复合酶法提取稻麸蛋白工艺的优化

运用配料试验设计，采用纤维素酶、复合蛋白酶、植酸酶提取米糠分离蛋白，建立复合酶配合比例与蛋白得率之间的数学模型，确定最佳配比为：纤维素酶65.84%、蛋白酶18.52%、植酸酶15.64%，最佳反应条件为：复合酶温度45℃、底物浓度 20%、酶添加量4%、pH值5.5、水解时间2 h，最终蛋白收率可达86%以上。     

大米肽的酶法制备工艺及其特性的研究

该文利用蛋白酶水解大米蛋白制备得到大米肽。比较碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶和风味酶水解大米蛋白的进程曲线，结果显示碱性蛋白酶的水解效果最好，其较佳作用条件为：底物浓度10%、pH值9.0、温度45℃、酶与底物比48 AU/kg、时间150 min。在此条件下，大米肽的得率为46.8%，纯度为71.3%。大米肽具有溶解性较好和黏度较低的特性，可以在食品中广泛应用。     

甘薯天蛾虫蛹蛋白水解特性及其氨基酸营养液的制作工艺研究

甘薯天蛾虫蛹用远天２３和远天１２蛋白酶水解，当底物鲜虫蛹液１２ｍＬ（浓度为２０％，Ｗ／Ｖ），添加１％酶液１ｍＬ，其适宜的水解条件：ｐＨ６～７，５０℃水解１２０ｍｉｎ并加热至７０℃继续水解３０ｍｉｎ；远天２３的酶解效果优于远天１２，添加磷酸（钠）盐和ＥＤＴＡ２Ｎａ可增加可溶性含氮物总量，添加ＶＣ则无效；底物粗蛋白的提取率为８１．２％。文章对虫蛹氨基酸营养液的制作工艺、配方及产品质量要求等亦做了介绍。     

酶解法制备豆粕水解肽工艺优化

为制备苦味低且生物活性高的豆粕水解肽,本试验在综合考虑水解酶酶切位点后选取7种酶组合对低温豆粕进行水解,以蛋白质转化率、水解度、分子量分布及智能感官评价等作为水解肽的评价指标,比较不同酶组合的作用效果。结果表明,优化得到豆粕水解肽的最佳酶法制备工艺条件:复合酶的最佳组合为碱性蛋白酶+中性蛋白酶+脱苦蛋白酶,酶解pH值依次为8.5、7.5、7.5,反应温度保持55℃,反应时间分别为3、2、2 h,经最佳酶组合制得的水解肽水解度为16%,分子量≤1 000 Da的水解肽可达89.8%,制备的水解肽理化性质及口感更优。本研究结果为豆粕资源开发及功能性肽产品的应用奠定了理论基础。     

酶处理对绿茶浸提液成分及膜过滤通量影响的研究

为解决绿茶饮料生产中出现的沉淀问题，研究了酶处理对绿茶浸提液成分及膜通量的影响。结果表明双酶水解后绿茶汁的膜过滤通量比未经过酶处理的茶汁提高21%～40%；粘度下降6%～13%，氨基态氮增加11%～41%，而茶多酚、咖啡碱等成分变化不大。并且双酶混合酶解处理后的绿茶浸提液经过超滤能有效解决绿茶饮料“冷后浑”的现象。     

速溶龙眼粉加工的酶解提取与喷雾干燥工艺优化

为了建立速溶龙眼粉的加工技术,运用均匀设计法优化了龙眼干中可溶性固形物酶解提取工艺条件,采用响应面分析法优化了其提取液的喷雾干燥工艺条件,结果表明：以龙眼果肉干（含水率13.62 %）为原料,用果胶酶和纤维素酶同时酶解提取,pH3.1,酶解温度52℃,酶解时间160 min,果胶酶用量0.6‰,纤维素酶用量0.15‰,龙眼干中可溶性固形物得率达85.26%;当酶解提取液中可溶性固形物浓度达25%时,采用喷雾干燥法,选取麦芽糊精为助干剂,其与可溶性固形物含量比0.8：1,热风温度185℃,热风流量26.47 m3/h,入料流量0.20 L/h,在此条件下,龙眼粉得率为48.58%,含水率＜5%,水溶性良好,色泽风味佳。由此说明,以龙眼果肉干为原料采取酶解提取与喷雾干燥相结合的工艺可有效加工速溶龙眼粉。     

