安塞县土地利用变化及与经济发展的关系

通过对地处典型黄土丘陵沟壑区的陕西省安塞县近年来土地利用变化及其与当地经济发展的关系分析,可以明显看出,随着当地石油资源的开采,县域经济的发展、市场结构的变化,土地利用方式和类型也发生了相应的改变。耕地面积,特别是坡耕地面积减少,以果园、蔬菜大棚为代表的高技术、高产值的农产品增加、以林地为代表具有良好生态效益的土地利用面积扩大。进而促进了第三产业的发展、社会消费品零售总额增加、城镇化水平提高,当地农民个人纯收入由1989年的200多元提高到2004年2000多元。     

青岛市1990-2011年土地利用/覆被变化研究

基于青岛市1990,2000,2006年LandsatTM影像和2011年‘HJ-1’卫星影像,采用土地利用动态变化模型,分析了青岛市1990-2011年土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)情况.结果表明,21 a间青岛市土地利用状况变化显著.(1)耕地、草地面积减少,城乡、工矿、居民用地增加,林地面积先减少后增加,水域和未利用土地则呈现先增加后减少的态势;(2)青岛市土地利用程度逐年提高,说明青岛市正处于土地利用发展时期,土地利用集约度将进一步提高;(3)空间上,中部和东部地区变化显著,北部和西南部变化相对较小.土地利用变化类型转换关系复杂,主要向城乡、工矿、居民用地转化.     

汕头经济特区近10年土地利用类型动态变化研究

该文以汕头经济特区内六区一县为研究区域,以2000年区域变更调整数据至2007年现状土地利用数据作为数据源,研究了汕头市近10年间土地利用类型特征及动态变化情况,并分析了土地利用动态变化的驱动力因素.结果表明:耕地、林地、草地、未利用地的土地面积一直呈下降趋势,其中耕地面积减少最明显;园地、居民点及工矿用地、交通运输和水利设施用地的土地面积则逐年上升,尤其以园地、居民点及工矿用地面积增加幅度最大;引起土地利用类型变化的驱动力因素主要有人口增加、经济发展以及政策因素等.     

西安市土地利用变化及其生态系统服务价值研究

基于西安市1989-2009年的土地利用基础数据,以1989年为基准年,研究西安市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响.结果表明:(1)研究区内1989-2009年土地利用变化较快,耕地、水域、草地、未利用地面积减少,建设用地、林地面积增加,土地利用综合指数下降了7.25;(2)研究区1989-2003年生态系统服务价值减少(2.60亿元),主要是因为建筑用地面积增加等造成的,2004年生态系统服务价值增加,2004-2009年生态系统服务价值在2004年的基础上减少了3.73亿元,此期间内耕地林地面积的减少、建设用地面积增加成为生态服务价值减少的主要影响因素.研究表明,西安市土地利用结构决定生态服务价值,生态服务价值反映了土地利用结构的生态优劣.     

1990-2018年东江流域土地利用变化及其驱动力

[目的] 分析东江流域1990-2018年土地利用时空变化特征及驱动机制，为该流域土地利用优化提供科学参考。[方法] 利用流域土地利用数据及统计年鉴数据，结合土地利用评价指标、主成分分析法及灰色关联分析法分析流域土地利用变化特征及其驱动机制。[结果] ①东江流域1990-2018年土地利用以耕地和林地为主，流域建设用地面积持续增加，其余地类面积均呈减少趋势，耕地和林地是建设用地面积的主要来源；②流域土地利用综合指数逐年增加，变化率为0.038，土地利用处于上升发展阶段；③流域土地利用变化驱动力主要为经济增长、人口增长、社会富裕程度和农业发展；各类驱动因子对各土地利用类型的驱动作用不同。[结论] 1990-2018年，东江流域土地利用结构不断优化，土地利用集聚程度增加，随着粤港澳大湾区的建设开发，未来流域内土地开发利用活动将更加频繁。     

石林景区岩溶湖泊湖滨带土地利用变化研究

以土地利用类型图及遥感影像为基础数据,利用GIS技术对石林景区岩溶湖泊湖滨带3 a土地利用类型进行遥感解译与制图,在此基础上运用景观类型指标和景观格局指标对研究区22 a间土地利用变化进行统计分析.结果表明:从1982-2004年湖泊面积减少215.05 hm2,除有林地面积持续增长及城乡、工矿、居民用地面积增加以外,其他土地利用类型面积均不同程度的减少.另外,除1982年其他未利用土地全部开发以致该地类消失以外,其他土地利用类型斑块数量均显著增加.景观破碎度指数明显增长,人类生产生活对湖滨带土地利用影响重大.     

