Soil erosion and runoff response to plant‐cover strips on semiarid slopes (SE Spain)

Over a four‐year period (1997–2000), soil loss and surface‐runoff patterns were monitored in hillside erosion plots with almond trees under different plant‐cover strips (thyme, barley and lentils) on the south flank of the Sierra Nevada (Lanjaron) in south‐eastern Spain. The erosion plots (580 m a.s.l.), located on a 35 per cent slope, were 144 m² (24 m×6 m) in area. The plant‐cover strips, 3 m wide, ran across the slope. The most effective plant cover proved to be thyme, reducing soil loss by 97 per cent and runoff by 91 per cent, compared to bare soil. Barley reduced soil loss by 87 per cent and runoff by 59 per cent, compared to bare soil, while these percentages were 58 per cent and 18 per cent for lentils. Thyme proved 77 per cent more effective than barley and 93 per cent more effective than lentils in reducing soil loss; thyme was also 79 per cent more effective than barley and 90 per cent more than lentil in blocking runoff. The present study demonstrates the effectiveness of plant‐cover strips in controlling soil erosion and runoff on sloping agricultural land. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Plant‐compositional effects on surface runoff and sediment yield in subalpine grassland

Soil erosion such as sheet erosion is frequently encountered in subalpine grassland in the Urseren Valley (Swiss Central Alps). Erosion damages have increased enormously in this region during the last 50 y, most likely due to changes in land‐use practices and due to the impact of climatic changes. In order to estimate the effect of vegetation characteristics on surface runoff and sediment loss, we irrigated 22 pasture plots of 1 m² during 1 h at an intense rain rate of 50 mm h^–1 in two field campaigns using a portable rain simulator. The rain‐simulation plots differed in plant composition (herb versus grass dominance) and land‐use intensity but not in plant cover (>90%) nor in soil conditions. Prior to the second rain‐simulation campaign, aboveground vegetation was clipped in order to simulate intense grazing. The generated surface runoffs, sediment loss, relative water retention in the aboveground vegetation, and changes in soil moisture were quantified. Runoff coefficient varied between 0.1% and 25%, and sediment loss ranged between 0 and 0.053 g m^–2. Thus, high infiltration rates and full vegetation cover resulted in very low erosion rates even under such extreme rain events. Surface runoff did not differ significantly between herb‐ and grass‐dominated plots. However, clipping had a notable effect on surface runoff in the test plots under different land‐use intensity. In plots without or with intensive use, surface runoff decreased after clipping whereas in extensively used plots, surface runoff increased after the clipping. This opposite effect was mainly explained by higher necromass and litter presence at the extensively used plots after the clipping treatment. The results obtained here contribute to a better understanding of the importance of vegetation characteristics on surface‐runoff formation, thus, on soil‐erosion control. Overall, we delineate vegetation parameters to be crucial in soil‐erosion control which are directly modified by the land‐use management.     

Comparison of EUROSEM,WEPP, and MEDRUSH model calculations with measured runoff and soil‐loss data from rainfall simulations in Hungary

A useful method to evaluate the effectiveness of soil‐erosion models is to compare the models' soil‐loss and runoff calculations with measured data from experimental plots subjected to artificial rainfall. This study was conducted to develop a set of statistics to compare the performance of the soil‐erosion models EUROSEM, WEPP, and MEDRUSH. Rainfall (six rainfall intensities, two replicates), runoff, and soil‐loss data from artificial plots at two locations in Hungary were used to assess the accuracy of the different models. The soil types within the plots represented a wide range of soil properties and are soil types that are commonly used for agriculture. The results showed that the three soil‐erosion models performed with varying effectiveness dependent on basic soil properties. However, statistical analysis showed the EUROSEM model to be the best for estimating soil loss in Hungary.     

