河套灌区咸水灌溉试验研究

以内蒙古河套灌区红卫节水示范园的咸水灌溉试验为基础，以荷兰Wageningen农业大学等单位开发的土壤—水分—大气—作物系统模拟软件SWAP为工具，应用示范园的土壤、水、盐分试验资料对模型的参数进行了率定和验证。在此基础上设计了示范园不同灌溉水量、不同灌溉方式、不同灌溉次数的多种灌溉方案，并应用SWAP模拟了各种方案的水盐平衡。以作物产量为指标，采用正交设计进行直观分析，提出了适合当地条件的以咸淡水轮灌作为灌溉方式，灌水3次，灌溉定额2812.5 m³/hm²的咸水灌溉指导方案。研究结果对河套地区的咸水利用具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于根系层水分状态的旱区净灌溉需水量模型构建和应用

为更准确计算灌区净灌溉需水量,促进灌区水资源高效利用,针对降水过剩可能产生深层渗漏和地表径流,以及采用经验公式计算不同作物有效降水量可能错误估算净灌溉需水量的问题,该研究建立了基于根系层水分状态的净灌溉需水量模型。以景电灌区为例,计算了2000－2020年平均净灌溉需水量和有效降水量,并分析了各驱动因子对净灌溉需水量的影响,结果表明：不同作物年净灌溉需水量在319.4～732.3 mm之间,降水利用效率在39.2%～56.1%之间,夏秋作物的降水利用效率高于春夏作物。夏秋作物的年净灌溉需水量与年降水量相关性更强,春夏作物的年净灌溉需水量与作物需水量的相关性更强,所有作物的月净灌溉需水量仅与月作物需水量呈显著正相关。敏感性分析表明,净灌溉需水量与作物需水量呈正相关关系,与降水量和根系深度呈负相关关系。夏秋作物比春夏作物对降水量和作物需水量的敏感性更强。对净灌溉需水量贡献程度由大到小分别为作物需水量、降水量和根系深度,其中作物需水量贡献率占86.0%发挥主导作用,特定年份根系深度贡献率为12.0%,根系深度对净灌溉需水量的影响不容忽视。与传统净灌溉需水量模型相比,该研究所计算的净灌溉需水量充分考虑了不同作物降水利用效率的差异,计算结果可为灌区水资源管理提供参考。     

黄土区露天矿排土场水分调控技术研究

河套灌区是中国乃至亚洲最大的一首制自流灌区。目前河套灌区农田灌溉中存在的主要问题是灌溉水源不足,水利工程老化,田间工程标准低,节水灌溉推广缓慢,灌溉水浪费严重等。为了解决这些问题,河套灌区应从工程节水、农业节水、化学节水、管理节水等综合技术方面考虑。工程节水主要从渠道衬砌、激光平地、小畦灌溉等方面着手,同时积极开展节水灌溉,合理利用地下水。农业节水主要是做好种植区划,加强农艺节水,深耕蓄墒与秸秆还田,减少地面蒸发。化学节水是积极推广应用抗旱剂、保水剂和其它化学调控试剂。管理节水主要是加强用水管理,完善管理制度,建立"农民用水者协会"。     

人民胜利渠灌区净灌溉需水量时空变异及影响因子分析

为了揭示人民胜利渠灌区农业净灌溉需水量的变化规律,明确作物种植面积、降水以及潜在蒸散量对农业净灌溉需水量的影响程度,利用面向对象的变化检测方法提取人民胜利渠灌区作物种植面积信息,基于土壤水分动态随机模型构建农业净灌溉需水量计算模型,并对主要环境因素进行敏感性分析。结果表明:2005-2015年人民胜利渠灌区农业净灌溉需水量介于5.76×10~8~6.97×10~8 m~3之间,呈波动变化,西南、东北地区农业净灌溉需水量较高;潜在蒸散量是该灌区净灌溉需水量变化的决定性因素,敏感性变化幅度为22.5%,降水参数影响其次,日降水频率贡献率更大,敏感性变化幅度为-16.4%,作物种植面积对其影响较小,敏感性变化幅度在5%以下。研究结果对人民胜利渠灌区农作物种植结构调整和农业用水量合理配置具有参考意义。     

