赣北第四纪红壤坡耕地水土及氮磷流失特征

坡耕地水土及养分流失严重,该研究于2011年利用赣北第四纪红壤区野外径流小区定位观测试验数据,分析坡耕地水土及氮、磷、有机质流失特征。结果表明：地表产流产沙为裸露地最高、顺坡耕作和顺坡+植物篱次之,横坡耕作最小,横坡耕作比顺坡耕作减少径流62.71%、减少土壤侵蚀82.9%;坡耕地径流携带的可溶性氮、铵氮、硝态氮、可溶性磷的流失量都表现为裸地最大,横坡耕作最小;坡耕地泥沙携带的全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷的流失量表现为裸地最大,横坡耕作最小;坡耕地可溶性氮中以有机氮流失为主,无机氮中以铵氮流失为主,泥沙中磷的流失主要以泥沙结合态流失。该研究可为坡耕地水土流失和面源污染防治提供科学依据。     

粮草豆隔带种植保护性耕作对坡耕地水土流失的影响

通过在陇中黄土高原半干旱区的坡耕地上建立天然降雨径流小区,于2007年对粮草豆隔带种植保护性耕作防治水土流失效应进行定位研究.试验设传统耕作下春小麦与苜蓿间作(TWL)、马铃薯与苜蓿间作(TPL)、鹰嘴豆与苜蓿间作(TCL)和免耕秸秆覆盖下春小麦与苜蓿间作(NTSWL)、马铃薯与苜蓿间作(NTSPL)、鹰嘴豆与苜蓿间作(NTSCL)6个处理.结果表明:(1)免耕秸秆覆盖可显著减少径流量和侵蚀量,6个处理的水土流失量为TWL＞NTSWL＞TCL＞NTSCL＞TPL＞NTSPL.(2)流失泥沙的养分含量中有机质、速效N、速效P、速效K的流失总量最大,全N和全P的流失总量最小.免耕秸秆覆盖对减少速效N、速效K和全P的流失具有明显的作用.(3)径流量、泥沙量与降雨量的回归关系均十分显著.保护性耕作是控制水土流失的有效措施.     

道地药材保护性耕作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响

为有效防治坡耕地水土流失,提高坡耕地持续利用,于2007年选用甘草、板蓝根两种道地药材,在陇中黄土高原半干旱区的坡耕地上进行了道地药材保护性耕作防治水土流失效应的研究。试验设传统耕作下板蓝根与甘草间作(TIL)、春小麦与甘草间作(TWL)、免耕不覆盖下板蓝根与甘草间作(NTIL)、春小麦与甘草间作(NTWL)、免耕秸秆覆盖下板蓝根与甘草间作(NTSIL)、春小麦与甘草间作(NTSWL)6个处理,坡度在6°~7°之间,每个处理小区底部设径流收集池。结果表明:(1)保护性耕作具有良好的防止土壤侵蚀效应,6个处理的水土流失量为TWL>NTWL>NTSWL>TIL>NTIL>NTSIL。(2)流失泥沙的养分含量中有机质、速效N、速效P、速效K的流失总量最大,全N和全P的流失总量最小,NTSIL对减少有机质和速效K的流失具有明显的作用。(3)径流量、侵蚀量与降雨量的回归关系均十分显著。所以在坡耕地上选择板蓝根与甘草间作的水土保持效果优于春小麦与甘草间作,尤其以NTSIL最佳。     

保护性耕作对坡耕地土壤水分特性和水土流失的影响

在黄土高原西部丘陵沟壑区水土流失严重的坡耕地进行了2 a的定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式对坡耕地土壤水分特性和水土流失的影响.研究结果表明:(1)免耕+覆盖的保护性耕作方式保水效果明显,全年平均土壤含水量比传统耕作高出1%以上,单纯的免耕与传统耕作没有显著差异.(2)免耕可使耕作层土壤水分保持相对稳定,初春播种后土壤较长时间保持较高含水量有利于作物出苗;雨后免耕处理耕作层具有更强保水能力,从而使土壤水分保持相对稳定则有利于作物生长.(3)不同耕作方式对坡耕地土壤水分特性的影响与其对士壤结构的影响有关,免耕虽然增加了耕作层土壤容重,但也增加了团聚体的稳定性,降低了团聚体破坏率,增强了土壤抗蚀力,覆盖能降低免耕地表层土壤容重,增强其持水与保墒能力.(4)免耕措施未必能减少坡地径流量,但可显著降低土壤侵蚀量,免耕辅以秸杆覆盖的保护性耕作可有效防止水土流失,径流量和产沙量较传统耕作处理分别减少了8.35%和88.11%.     