The relative efficiency of four representative cropland conversions in reducing water erosion: evidence from long‐term plots in the Loess hilly area,China

Large areas of traditional slope cropland were recently converted to other land‐use types in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. In this study, we selected four representative conversion options of slope croplands, i.e., pastureland rotated with cropland (cultivated with Medicago sativa L. and rotated with Triticum aestivum L.), shrubland and woodland (afforested with Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Pinus tabulaeformis), and grassland (native herbage Stipa breviflora) to study the effect of land‐use conversion by comparing with traditional cropland. Compared with slope cropland, the relative effects of different conversion options on surface runoff and soil erosion were assessed over a 14‐year measurement period. Observations showed that distinct features and consequences of vegetation succession were found among the conversion options. Plots of shrubland had the highest vegetation coverage with dense undergrowth; natural herbaceous and subshrub species gradually spread into plots of grassland resulting in higher vegetation cover. Neither bushes nor herbs colonized the plots of Pinus tabulaeformis, which resulted in a higher percentage of bare soil. Significant differences in runoff generation, sediment yield and conservation efficiencies among the selected conversion options were detected through an analyses of variance (ANOVA). Compared with cropland, total runoff and sediment decreased by 65 per cent and 95 per cent in shrubland, 41 per cent and 92·5 per cent in grassland, 18 per cent and 77 per cent in woodland, and 12 per cent and 58 per cent in pastureland, respectively. The ranking of soil and water conservation efficiencies was shrubland > grassland > woodland > pastureland > cropland. Based on the effectiveness of soil and water conservation, shrubland and grassland are highly recommended as promising options for cropland conversion projects. However, pastureland and woodland are not suggested as potential options for slope‐cropland conversion because of low soil and water conservation in the long term. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Throughfall,runoff and soil erosion after prescribed burning in gorse shrubland in Galicia (NW Spain)

The first‐year effect of two different prescribed burning treatments on throughfall, runoff and soil erosion was evaluated in gorse shrubland (Ulex europaeus L.) in Galicia (NW Spain). The treatments compared were: intense burn, light burn and control (no burn). Accumulated annual throughfall represented between the 81 and 87 per cent of total rainfall in intensely burned and lightly burned areas, respectively, whereas in the unburnt areas it was 60 per cent. No significant differences between burning treatments were found for the annual throughfall. However, runoff was significantly greater in intensely burned plots (1·5‐times) than in lightly burned plots. Burning also resulted in a significant increase in runoff (between 2·5 and 1·7‐times, respectively) compared with controls. Total soil losses were small in all treatments, but the intense burn caused significantly greater soil erosion (5·8‐times) compared with the unburned areas. Soil losses after the light burn did not significantly differ from the control although they were higher (2·3‐times). The relationships obtained between erosion and several rainfall parameters were significantly different in burned areas compared to the control. The same response was observed for runoff. Annual erosion losses showed a strong dependence on percentage of bare soil even for small values of this variable. Litter thickness was also a very important variable influencing on erosion rates. This study indicated that by combining ignition techniques and high litter moisture content to maintain the percentage of bare soil below 85 per cent, soil erosion was low. Nevertheless, this result was constrained by the low rainfall that occurred during the study. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three hydro‐seeding revegetation techniques for soil erosion control on anthropic steep slopes

Erosion control at low–medium radioactive waste disposal sites is an important concern. A study was carried out in El Cabril (Córdoba, Spain) on two 40 per cent anthropic steep slopes in order to test the effectiveness of hydro‐seeding techniques for controlling soil erosion. Two groups of 10 m × 3 m plots were established. The treatments tested were: hydro‐seeding with the application of vegetal mulch (VM); hydro‐seeding with added humic acids (HA); hydro‐seeding with vegetal mulch and humic acids added (VM + HA); and a control without hydro‐seeding or soil amendment (C). Fifteen run‐off producing rainfall events were recorded during the study period, with intensities ranging between 2 mm h⁻¹ and 33·6 mm h⁻¹. All treatments significantly reduced runoff and soil loss (p < 0·05). The VM+HA treatment was the most effective, reducing 98·5 per cent of total soil loss. The HA treatment (97·1 per cent reduction) was also more effective than the VM treatment (94·8 per cent reduction). A great reduction in runoff and sediment yield was observed in the treated plots during the first stages after hydro‐seeding. This result may be attributed to the combined effect of: (a) the protection against raindrop impact due to the application of straw and mulch to the soil surface, and (b) a general improvement in the soil's structure brought by the organic amendments. Seven months after hydro‐seeding, an increase in the density of the plant cover could be added to the beneficial effects mentioned above. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西班牙东南部旱作橄榄树果园水土保持措施: 植物带对土壤水分的动态影响