基于Horton分形的河套灌区渠系水利用效率分析

大型灌区灌溉水利用效率是关系国民经济发展和水资源高效利用的重要评价指标。该文采用分维定律对内蒙古河套灌区输配水渠系布置结构与渠系水分利用效率进行评价。根据河套灌区现状的渠系资料,应用Horton定律计算出河套灌区及灌域的分形维数(乌兰布和1.14,解放闸1.86,永济2.21,义长1.8,乌拉特1.99,河套灌区1.88)。在此基础上对不同灌域的渠系水利用效率与分维值进行了分析,拟合了灌溉引水量、灌溉面积与分维值多元曲线,得出了渠系结构优化下的不同灌域的渠系水利用效率提高潜力(乌兰布和19.01%,解放闸28.8%,永济32.7%,义长27.07%,乌拉特30.7%)与灌区平均效率提高潜力(27.19%)。由此提出不同灌域渠系改造方案,对于灌区的科学管理与节水工程规划具有重要的理论意义和应用价值,同时对相似灌区的规划和节水改造具有很好的参考价值。     

用分布式水循环模型与机器学习预测内蒙古河套灌区节水潜力

为探究内蒙古河套灌区真实节水潜力,该研究构建河套灌区分布式水循环模型与基于机器学习的盐分模型,设置节水方案集,定量分析各方案下的灌区引、耗水量、地下水埋深、积盐量变化等。结果表明：1）水面蒸发的纳什系数均不低于0.654,相对误差绝对值不高于分别为4.82%,相关关系为0.88,排水过程纳什系数均不低于0.600,相对误差绝对值不高于分别为5.11%,相关关系为0.82,地下水埋深的纳什系数均不低于0.628,相对误差绝对值不高于分别为5.12%,相关关系为0.86,满足灌区水循环满足精度要求。本文选择采用土壤盐分模型,得到土壤积盐量与实测值的纳什系数均不低于0.76,满足精度要求。2）渠道砌衬方案S1、田间节水调控方案S2、种植结构调整方案S3的耗水节水量分别为2.93亿、3.02亿和2.54亿m³。S1+S2+S3组合方案灌区耗水节水量最多,为9.11亿m³,S2+S3方案组合次之。3）渠系水利用系数提高,将引起地下水水位下降,不利于排盐,S1方案下地下水埋深大于3 m的面积比例较基准方案增加了7.59%,不利于灌区排盐。田间工程措施使得相应的农田入渗量减少,地下水位下降,有利于灌区脱盐,S2方案下地下水入渗补给量较基准方案减少2.57亿m³,灌区地下水位下降较为明显,S2方案有利于灌区脱盐。S3方案下地下水入渗补给量略微减少,地下水位变化不大,有利于灌区脱盐。不同方案组合,S1+S2、S1+S2+S3方案下对地下水埋深影响较大,尤其是S1+S2+S3方案在灌区西北部、山前、乌拉特前旗、乌梁素海东部的形成连片埋深高值区,影响区域生育期农田作物与林草地植被生长。S1S2方案下不利于灌区脱盐,自然植被生育期平均埋深超过2.5 m的比例较基准方案增加了5.46%。在综合考虑生态环境的约束下,推荐耗水节水量最大的方案S2+S3,即灌区适宜的耗水节水潜力为5.69亿m³。该方案下虽然也会引起地下水位略有下降、进乌梁素海排入水量略微减少,但最有有利于灌区排盐。研究可为引黄灌区节水方案制定与灌溉管理提供技术支撑。     

