探讨碳储量估算中的适宜样本容量。结果表明:(1)典型黑土区表层土壤有机碳平均密度为(5.75±0.33)kg/m~2,有机碳储量为(523.82±30.06)Tg。(2)表层土壤有机碳密度受气候、地貌、坡度、土壤类型和土地利用类型的影响。土壤碳密度与气温呈反比,与降水量呈正比;碳密度坡脚坡中下部坡上部坡顶宽谷平地;当坡度≥3°时,碳密度随坡度增加呈减小趋势;黑土、草甸土和黑钙土的碳密度小于暗棕壤和沼泽土;林地和草地碳密度大于农地。(3)在95%的置信度下,本研究对典型黑土区土壤有机碳储量的估算误差约为5%;要使估算误差分别为1%和10%,则所需样本容量分别为5 549和56。     

土地利用和管理方式对农牧交错带土壤碳密度的影响

为研究农牧交错区土地利用和管理方式对土壤碳库的影响,以农牧交错区未扰动自然土壤的天然草地和扰动自然土壤的开垦农田为研究对象,测定了不同土地利用和管理方式下0～50 cm土层的土壤体积质量、土壤有机碳含量及土壤有机碳密度。结果表明,5种土地利用和管理方式下的土壤有机碳密度在8.21～11.30 kg/m2之间,土壤有机碳主要分布在土壤表层,随着土层深度增加,土壤有机碳含量和密度减小。未扰动自然土壤的天然草地,0～50 cm的土壤有机碳含量及碳密度高于扰动自然土壤的开垦农田及撂荒地,以草地围封刈割利用下的土壤有机碳密度最高,草地自由放牧利用下的土壤有机碳密度最低。扰动自然土壤的农田撂荒10 a后与开垦农田相比,0～50 cm土层的有机碳含量及碳密度显著提高。土地利用及管理方式的变化改变了土壤体积质量及土壤有机碳含量,进而影响了土壤有机碳密度。围封割草或控制放牧,是适宜农牧交错区增加生态系统土壤碳贮量的利用途径。     

基于GIS的三江平原表层土壤有机碳储量估算及空间分布研究

[目的]研究三江平原2010年表层(0—30cm)土壤有机碳储量空间分布规律和不同土地利用类型对有机碳空间分布的影响。[方法]采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法。[结果](1)2010年三江平原表层土壤有机碳总储量为1161.28Tg;(2)表层土壤有机碳空间分布变异性较大,中部和西南地区较低,东北、西北、东南地区较高;(3)不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳密度和储量有所不同,旱地表层土壤有机碳储量最大,为412.10Tg,草地最小,表层土壤有机碳储量为2.31Tg;(4)不同植被类型表层土壤有机碳密度大小顺序为:沼泽湿地林地草地水田旱地,沼泽湿地表层土壤有机碳密度为147.84Mg/hm2。[结论]三江平原土壤有机碳密度空间分布存在较大的分异性,土壤有机碳密度的空间分布特征受土地利用类型分布的影响。     

贵州省黎平县地表覆被变化引起的生态系统碳储量变化

[目的]对贵州省黎平县地表覆被变化引起的生态系统碳储量变化进行评估,为区域碳源和碳汇管理及"大生态"发展目标提供科学依据。[方法]基于黎平县2005,2010和2015年3期土地利用数据,结合CA-Markov模型和InVEST模型碳储量模块,在对土地利用变化趋势进行分析的基础上定量评估了研究区2005—2025年生态系统固碳能力。[结果]①2005—2015年,黎平县耕地、林地、未利用地呈减少趋势,草地、建设用地、水域呈增加趋势。②2015—2025年土地利用整体变化趋势与2005—2015年一致但幅度增大。耕地由2005—2015年的降幅2.37%到2015—2025年的增幅4.21%,整体趋势发生转变;③2015年黎平县生态系统总碳储量和平均碳密度分别为9.12×10~7 t和206.61 t/hm~2。自2005年以来分别下降2.00×10~5 t和0.45 t/hm~2。2025年黎平县碳储量和平均碳密度分别为8.98×10~7 t和203.44 t/hm~2。[结论]黎平县生态系统固碳能力呈减弱趋势,林地的大面积转出和建设用地的扩张是碳储量下降的直接原因,未来应加强对土地利用结构的优化。     