Sloping and mountainous olive production systems are widespread, occupying large parts of the Mediterranean landscape prone to water erosion. Soil erosion, runoff, and soil water content patterns over a three-year period were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with rainfed olive (Olea europaea cv. Picual) trees under: 1) non-tillage with barley strips of 4 m width (BS); 2) non-tillage with native vegetation strips of 4 m width (NVS); and 3) non-tillage without plant strips (NT). The erosion plots, located in Lanjaron (Granada, south-eastern Spain), on a 30% slope, were 192 m² in area. For assessing soil water dynamics in real-time and near-continuous soil water content measurements, multisensor capacitance probes were installed in the middle of plant strips and beneath the olive tree at five soil depths (10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 cm). The highest erosion and runoff rates were measured under NT, with a mean of 17.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 140.0 mm year^-1, respectively, over the entire study period. The BS and NVS with respect to the NT reduced erosion by 71% and 59% and runoff by 95% and 94%, respectively. In general, greater available soil water content was found under BS than NVS and NT, especially beneath the olive tree canopies. These results supported the recommendation of non-tillage with barley strips in order to reduce erosion and to preserve soil water for trees in traditional mountainous olive-producing areas, where orchards cover vast tracts of land.     

降雨因子对沂蒙山区不同土地利用方式径流小区产流产沙的影响

[目的]研究降雨量、降雨强度、降雨历时等降雨因子对沂蒙山区小流域不同土地利用方式径流小区产流产沙的影响,为该区水土流失防治、水土保持规划、生态建设等提供参考。[方法]对沂蒙山区不同土地利用方式径流小区(自然荒坡和荞麦、野生牧草和花生)两两对照并且进行连续3a的定位观测,对观测数据进行统计分析和显著性检验。[结果](1)降雨量与各径流小区产流量的相关性显著(p0.01),与荞麦小区和花生小区产沙量的相关性显著(p0.01),与自然荒坡小区和野生牧草小区的产沙量相关性较差。(2)平均降雨强度(I)与各径流小区的产流量和产沙量的相关性均不显著。10 min最大降雨强度(I10)和30min最大降雨强度(I30)与各径流小区产流量以及荞麦小区、花生小区的产沙量均具有较好的相关性,其中30min最大降雨强度(I30)的相关性最好。(3)降雨历时与荞麦径流小区的产流量和产沙量相关性显著(p0.01),与其他径流小区的产流量和产沙量虽皆呈正相关但相关性均不显著。[结论]降雨量(P),10min最大降雨强度(I10),尤其是30min最大降雨强度(I30),降雨历时等降雨因子在沂蒙山区坡面产流产沙过程中都起到了不同程度的作用,不同的土地利用方式也是影响坡面产流产沙的重要因子。     

Soil degradative effects of slope length and tillage methods on alfisols in Western Nigeria. I. Runoff,erosion and crop response

Field runoff plots were established in 1984 to evaluate the effects of slope length on runoff, soil erosion and crop yields on newly cleared land for four consecutive years (1984–1987) on an Alfisol at Ibadan, Nigeria. The experimental treatments involved six slope lengths (60 m to 10 m at 10-m increments) and two tillage methods (plough-based conventional tillage and a herbicide-based no-till method) of seedbed preparation. A uniform crop rotation of maize (Zea mays)/cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) was adopted for all four years. An uncropped and ploughed plot of 25 m length was used as a control. The water runoff from the conventional tillage treatment was not significantly affected by slope length, but runoff from the no-till treatment significantly increased with a decrease in slope length. The average runoff from the no-till treatment was 1·85 per cent of rainfall for 60 m, 2·25 per cent for 40 m, 2·95 per cent for 30 m, 4·7 per cent for 20 m and 5·15 per cent for 10 m slope length. In contrast to runoff, soil erosion in the conventional tillage treatment decreased significantly with a decrease in slope length. For conventional tillage, the average soil erosion was 9·59 Mg ha⁻¹ for 60 m, 9·88 Mg ha⁻¹ for 50 m, 6·84 Mg ha⁻¹ for 40 m, 5·69 Mg ha⁻¹ for 30 m, 1·27 Mg ha⁻¹ for 20 m and 2·19 Mg ha⁻¹ for 10 m slope length. Because the no-till method was extremely effective in reducing soil erosion, there were no definite trends in erosion with regard to slope length. The average sediment load (erosion:runoff ratio) also decreased with a decrease in slope length from 66·3 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for 60 m to 36·3 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for 10 m slope length. The mean C factor (ratio of soil erosion from cropped land to uncropped control) also decreased with a decrease in slope length. Similarly, the erosion:crop yield ratio decreased with a decrease in slope length, and the relative decrease was more drastic in conventional tillage than in the no-till treatment. The slope length (L) and erosion relationship fits a polynomial function (Y=c+aL+bL²). Formulae are proposed for computing the optimum terrace spacing in relation to slope gradient and tillage method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seeding and mulching + seeding effects on post‐fire runoff,soil erosion and species diversity in Galicia (NW Spain)