基于遥感蒸发模型的干旱区灌区灌溉效率评价

为评价干旱区灌区的灌溉效率,该文以作物生长期灌溉地的蒸散发扣除降水量作为灌溉水的有效利用量,将灌溉水有效利用量与灌溉净引水量(总引水量减去退、排水量)的比值定义为灌溉水有效利用系数。利用遥感蒸散发模型可以较为准确地估算灌溉地蒸散发,从而可以避免传统灌溉水利用系数评估中难以准确估算通过灌溉到达作物根系层水量的问题。以河套灌区为研究对象,利用遥感蒸散发模型(surface energy balance algorithm for land,SEBAL)计算了区域内灌溉地作物生育期的蒸散发量,并结合降水量与净引水量的观测资料,对节水改造以来(2000-2010年)河套灌区灌溉水有效利用系数进行了分析和评价。结果表明,灌溉水有效利用系数近年来有增加趋势,同时灌溉水有效利用系数随降水量和净引水量的减小而增大,减少供水对灌溉水有效利用系数的影响要大于灌区节水改造工程的影响。另一方面,在灌区净引水量减少的情况下,灌溉地蒸发量能够维持在较稳定的水平,反映了近年来灌区节水改造的效果较好。     

雄安新区上游农业种植结构及需水时空演变

本文利用作物模型模拟小麦、玉米灌溉需水量,结合蒸发皿法估算蔬菜、果树等其他作物需水量,回溯雄安新区上游1986-2015年农业种植结构及农业需水的时空演变趋势,摸清不同作物的需水量比例及时间变化,并推算了消除降水年际波动的1970-2015年农作物灌溉需水量,探讨单纯人类活动下的农业需水量变化趋势。结果表明,1986-2015年,研究区作物播种总面积总体呈上升趋势,耕地面积多年平均84.9万hm²,有效灌溉面积平均71.3万hm²,占总耕地面积的84%。其中小麦播种面积稍有下降,玉米、蔬菜播种面积显著增加,果树种植比例在山区增加、平原区减少。研究区多年平均灌溉需水量22.52×10⁸ m³,小麦、玉米、蔬菜、果树和其他作物分别占灌溉需水总量的58.6%、12.6%、5.8%、16.3%和6.7%,受播种面积增加影响,1970-2015年,蔬菜和果树需水显著上升。从空间上来看,灌溉需水总量在上游山区上升显著,而在平原区表现为下降;排除降水的年际波动后,研究区作物需水自1970年以来一直呈上升趋势,进入20世纪80年代中期,虽然整体上升减缓,但随农业播种总面积增加和蔬菜、水果需水增加影响,需水量整体呈缓慢上升趋势。因此,控制上游农业用水,种植低耗水作物、减少耗水作物的种植面积,是恢复雄安新区清水产流的关键。     

节水灌溉管理与决策支持系统

基于灌区灌溉用水过程的复杂性和实时性,研制了节水灌溉管理与决策支持系统软件。系统根据采集到的气象、土壤水分、作物、水资源状况等信息,运用作物系数法进行作物需水量的计算,根据土壤墒情决策模型,作出灌溉预报,确定精确的灌溉时间和最佳灌溉水量,利用决策结果对灌溉设备进行自动控制与监测,从而达到高效、节水的目的。该系统不仅具有数据录入、编辑、查询、统计、输出等信息处理功能,而且能够根据采集到的信息为灌区管理和用水户提供灌溉优选和水资源优化分配的决策支持,制定精细灌溉的作业方案。该系统立足田间,面向农户,可以为用户提供节水灌溉模式咨询、具体方案优选、指导灌区优化灌溉等功能,具有较强的推广应用价值。     

冬小麦微咸水灌溉制度的研究

通过中科院南皮生态试验站冬小麦微咸水灌溉试验,研究不同灌溉定额对土壤水分利用效率、盐分运移规律以及作物产量的影响,并进一步探讨灌区适宜的灌溉制度。研究结果表明,从水分利用效率大小、年内盐分平衡以及作物需水规律综合考虑,小麦生育期适宜灌溉定额为120 m³/667 m²。该研究结果为灌区地下微咸水的合理开发利用提供了依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.