不同土地利用对表层土壤有机碳密度的影响

采用第二次土壤普查资料,研究了安徽省不同土地类型表层土壤的有机碳密度和碳库的特点。结果表明,安徽省平均有机碳密度为(31.64±16.39)tC/hm2,林地土壤表层有机碳密度高于全省表层土壤平均有机碳密度,旱作土壤表层有机碳密度则低于全省平均值。有机碳密度的大小顺序为:林地>水稻土耕层>旱地。安徽省表层土壤有机碳储量分布也表现为:林地>水稻土>旱地。表层土壤有机碳总量达0.28 Pg,其中林地占50%,水稻土占23%,而旱地只占18%。因此,人为利用特点是区域土壤碳库和碳密度的主要影响因素。分析表明:林地、水稻土和旱作土壤表层有机碳量与总氮之间的相关系数(R2)均大于0.78,农田土壤粘粒含量与土壤有机碳固定也有一定关系。     

新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤养分及活性有机碳组分研究

土壤有机碳及其组分是土壤质量的重要指标,在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。通过对我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同土地利用类型土壤养分及有机碳组分。结果表明:新疆艾比湖不同土地利用类型土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用类型对土壤养分具有较大影响,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地草地耕地未利用地,而不同土地利用类型土壤全磷差异并不显著(p0.05)。不同土地利用类型土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地耕地草地未利用地。林地和草地EOC/SOC比例显著低于耕地和未利用地,说明林地和草地转变成耕地降低了土壤有机碳的稳定性;微生物商(MBC/SOC)基本表现为耕地林地草地未利用地,其中耕地和林地土壤MBC/SOC比例差异不显著(p0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤活性有机碳各组分与SOC,TN,TK均具有极显著相关性关系,并且不同土地利用类型土壤EOC,POC,LFOC,WSOC和MBC含量之间均具有极显著相关性(p0.05),说明土壤活性有机碳很大程度上依赖于有机碳含量,活性有机碳各组分之间相互影响和密切联系,其中SOC,TN和TK是不同土地利用类型土壤活性有机碳变化的重要影响因子。     

大理河流域退耕还林工程对生态系统服务功能的影响

以大理河流域为研究区,应用InVEST生态系统服务功能评估模型,结合1980年、1985年、1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年该流域的土地利用/土地覆被资料,定量评价了退耕还林工程对碳储量、土壤保持和水源涵养生态服务功能的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区30年间土地利用/土地覆被情况变化显著,其中林地和建设用地面积分别增加了31.52,0.65km~2,耕地、草地和水域的面积分别减少了2.49,27.32,2.36km~2;(2)研究区30年间碳储量值略有增加,不同土地利用类型碳储存能力从大到小的排序分别为林地草地耕地;(3)研究区30年间土壤保持量整体上以增加为主,耕地土壤保持能力明显低于林地和草地;(4)研究区30年间水源涵养量略有减少,不同土地利用/土地覆被类型的水源涵养量各有不同,且与当年降雨量关系密切。本研究通过对大理河流域生态系统服务功能进行评估,获得了研究区退耕还林工程的生态效果,可以为日后生态规划提供科学依据。     

Soil organic carbon distribution in relation to land use and its storage in a small watershed of the Loess Plateau, China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component in agricultural soil, and its stock is a major part of global carbon stocks. Estimating the SOC distribution and storage is important for improving soil quality and SOC sequestration. This study evaluated the SOC distribution different land uses and estimated the SOC storage by classifying the study area by land use in a small watershed on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the SOC content and density were affected by land use. The SOC content for shrubland and natural grassland was significantly higher than for other land uses, and cropland had the lowest SOC content. The effect of land use on the SOC content was more significant in the 0-10 cm soil layer than in other soil layers. For every type of land use, the SOC content decreased with soil depth. The highest SOC density (0-60 cm) in the study area was found in shrublandII (Hippophae rhamnoides), and the other land uses decreased in the SOC density as follows: natural grassland > shrublandI (Caragana korshinskii) > abandoned cropland > orchard > level ground cropland > terrace cropland > artificial grassland. Shrubland and natural grassland were the most efficient types for SOC sequestration, followed by abandoned cropland. The SOC stock (0-60 cm) in this study was 23,584.77 t with a mean SOC density of 4.64 (0-60 cm).     

Variations of Soil Organic Carbon Following Land Use Change on Deep‐Loess Hillsopes in China

Land use change is a key factor driving changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) around the world. However, the changes in SOC following land use changes have not been fully elucidated, especially for deep soils (>100 cm). Thus, we investigated the variations of SOC under different land uses (cropland, jujube orchard, 7‐year‐old grassland and 30‐year‐old grassland) on hillslopes in the Yuanzegou watershed of the Loess Plateau in China based on soil datasets related to soils within the 0–100 cm. Furthermore, we quantified the contribution of deep‐layer SOC (200–1,800 cm) to that of whole soil profiles based on soil datasets within the 0–1,800 cm. The results showed that in shallow profiles (0–100 cm), land uses significantly (p  < 0·05) influenced the distribution of SOC contents and stocks in surface layer (0–20 cm) but not subsurface layers (20–100 cm). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil texture fractions and total N were significantly (p  < 0·05 or 0·01) correlated with SOC content, which may have masked effects of land use change on SOC. In deep profiles (0–1,800 cm), SOC stock generally decreased with soil depth. But deep soils showed high SOC sequestration capacity. The SOC accumulated in the 100–1,800 m equalled 90·6%, 91·6%, 87·5% and 88·6% of amounts in the top 100 cm under cropland, 7‐year‐old grassland, 30‐year‐old grassland and jujube orchard, respectively. The results provide insights into SOC dynamics following land use changes and stressed the importance of deep‐layer SOC in estimating SOC inventory in deep loess soils. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Conversion of cropland into grassland: Implications for soil organic‐carbon stocks in two soils with different texture