The effects of two different soil rehabilitation treatments on runoff, infiltration, erosion and species diversity were evaluated in a shrubland area in Galicia (NW Spain) after an experimental fire by means of rainfall simulations. The treatments compared were: seeding, seeding + mulching and control (untreated). Rainfall simulations were conducted 9 months after fire and the application of soil rehabilitation treatments. A rainfall rate of 67 mm h⁻¹ was applied for 30 min to each runoff plot. Seeding significantly increased plant species richness in the treated plots relative to the control plots, although it had no effect on diversity or evenness. Rehabilitation treatments did not significantly increase soil cover or affect runoff and infiltration. Soil losses were low in all cases, varying from 75·6 kg ha⁻¹ in the seeded + mulched plots to 212·1 kg ha⁻¹ in the untreated plots. However, there were no significant differences in sediment yields between treatments. The percentage of bare soil appeared to be a critical variable in controlling runoff and erosion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biocrusts resist runoff erosion through direct physical protection and indirect modification of soil properties

Purpose

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are ubiquitous in arid and semi-arid regions and play many critical roles in soil stabilization and erosion prevention, greatly decreasing soil loss. Although sediments may be completely controlled by well-developed biocrusts, runoff loss is observed. Consequently, it is important to study how biocrusts resist runoff erosion in different developmental stages to evaluate and manage water erosion.

Materials and methods

In the Loess Plateau Region, we sampled 32 biocrust plots representing eight stages of biocrust development and 5 slope cropland soil plots as bare soil control plots. We then used a rectangular open channel hydraulic flume to test the effects of biocrust development on runoff erosion.

Results and discussion

As expected, the establishment of biocrusts enhanced soil stability, and accordingly, soil anti-scourability significantly increased with biocrust development. Biocrusts exhibiting more than 36% or 1.22 g dm^?2 of moss coverage or biomass fully protected the soil from runoff erosion. Moreover, soil properties, such as soil organic matter, soil cohesion and soil bulk density, were also important in reducing erosion. The findings indicated that biocrusts inhibited runoff erosion through direct physical protection related to biocrust cover and biomass and through the indirect modification of soil properties. In the early biocrust development stage (when moss cover was less than 36%), cyanobacterial biocrust played a primary role in providing resistance to runoff erosion, with resistance being positively related to cyanobacterial biomass (chlorophyll a) and influenced by soil properties.

Conclusions

The relationship between soil anti-scourability and moss coverage or biomass can be divided into two stages based on a moss cover or biomass threshold. The capacity of biocrusts to resist runoff erosion was limited when moss cover was below the threshold value. Therefore, the stage corresponding to this level of moss cover should be of concern when estimating, predicting and managing water erosion.

     