三峡库区坡耕地免耕秸秆覆盖下氮磷流失特征

为有效防治三峡库区坡耕地氮磷流失,在三峡库区长坪小流域连续进行两年野外径流小区监测试验。在自然降雨条件下进行免耕秸秆覆盖(SM)和对照(CK)两个处理的田间试验,研究了免耕秸秆覆盖措施对地表径流和氮磷养分流失的影响。结果表明：(1)降雨量与径流量极显著正相关,径流主要由几次暴雨事件造成,需要重点防范玉米季暴雨造成的水土流失。免耕秸秆覆盖能减少地表产流产沙,相比对照处理,免耕秸秆覆盖减少19.1%的径流流失,减少63.6%的泥沙流失。(2)免耕秸秆覆盖分别降低了21.3%,25.8%的总氮和总磷流失量,径流量和氮磷流失量呈极显著正相关,免耕秸秆覆盖主要通过减少径流量来减少氮磷流失。(3)坡耕地油菜—玉米种植制的氮磷流失风险期为6—7月初,该时期CK处理41.3%的径流量贡献了81.4%,52.1%的总氮和总磷流失,SM处理38.4%的径流量贡献了75.2%,48.2%的总氮和总磷流失,在该时期通过免耕秸秆覆盖可分别减少17.5%,31.7%的总氮和总磷流失。研究表明,免耕秸秆覆盖是控制三峡库区坡耕地氮磷养分流失的良好水土保持措施。     

不同耕作措施对黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响

针对黑龙江省西部半干旱区土壤流失情况,在坡耕地径流小区通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度、不同耕作措施下降雨产沙产流特征和过程。试验结果表明:降雨强度越大,对地表径流量和侵蚀量的影响越大,即雨强与径流量和泥沙量呈正相关,各种耕作措施的土壤流失顺序是顺坡垄裸地>横坡垄裸地>等高种植地>深松地>秸杆覆盖地>垄向区田地,植被覆盖地能有效控制水土流失,垄向区田地是这几种耕作措施中减少坡耕地水土流失的有效措施。     

保护性耕作与等高草篱防治坡耕地水土及氮磷流失研究

坡耕地是水土流失和农业面源污染物的重要来源,同时也是当前治理的薄弱环节。本文以北京地区坡耕地为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨方法,研究了保护性耕作和等高草篱措施在不同坡度条件下对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果。结果表明:保护性耕作和等高草篱措施均能有效降低坡耕地水土及氮磷养分流失,4种处理的降低效果由大到小依次为:保护性耕作+草篱>传统耕作+草篱>保护性耕作+无草篱>传统耕作+无草篱。与传统耕作+无草篱相比,传统耕作+草篱、保护性耕作+无草篱、保护性耕作+草篱分别减少56%、44%和68%的径流流失,66%、49%和82%的土壤流失,以及56%、43%和66%的总氮流失和54%、40%和70%的总磷流失。同时,等高草篱和保护性耕作措施的防治效果与坡度呈负相关关系,即随着坡度增加其作用效果逐渐减弱。回归分析结果表明,保护性耕作和等高草篱措施是控制坡耕地水土及氮磷流失的最关键因素。     

丘陵地区坡耕地水土流失动态监测分析

通过小试验区水土流失动态监测及耕作措施推广表明，耕垦指数较高的丘陵地区，坡耕地是水土流失的主要原因，坡耕地每公顷年径流量达１８６５．１ｍ＾３，泥沙流失量达４９２．９ｔ。改传统顺坡种植为横耕间作套种，地表径流减少４８％，泥沙流失减少６２％，养分流失减少１６．５％，粮食单产增加２０％，耕作措施是丘陵区防治水土流失的有效措施，可以推广。     