近10年重庆市土地利用变化及其绩效评价

对重庆市近10a的土地利用变化情况进行了分析,并在此基础上构建了适合该区域地域特征的土地利用评价指标体系,运用最优组合赋权法对其土地利用状况进行定量化评价。研究结果表明:(1)1999-2008年重庆市耕地急剧下降,其面积净减了293 679.7hm2,建设用地大幅增加,其面积净增了74 334.1hm2。(2)土地配置结构和土地利用程度分值呈现出总体下降态势,分别从1999年的0.713 2和0.114 3下降到2008年的0.294 2和0.038 7,这表明目前重庆市用地矛盾突出,土地利用的集约化程度仍较低。土地利用效率与利用效益则增长明显,其分值分别由1999年的0.065 5和0.046 7增长到2008年的0.447 2和0.301 1,但总体水平还较低,表明土地产出率还有很大的提高空间。(3)重庆市土地利用绩效值总体水平不高,但保持稳定增长趋势,由1999年的0.176 7增长到2008年的0.259 8,表明在土地利用总体规划和国家有力的土地宏观调控措施下,重庆市土地利用正朝着合理利用和持续利用的方向发展。     

基于遥感与GIS的LUCC及马尔柯夫过程趋势预测——以重庆市南岸区为例

重庆市南岸区近年来经济迅速发展,但土地利用中也存在一定的问题,通过对其土地利用/土地覆盖变化的研究,为_十地合理规划、管理和使用提供有力工具.以南岸区1993年、2001年、2007年3个时期的遥感数据作数据源,在遥感和GIS技术支持下对该区域1993-2007年土地利用/土地覆盖类型的动态度变化、转换变化和驱动力进行分析,确定了土地利用/土地覆盖类型的初始状态矩阵和转移概率矩阵,并且用马尔柯夫过程模型预测了该区2012-2024年LUCC的演变趋势.结果表明,在这14 a内,城市建设用地的增加主要是由耕地和林地转换来的,还有部分水域的出入转换.南岸区经济的快速发展是导致土地利用/土地覆盖类型发生变化的主要驱动力.此外,政府在城市发展中对城市的规划对土地利用的变化也起着重要的作用.经预测表明,在现有干扰不变的情况下,南岸区2012-2024年土地利用/土地覆盖类型将呈现耕地、林地和未利用地面积逐渐减少,而水域和城市建设用地面积逐渐增加的趋势.凶此为实现研究区土地资源的可持续利用,必须采取措施保护耕地和林地,加强城市建设用地的管理.     

县域尺度土壤有机质与土地利用动态耦合关系定位对比研究——以渭北旱塬区长武县为例

以陕西省长武县为研究区域,根据大规模采样数据,结合1983年和2008年土地利用空间数据,运用定位对比监测方法,分析了25年来不同土地利用变化的幅度、空间分布特征和方向,并对这种变化影响下的土壤有机质含量演化特征进行了研究。结果表明:该区土地利用方式在这一时期变化显著,旱地、草地、非农用地面积大幅减少,林地、果园面积大幅增加。土地利用方式的转变已经成为土壤有机质含量变化的驱动因素,其中,旱地转变为林地和果园,土壤有机质含量变化明显,分别增加了6.6 g/kg和5.11 g/kg,而林地转变为旱地和草地则无明显增量。土壤有机质含量的变化不仅改变了土壤结构,有效地控制了水土流失的发生,而且为该区域的土地利用方式朝着健康的方向发展,提供了参考价值。     

基于地形因子的鄱阳湖地区土地利用格局变化分析

为研究土地利用空间格局变化地形特征,采用1990年、2000年、2010年、2013年4期鄱阳湖地区Landsat TM解译数据及DEM数据,借助地形位、分布指数、地学信息图谱方法,深入探讨了1990—2013年鄱阳湖地区不同地形下土地利用格局的变化特征。结果表明:(1)1990—2013年,鄱阳湖地区土地利用类型以耕地、林地、水域为主,三种类型面积占比均在90%以上,建设用地快速增长,由1990年的1 387.42km~2增加到2013年的2 413.98km~2,增加了1 026.56km~2,耕地、未利用土地、林地面积分别减少513.39km~2,399.04km2,123.75km~2;(2)1990—2013年,土地利用格局变化具有地形效应,低地形范围优势分布耕地、建设用地、水域,高地形范围林地优势分布,未利用土地、草地零散分布对地形变化适宜性较强;(3)1990—2013年,研究区土地利图谱以稳定型和中期型为主,面积分别为48 457.44km~2,2 014.56km~2,稳定型图谱的优势区域位于高、低地形范围,耕地、林地、建设用地变化稳定;低、中高地形范围是中期变换型的优势分布区,主要表现为未利用土地—未利用土地—水域—水域、耕地—耕地—建设用地—建设用地。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.