Cesium‐137‐based erosion‐rate determination of a steep mountainous region

Data on quantification of erosion rates in alpine grasslands remain scarce but are urgently needed to estimate soil degradation. We determined soil‐erosion rates based on ¹³⁷Cs in situ measurements. The method integrates soil erosion over the last 22 y (time after the Chernobyl accident). Measured erosion rates were compared with erosion rates modeled with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The comparison was done in order to find out if the USLE is a useful tool for erosion prediction in steep mountainous grassland systems. Three different land‐use types were investigated: hayfields, pasture with dwarf shrubs, and pasture without dwarf shrubs. Our test plots are situated in the Urseren Valley (Central Switzerland) with a mean slope steepness of 37°. Mean annual soil‐erosion rates determined with ¹³⁷Cs of the investigated sites ranged between the minimum of 4.7 t ha^–1 y^–1 for pastures with dwarf shrubs to >30 t ha^–1 y^–1 at hayfields and pastures without dwarf shrubs. The determined erosion rates are 10 to 20 times higher compared to previous measurements in alpine regions. Our measurements integrated over the last 22 y, including extreme rainfall events as well as winter processes, whereas previous studies mostly reported erosion rates based on summer time and short‐term rainfall simulation experiments. These results lead to the assumption that heavy‐rainfall events as well as erosion processes during winter time and early spring do have a considerable influence on the high erosion amounts that were measured. The latter can be confirmed by photographs of damaged plots after snowmelt. Erosion rates based on the USLE are in the same order of magnitude compared to ¹³⁷Cs‐based results for the land‐use type “pasture with dwarf shrubs”. However, erosion amounts on hayfields and pasture without dwarf shrubs are underestimated by the USLE compared to ¹³⁷Cs‐based erosion rates. We assume that the underestimation is due to winter processes that cause soil erosion on sites without dwarf shrubs that is not considered by the USLE. Dwarf shrubs may possibly prevent from damage of soil erosion through winter processes. The USLE is not able to perform well on the affected sites. Thus, a first attempt was done to create an alpine factor for the USLE based on the measured data.     

黄土丘陵区不同坡度、土地利用类型与降水变化的水土流失分异

 为了确定不同坡度、土地利用类型及降水参数对水土流失的影响,通过黄土丘陵区坡耕地、草地的3个坡度(10°,15°和20°)小区连续14年的径流、侵蚀观测数据,分析不同坡度、土地利用模式和降水变化的水土流失分异。试验结果表明:1)坡耕地水土流失量随坡度的升高而增加,20°小区显著大于10°和15°小区;草坡地小区的年水土流失量也随坡度变化,不同坡度小区之间没有显著性差异。2)坡耕地与草地的水土流失量具有显著性差异,坡耕地年均径流量和侵蚀量分别为草地的1．8倍和13．9倍,与草地比较,坡耕地明显地增加水土流失风险。3)不同土地类型水土流失模数受年降水变化的影响效应不同。坡耕地水土流失量受少数强降水控制,年径流量、侵蚀量与年降水量、产流降水量之间无显著性相关;草地的年径流量、侵蚀量分别与年产流降水量、年降水量显著相关。4)坡耕地的水土流失受降水量(P)、最大30min降水强度(I30)和综合降水指数(PI30)的显著影响,但各因素的决定系数不同,影响系数次序为PI30>I30>P。草地的径流与降水变量关系与坡耕地一致,但次侵蚀量仅与I30变化的显著性影响,而与P、PI30无显著性相关。草地的水土流失量受坡度差异以及降水变化的影响较弱,表明草地能够有效地控制水土流失,对荒坡草地采取保护措施以促进植被、土壤的进展恢复。坡耕地水土流失变化与坡度、降水变量的关系更为直接,通过降低坡度、休耕和免耕等耕作模式,减少土壤扰动和增加地面植被盖度,可有效减少水土流失。     

有机培肥对红壤坡耕地产流产沙的影响

采用侵蚀小区田间监测方法,研究秸秆覆盖、生物质炭和猪粪等有机物料添加对红壤坡耕地产流产沙的影响。结果表明:2015年红壤坡耕地侵蚀量达到36 t/hm~2,78%~86%发生在花生季,达到中度侵蚀。与对照(CK)处理相比,单施化肥(NPK)处理没有降低产流产沙(P0.05)。与NPK处理相比,秸秆覆盖(NPK+Str)处理显著降低了产流产沙(P0.05);生物质炭(NPK+BC)处理显著降低了产流(P0.05),但是减沙效果不明显(P0.05);猪粪(NPK+SM)处理尽管提高了地表径流(P0.05),但是显著降低了产沙(P0.05)。秸秆资源在该区匮乏,秸秆覆盖难以推广。生物质炭的团聚能力弱,颗粒小,质量轻,易随水流失,在坡耕地上改良效果不明显。猪粪在该区资源丰富,不但提高土壤肥力,促进了团聚体形成,而且水土保持效果好,是该区农业生态环境可持续发展的重要措施之一。     

Effect of ground‐cover type on surface runoff and subsequent soil erosion in Champagne vineyards in France