耕作措施及雨强对南方红壤坡耕地侵蚀的影响

选择典型南方红壤区平均坡度为10°的坡耕地小区进行天然降雨观测,对横坡耕作、顺坡耕作、顺坡耕作+植物篱、稻草覆盖4种耕作措施在侵蚀过程中的径流泥沙和养分流失特征进行研究。结果表明,监测期间,径流深和泥沙流失量基本随雨强的增大而增加。随着耕作措施由顺坡耕作向顺坡耕作+植物篱、横坡耕作、稻草覆盖的转换,减流效益、减氮效益和减磷效益依次增大。稻草覆盖措施减流效益最佳,为91.77%;横坡耕作措施减沙效益最佳,为98.91%;稻草覆盖、横坡耕作和植物篱3种措施在防治高强度降雨引发的土壤侵蚀和养分流失具有较高的效益。耕作措施对泥沙粒径分布有影响。与顺坡耕作、横坡耕作相比,植物篱和稻草覆盖措施能够更有效地拦截径流中的粗颗粒。该研究可为南方红壤丘陵区坡耕地选择合适的耕作措施和防治农业非点源污染提供依据。     

红壤坡耕地土壤污染物的输出特征

以澄江县尖山河小流域为例,研究在自然降雨条件下红壤坡耕地土壤养分输出与泥沙流失特征,探讨红壤坡耕地土壤养分流失规律。研究结果表明：①降雨量与红壤坡耕地的泥沙迁移量之间存在显著的相关性,相关系数为0．974。②土壤养分流失量大小依次为全磷>全氮>碱解氮>速效磷>有机质。③土壤养分流失与降雨量、泥沙迁移量之间存在相关关系,其中全磷流失量和降雨量之间的相关系数最大,为0.983,全磷流失量和产沙量之间的相关系数最大,为0.993。④暴雨条件下红壤坡耕地的泥沙养分富集率大小依次为全磷>速效磷>有机质>全氮>碱解氮,其中全磷的富集率最大,为3.00,说明土壤中磷素多以泥沙形态流失。     

Potassium,magnesium, and irrigation effects on peanuts grown on two soils

Abstract

Research data are limited on K and Wg requirements of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown on sandy soils either with or without irrigation. Purposes of this study were (1) to determine Mg, K, and irrigation effects on yield, sound mature kernels (SMK's), and diseases of ‘Florunner’ peanuts grown on two sandy soils and (2) to determine sufficient amounts of Mg and K in peanut leaves and soils. Field experiments were conducted for three years on a Lakeland sand (thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsainments) and a Fuquay loamy sand (siliceous, thermic, Arenic Plinthic Paleudults). Both soils initially tested low in Mehlich 1 extractable K and Mg, but Lakeland was lower than Fuquay in both K and Mg. Factorial treatments were 0, 67, 67 (split into three applications), and 134 kg Mg/ha as MgS0₄ and 0, 56, 112, and 224 kg K/ha as KC1.

Neither irrigation, K, nor Mg treatment affected number of diseased plants. (Sclerotium rolfsii) or pod rot on either soil. Also, yield and % SMK's were not affected by any treatment any year on Fuquay soil. On Lakeland soil, yields were increased by irrigation 60.3% in 1980 and 11.0% in 1982, by K rates of 56 kg/ha or more each year, and by Mg rates of 67 kg/ha or more in 1978 and 1982. Yields (3‐yr average) were increased 14.7% by Mg with K and 30.7% by K with Mg. Magnesium plus K increased yields 69.3% over the control. Treatments had no consistent effects on % SMK's. Concentrations of K and Mg in leaves and soils were increased by increased rates of application but were not affected by irrigation. Minimum sufficiency levels for maximum yield were 10 and 2.0 g/kg for leaf K and Mg and 20 and 11 ng/kg for soil K and Mg (0 to 30 cm depth), respectively.     