Soil organic‐carbon (SOC) stocks are expected to increase after conversion of cropland into grassland. Two adjacent cropland and grassland sites—one with a Vertisol with 23 y after conversion and one with an Arenosol 29 y after conversion—were sampled down to 60 cm depth. Concentrations of SOC and total nitrogen (N_tot) were measured before and after density fractionation in two light fractions and a mineral‐associated fraction with C adsorbed on mineral surfaces. For the soil profiles, SOC stocks and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) concentrations of mineral associated C were determined. Carbon stocks and mineral‐associated SOC concentrations were increased in the upper 10 cm of the grassland soil compared to the cropland. This corresponded to the root‐biomass distribution, with 59% and 86% of the total root biomass at 0–5 cm soil depth of the grasslands. However, at the Arenosol site, at 10–20 cm depth, C in the mineral‐associated fraction was lost 29 y after the conversion into grassland. Over all, SOC stocks were not significantly different between grassland and cropland at both sites when the whole profile was taken into account. At the Arenosol site, the impact of land‐use conversion on SOC accumulation was limited by low total clay surface area available for C stabilization. Subsoil C (30–50 cm) at cropland of the Vertisol site comprised 32% of the total SOC stocks with high ¹⁴C concentrations below the plowing horizon. We concluded that fresh C was effectively translocated into the subsoil. Thus, subsoil C has to be taken into account when land‐use change effects on SOC are assessed.     

土地利用方式和地形对半干旱区土壤有机碳含量的影响

以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,以实地调查数据为基础,结合土地利用方式与地形的变化,对敖汉旗0～100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的空间分布特征进行了研究,旨在对地区碳储量的估算和科学利用土地资源起到积极的借鉴作用。结果表明,敖汉旗土壤有机碳含量在0～100 cm深度的土壤剖面内的变化范围为0.23～20.71 g/kg,主要集中在40 cm以上土层,且随着土层深度的增加土壤有机碳平均含量逐渐降低;各土地利用方式下土壤有机碳含量均表现为:林地农地草地。土壤有机碳含量主要富集在高海拔区的平缓地段;受土壤侵蚀的影响,当坡度10°后,不同土地利用类型的有机碳含量均显著降低。     

黄土高原半干旱区不同土地利用下的土壤有机碳、碳组分和土壤营养

Cropland (CP), native grassland (NG) and two shrub land treatments which were converted from cropland in 1985:seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ) (ST), and branchytamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima) (BT) were investigated to evaluate effects of land use conversion on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nutrients in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau of China. Total organic carbon (TOC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC), total N (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), total P, and available P (AP) were measured. The results showed that SOC in NG, ST and BT were 12.7%, 27.7% and 34.8% higher than that of the cropland, respectively. LFOC, light fraction (LF) dry matter, ratio of TOC to TN (C/N) and the ratio of TOC to AP (C/P) were higher in the shrub land or native grassland than in the cropland. Cropland had the highest TN, the sum of NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N, TP and AP due to the use of chemical fertilizers. TOC significantly correlated with LFOC, HFOC and C/N. LFOC significantly correlated with dry matter of the LF and C/N. TN, the sum of NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N and AP were significantly negatively correlated with TOC and LFOC. Therefore, land use conversion from cropland to shrub land, or maybe grassland, contributed to SOC sequestration and improved soil nutrients stabilization.     

Do tillage and conversion of grassland to cropland always deplete soil organic carbon?