农作物秸秆的生物转化研究

采用纤维素酶降解底物谷草,从预处理,残渣重复利用,反应条件几方面进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,最适宜的酶解温度为４５－５０℃;ｐＨ为４－５,反应时间大约２１ｈ。增加酶用量能提高酶解产率,但从投入产出比考虑,以酶底物比４％为好。残渣重复利用而不增加酶,酶解产率翻一番。秸秆全株叶茎结构不同,酶解产率也不同。     

金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白酶法制备工艺优化

为了探讨金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白的酶法高效制备工艺,该文首先探究不同蛋白酶酶解获得的酶解产物的热滞活性(thermal hysteresis activity,THA)以及不同分子区间的酶解产物的热滞活性。随后以抗冻蛋白得率为指标优化了底物与酶的比例、酶解时间、酶解温度以及p H值,并采用响应面法探究抗冻蛋白的最佳酶解工艺。最后使用差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimeter,DSC)测定验证抗冻蛋白的热滞活性。结果表明:在碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶以及复合蛋白酶4种酶的最佳酶解条件下,碱性蛋白酶酶解所获得抗冻蛋白热滞活性最大,选择碱性蛋白酶作为制备金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白的最佳蛋白酶;截留分子量为≥5~10 k Da鱼皮蛋白的抗冻效果最佳,热滞活性达1.20?0.07℃,确定≥5~10 k Da鱼皮蛋白得率作为酶解制备工艺的指标;得到金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白最佳的酶解制备工艺条件为:底物与酶比例为32∶1、酶解时间为147 min、酶解温度为50℃和p H值为9,在此条件下,金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白得率为49.25%±1.34%。相比于牛血清蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA),其降低了溶液起始结晶的温度;在最佳的保留温度条件下,其热滞活性为1.2℃。碱性蛋白酶酶解制备鱼皮抗冻蛋白是一种快速有效的方式,酶解获得的抗冻蛋白热滞活性高。该结果为综合发展和利用金线鱼鱼皮提供一定的理论依据。     

外源酶制剂对烟叶醇化常规化学成分的影响

采用正交和单因素试验方法研究了添加不同剂量的α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶及酸性蛋白酶外源酶制剂对烟叶醇化常规化学成分的影响。结果发现,组合添加外源酶制剂对常规化学成分影响不显著,单一添加酶制剂可以有针对性地调节烟叶化学成分的变化。     

侧孢霉利用玉米秸秆固体发酵产生木质纤维素酶的研究

以农作物秸秆为主要原料 ,采用微生物固体发酵方式对侧孢霉 (Sporotrichumsp) .产生木质纤维素酶进行了探讨。研究发现侧孢霉可降解作物秸秆的木质纤维 ,降解作用强 ,同时提高了发酵底物的蛋白含量。玉米秸秆、稻草、麦草及甜菜渣是发酵木质纤维素酶和单细胞蛋白的最适合发酵底物。在以玉米秸秆为原料的发酵过程中 ,发酵到第 4天菌体生长量达到最高值 ,比发酵初期的菌体生长量增加了 8倍 ;发酵第 6天培养物的粗蛋白含量由起初的 1 0 %提高到 1 7 5% ,对底物纤维降解率达到1 3 6%。侧孢霉在发酵过程中产生大量的木质纤维素酶 ,其中羧甲基纤维素酶 (CM Case)、β 葡聚糖苷酶 ( β Gase)、滤纸酶 (FPase)、木质素过氧化物酶 (LiP)和赖锰木质素过氧化物酶 (MnP)在本实验中进行了检测。结果表明 ,最大酶活性的产生时间是在发酵的第 4到第 6天之间 ,其酶活性分别为 :羧甲基纤维素酶 2 40 3 1U/ g ,β 葡聚糖苷酶 86 7U/ g ,滤纸酶 1 3 4 8U/ g ,木质素过氧化物酶 1 4 4U/ g ,赖锰木质素过氧化物酶 1 7 67U/ g。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.