This study was conducted in Champagne vineyards in France, and the objectives were to compare the main cultivation practices in Champagne vineyards and to specify the conditions required for the optimum effect of inter‐row grass cover on runoff and erosion in experimental plots of 0.25 m² under simulated rainfall. Three types of ground cover were studied. In the bark‐and‐vine‐prunings plots, the runoff coefficient (RC) ranged from 1.3 to 4.0% and soil losses were <1 g/m²/h. In the bare soil (BS) plot, the highest RC of the study was found (80.0%) and soil losses reached 7.4 g/m²/h. In the grass cover plots, the RC and amount of eroded soil were highly variable: the RCs ranged from 0.4 to 77.0%, and soil losses were between less than 1 and 13.4 g/m²/h. Soil type, soil moisture, slope and agricultural practices did not account for the variability. In fact, the density of grass cover in the wheel tracks explained a portion of this variability. The lack of grass in the centre of the inter‐row allowed for a preferential flow and created an erosion line in the wheel tracks where the soil was compacted. This study showed that grass cover in a vineyard was not necessarily sufficient to reduce surface runoff and prevent soil erosion. To be effective, the grass cover must be dense enough in the wheel tracks of agricultural machinery to avoid RCs close to the RC achieved with BS.     

黔西北乡土植物篱对典型石漠化区石灰土侵蚀动力学过程的调控

在自然降水条件下,定量研究黔西北喀斯特石漠化区典型乡土植物刺梨在坡耕地产流产沙的变化规律,分析该植物篱控制侵蚀产沙的水动力学机理。结果表明,刺梨植物篱截流、分流作用延缓径流产生及汇流时间,增加喀斯特坡面径流入渗量,减小坡面侵蚀动力。在不同降雨强度条件下,喀斯特坡面入渗率与径流量和产沙量呈负线性相关。植物根系缠绕串连黏结根土,改变土壤的入渗特性,增强土壤抗冲性与抗蚀能力。根系密度随土层深度增加而减少,减沙效应亦变小。土壤抗侵蚀能力与d<1mm的须根密度呈极显著正相关关系,与d≤2mm须根的根量、根长与土壤抗冲指数存在线性回归关系。当I30雨强为2.41mm时,植物篱小区几乎无流水侵蚀,而对照样地侵蚀产生较多泥沙;当I30为4.72,8.35mm时,研究小区皆已侵蚀产沙,并在对照样地侵蚀产生细沟,显示雨强加大,坡面产流动力加强,冲沙携沙能力加大。说明植物篱起到保水固土减沙和对土壤侵蚀水动力过程的调控。喀斯特坡面流侵蚀产沙水动力主要受降雨强度和雨滴动能影响,雨滴侵蚀力的大小取决于雨量、雨强、雨滴大小。侵蚀产沙量与雨强、降雨历时呈显著的幂函数关系。揭示了植物根系固土减沙和提高土壤抗侵蚀水动力的调控机理。     

暴雨条件下典型红壤区不同恢复方式侵蚀过程与特征分析

采用空间替代时间的方法,探究暴雨条件下典型红壤区不同恢复方式侵蚀过程与特征。选取不同恢复年限的低效林改造(R1)、乔灌草结构(R2)、自然恢复(R3)和对照(DZ)样地,设计1.5mm/min雨强,进行野外模拟降雨试验,分析坡面初始产流时间、径流率、侵蚀率、累积产沙量、入渗率等特征。结果表明:(1)3种恢复方式初始产流时间表现为R2R1R3,且R1、R2样地初始产流时间随治理年限的增加而延长;(2)3种恢复方式径流率、侵蚀率、累积产沙量均表现出R3R1R2,且R1、R2样地径流率、侵蚀率、累积产沙量随治理年限增加呈下降趋势;(3)同一恢复年限,3种恢复方式初始入渗率、累积入渗量、减流减沙效益均表现出R2R1R3;(4)3种恢复方式,恢复年限对侵蚀过程的影响表现为R1R2R3;累积产沙量与累积产流量成幂函数关系。研究结果为揭示典型红壤区不同治理方式的侵蚀过程研究提供参考,为典型红壤区水土流失治理提供科学依据。     