Effect of Equilibrium Solution Ionic Strength on the Adsorption of Zn,Cu, Cd,Pb, As,and P on Aluminum Mining By-Product

Adsorption onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) is a promising option to remove organic micro-pollutants (OMP) from drinking water sources or wastewater. Since this treatment option requires continuous PAC dosing, sufficient contact time and subsequent separation of the PAC, the integration into existing process chains is challenging. In the present investigation, the pre-loading of a deep bed filter with PAC used as fixed bed adsorber was investigated. The retention and distribution of an exemplary PAC in a pumice rapid filter were determined. Gravimetry combined with combustion of the PAC at 550 °C was applied to differentiate between PAC and filter material residues and revealed comparably high PAC immobilization in the upper third of the pumice filter. Comparative adsorption experiments in batch with suspended PAC and continuous filtration tests with immobilized PAC showed advantageous results for immobilized PAC with regard to the removal of OMP and the sum parameters dissolved organic carbon and UV light absorption at 254 nm wavelength. The results indicate that a conventional rapid filter together with PAC can be effectively utilized as fixed bed adsorption filter.     

Impacts of flooding,nitrogen-fertilization,and soil-depth on sugarcane nutrients grown on Histosols

Abstract

Sustainable production in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) is confounded by decreasing soil depth and high annual rainfall. Formerly a sawgrass marsh, Histosols predominate much of the EAA and these soils have frequently flooded following their drainage in the early 20th century. Subsidence has increased inundation frequency as soil depth has decreased to less than 25?cm in many locations. A 2-year lysimeter study was conducted to examine alternative management practices for improved agricultural sustainability given frequent flooding and reduced oxidation rates on Histosols. Specific management factors examined included water-table, soil depth, and nitrogen (N) fertilizer effects on sugarcane leaf nutrient concentrations and soil nutrient cycling. The trial utilized soil depths of 13 and 25?cm, water tables of constant and periodically flooded, and N fertilizer rates of 0 and 168?kg ha^?1?year^?1. Periodic flooding increased plant uptake of manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), and boron (B). Yield increases associated with additional N indicate a potential need to develop fertilizer rate recommendations for shallow Histosols. Soil depth impacted sugarcane nutrient uptake with 25?cm of soil depth significantly affecting examined leaf nutrient concentrations except iron (Fe). Sugarcane yield may benefit if additional N and potassium (K) are added at rates specific to soil depth. Proximity to bedrock led to excessive calcium (Ca) uptake and low K and Fe DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) values were below recommendations. Data from this study can assist development of precision agricultural practices in the EAA that utilize soil depth.     

Tillage,lime, and poultry litter effects on soil zinc,manganese, and copper

Abstract

Long‐term no‐tillage has profound effects on soil properties which can affect the availability of plant nutrient elements. The objectives were to study the effects of tillage and lime treatments on soil pH and extractable soil micronutrients where poultry litter was used as a nitrogen (N) source. Surface soil samples were taken in the spring and fall for two years from a long‐term tillage experiment that had been in place for nine years. There were two tillage treatments [conventional (CT) and no‐tillage (NT)] and six lime/ gypsum treatments (control, 8,960 kg gypsum ha^‐1 every fourth year, 4,480 kg lime ha^‐1 every fourth year, and three treatments of 8,960 kg lime ha^‐1 in a four‐year period divided by application times into 1, 2, and 4 treatments per year). Poultry litter was applied each year of the two‐year experiment at a rate of 8.96 Mg ha^‐1 on a dry weight basis. The crop was corn (Zea maize L.). Soil samples were analyzed for pH and Mehlich‐1 zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). Soil pH was higher for NT than CT and was higher in the spring than in the fall. Lime rates resulted in soil pH increases, but showed less difference for CT than NT. The three 8,960 kg ha^‐1 per four yr treatments caused an interaction in that for CT the pH increased more for 2,240 kg ha^‐1each year than for 8,960 kg ha^‐1 every fourth year and the opposite was true for NT. Extractable Zn, Mn, and Cu all responded to this interaction being lower for the higher pH plots. Extractable Zn was higher for NT possibly due to high Zn from the poultry litter and non‐incorporation for NT. Extractable Cu was lower for NT as expected from the soil pH, whereas extractable Mn was not affected by tillage. Extractable Zn and Cu both increased over time due to inputs from the poultry litter. Neither extractable Zn nor Mn responded to increasing lime rates, however Cu decreased with increasing lime rate. Extractable Cu was influenced mainly by soil pH differences due to tillage and lime. Extractable Zn was influenced much more by tillage and from inputs by the poultry litter and not as much by pH differences. Extractable Mn was the least responsive to tillage and lime treatments of the three micronutrients studied.     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.