ABSTRACT

Conversion of grassland to cropland is widely reported to deplete soil organic carbon (SOC) largely due to tillage effects on the decomposition of SOC. However, most studies report on long-term changes in SOC following the conversion and little is known about the changes in the short term. Net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) measures the difference between total C input (i.e., manure, above- and below-ground plant residues) and C loss through heterotrophic respiration (RH). However, most studies that report temporal SOC do not report other components of the NECB like RH, total C inputs and often do not include the cumulative annualized change of these components. This review evaluated the change in C input, RH, NECB and SOC after conversion of permanent/continuous grassland to cropland within 5 years after the conversion. We also reviewed and compared no-tillage and conventional tillage on SOC storage and accumulation. Total C input was higher in grassland than cropland largely due to high root biomass, as opposed to aboveground residue, and therefore grassland tended to have higher NECB. Despite higher NECB in grassland, the SOC stocks in cropland (cornfield) converted from grassland were greater than that in continuous grassland within first 2–3 years of conversion. The combination of manure C addition and tillage in cropland showed potential to maintain NECB and increase SOC. Within the continuous grassland C addition alone increased NECB but did not result in a corresponding increase in SOC. Residue retention and manure addition are recognized as good practices for increasing SOC, this study however, shows that combining them with occasional tillage, especially in managed grasslands, could increase the rate of SOC storage in soils.     

Consequences of feasible future agricultural land‐use change on soil organic carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in Great Britain

The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of feasible land‐use change in Great Britain on GHG emissions mainly through the gain or loss of soil organic carbon. We use estimates of per‐area changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, coupled with Great Britain (GB) county‐level scenarios of land‐use change based on historical land‐use patterns or feasible futures to estimate the impact of potential land‐use change between agricultural land‐uses. We consider transitions between cropland, temporary grassland (<5 yr under grass), permanent grass (>5 yr under grass) and forest. We show that reversion to historical land‐use patterns as present in 1930 could result in GHG emission reductions of up to ca. 11 Mt CO₂‐eq./yr (relative to a 2004 baseline), because of an increased permanent grassland area. By contrast, cultivation of 20% of the current (2004) permanent grassland area for crop production could result in GHG emission increases of up to ca. 14 Mt CO₂‐eq./yr. We conclude that whilst change between agricultural land‐uses (transitions between permanent and temporary grassland and cropland) in GB is likely to be a limited option for GHG mitigation, external factors such as agricultural product commodity markets could influence future land‐use. Such agricultural land‐use change in GB could have significant impacts on Land‐use, Land‐Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) emissions, with relatively small changes in land‐use (e.g. 5% plough out of grassland to cropland, or reversion of cropland to the grassland cover in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones of 1998) having an impact on GHG emissions of a similar order of magnitude as the current United Kingdom LULUCF sink. In terms of total UK GHG emissions, however, even the most extreme feasible land‐use change scenarios account for ca. 2% of current national GHG emissions.     

Response of soil properties and C dynamics to land-use change in the west of Loess Plateau

Land-use change (LUC) is widely considered a major factor that affects soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. The impacts of four LUC types on soil properties, SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC) and labile organic carbon (LOC) at the 0–100 cm depth were examined in the west of Loess Plateau, northwest China. Bulk density at the 20–40 cm depth increased significantly after native grassland conversion to cropland, while artificial grassland establishment and abandonment on former cropland caused reverse change. Soil water content in the profile increased 60–230% after cultivation and decreased 32–49% after abandonment (p < 0.01). The particle size distribution also showed a response to LUC. Only artificial grassland establishment caused an SOC sink of 32% at the 0–10 cm depth as well as two labile fractions. SOC tended to increase after cultivation and after abandonment, with 6% and 20% at soil surface, respectively. There were increasing trends in POC and LOC. After afforestation on former native grassland, SOC tended to decrease (23%) at the 0–10 cm depth while POC and LOC tended to increase (33% and 6%, respectively). Principal component analysis was successful in separating LUC through soil property parameters. Carbon sequestration is largely ascribed to increased below-ground production and tillage elimination after perennial alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plantation. Irrigation and fertilization activities contribute to SOC accumulation after cultivation to some extent. The self-restoration dynamic depending on time since abandonment is important to SOC change. A lower proportion of stabilized carbon results in a slow rate of SOC accumulation after afforestation. It is necessary to investigate the long-term dynamic after LUC.     

农业开垦对中国土壤有机碳的影响

以中国土种志资料为基础,分析了耕地和非耕地表层土壤有机碳含量的变异性,以及各大区域土壤有机碳含量在耕地和非耕地、水田和旱地之间的差异;同时结合非耕地有机碳含量和耕地面积数据,估算了由于耕地的开垦而导致的土壤表层有机碳贮量的变化。结果表明,耕地土壤有机碳含量的变异性小于非耕地,水田小于旱地;耕地土壤有机碳含量明显低于非耕地土壤,平均减少了51.5%,水田却明显高于旱地;水田和旱地的开垦分别导致土壤表层有机碳贮量减少了0.67,3.63 Pg,共计4.3 Pg。最后还分析了土壤有机碳库减少量的空间分布格局,探讨了东北和华北这两大区域土壤有机碳贮量下降程度最大的原因,是由于黑土、黑钙土、暗棕壤等富含有机碳的草原草甸和湿地土壤大量开垦以及耕作管理措施粗放所致。