东北薄层黑土区作物轮作防治坡面侵蚀的效果与C值研究

作物轮作通过影响通用土壤流失方程(USLE)中作物覆盖和管理因子C值的变化和改良土壤性质而减少坡面土壤侵蚀。基于东北薄层黑土区连续6年大豆—红小豆轮作和裸露休闲坡面小区的径流泥沙和降雨资料,分析了2011—2016年研究区侵蚀性降雨特征,探讨了作物轮作防治坡面土壤侵蚀的效果,研究了作物轮作C值的年内和年际动态变化。结果表明:研究区所有侵蚀性降雨皆发生在5—10月,其降雨量占全年降水量的32.5%～68.1%,且年内和年际分布不均。对于5°坡度的裸露小区,土壤侵蚀主要发生在6—8月,坡面径流量和土壤流失量分别为48.4mm和1 388.2t/(km~2·a);对于5°坡度的作物轮作小区,土壤侵蚀主要发生在5—7月,坡面径流量和土壤流失量分别为19.5mm和166.7t/(km~2·a)。与裸露休闲小区相比,作物轮作小区可使黑土坡面年径流量和土壤流失量减少59.7%和88.0%。大豆—红小豆轮作措施的多年平均C值为0.12,其中大豆作物的C值为0.04,变化范围0.007～0.080;红小豆作物的C值为0.38,变化范围0.28～0.46。大豆和红小豆作物的C值月变化分别为0.01～0.24和0.01～0.80,呈先减少后增加的变化趋势。大豆—红小豆轮作对东北薄层黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀防治有明显效果,研究结果可为薄层黑土区土壤侵蚀定量评价和预报模型的建立提供基础数据。     

不同植被措施下红壤坡面径流变化特征

[目的]研究不同植被措施对坡面径流的影响,为南方红壤水土保持与生态恢复实践提供科学依据。[方法]以福建省长汀县2001—2010年香根草、胡枝子、类芦、百喜草等植被措施下的径流小区逐月径流量和降雨数据为基础进行分析研究。[结果]植被能很好地调控坡面地表径流,但由于植被的结构、根系以及地表枯落物的差异,各种植被的保水效益存在差异,观测期,各小区年均径流量的大小趋势表现为:空白对照区百喜草类芦香根草胡枝子,胡枝子的保水效益最佳。[结论]香根草、胡枝子、类芦、百喜草等植被均能有效地抑制坡面径流,减少水土流失,均可以作为水土保持措施的优良灌草在南方红壤区进行推广应用,尤其是要加大胡枝子的推广力度。     

Is mechanical soil aeration a strategy to alleviate soil compaction and decrease phosphorus and suspended sediment losses from irrigated and rain‐fed cattle‐grazed pastures?

Agriculture is a major source of phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment (SS) losses to aquatic ecosystems promoting eutrophication. Mechanical soil loosening equipments such as topsoil looseners or aerators have been reported to improve the physical quality and infiltration of soils susceptible to livestock damage resulting from treading. We hypothesized that soil aeration would significantly decrease the volume of surface runoff and consequent losses of P and SS compared with non‐aerated soil (control) in cattle‐grazed pasture on a poorly structured silt‐loam soil. Hydrologically isolated plots (2 m long × 1 m wide × 0.15 m deep) were installed in aerated and control plots to collect surface runoff following irrigation or rainfall and analysed for P and SS losses for 1 year. Soil physical properties [% macroporosity, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K_unsat at ?1kPa)] were measured in the aerated and control treatments and taken before each irrigation event (n = 12). Six months after mechanical aeration was employed, but before cattle grazing commenced, no significant differences in soil physical quality were found between aerated and control treatments, with the exception of a minor increase in K_unsat for the control plots. This lack of treatment difference continued after grazing and was largely attributed to the re‐settling of the poorly structured and dispersive soil. Flow‐weighted mean concentrations and annual loads of dissolved reactive P (DRP) on the mechanically aerated soil (2.24 kg DRP/ha) were approximately double those from the control treatment (1.20 kg DRP/ha). However, no significant differences were observed between treatments for surface runoff volumes and losses of total P and total SS, which may reflect the similar soil physical conditions exhibited between treatments throughout most of the trial. As observed elsewhere, time (days) since grazing or fertilizer application was found to influence P and/or SS losses. We conclude that aeration did not decrease P and SS losses. Any changes in soil physical properties such as macroporosity were short‐lived and therefore unlikely to influence surface runoff and subsequent P and SS losses for this soil type.