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1.
贵州植烟土壤有机质与氮素特征研究   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
秦松  闫献芳  冯勇刚 《土壤》2004,36(4):416-419
利用 GPS 定位,3 年在全省 50 个烟叶主产县采集 9340 个植烟土壤耕层土样进行分析。结果表明,贵州植烟土壤有机质和全 N 含量变幅大,平均含量分别为 29.6 g/kg 和 1.75 g/kg,达丰富水平,两者处于最适宜含量范围的土壤样本分别占 48.4 %和 64.1 %。速效 N含量平均 50.6 mg/kg,处于最适宜含量范围的土壤样本占 42.4 %。不同植烟土壤类型有机质和全 N 含量差异较大,水稻土较高,紫色土较低。植烟稻田全 N明显高于旱地。  相似文献   

2.
张一扬  粟深河  林北森  陆亚春  韦忠 《土壤》2020,52(1):202-206
为了解靖西市植烟土壤有机质含量时空变异特征,分析了土壤有机质含量状况、年际间变化、空间变异特征及与土壤养分、烟稻轮作年限的关系。结果表明:①2006年、2012年、2017年靖西市烟区植烟土壤有机质含量总体上属偏高和丰富水平,平均值分别为35.72g/kg,35.80g/kg和38.84g/kg,无处于“缺乏”状态的植烟土壤样本,“偏低”的植烟土壤样本2012年仅为5.30%。地统计学表明,总体呈现偏高和丰富以上色斑。②植烟土壤有机质含量有随着时间推移,均值增加的趋势,2017年度植烟土壤有机质含量显著高于2006年度和2012年度。③2017年度植烟土壤有机质与对应的其他土壤养分因子的回归分析和灰色关联度分析均显示,全氮、碱解氮和有机质的相关性较高,且存在植烟土壤全氮、碱解氮含量随着土壤有机质含量增高而增加的趋势。  相似文献   

3.
靖西市植烟土壤有机质含量的时空变异特征   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
《土壤》2020,(1)
为了解靖西市植烟土壤有机质含量时空变异特征,分析了土壤有机质含量状况、年际间变化、空间变异特征及与土壤养分、烟稻轮作年限的关系。结果表明:①2006年、2012年、2017年靖西市烟区植烟土壤有机质含量总体上属偏高和丰富水平,平均值分别为35.72、35.80和38.84 g/kg,无处于"缺乏"状态的植烟土壤样本,"偏低"的植烟土壤样本2012年仅为5.30%。地统计学表明,总体呈现偏高和丰富以上色斑。②植烟土壤有机质含量有随着时间推移,均值增加的趋势,2017年度植烟土壤有机质含量显著高于2006年度和2012年度。③2017年度植烟土壤有机质与对应的其他土壤养分因子的回归分析和灰色关联度分析均显示,全氮、碱解氮和有机质的相关性较高,且存在植烟土壤全氮、碱解氮含量随着土壤有机质含量增高而增加的趋势。  相似文献   

4.
洱海北部农田土壤碳、氮状况及肥力效应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在洱海北部农田采集了422个耕作层土壤(0~30 cm)样品,测试分析了土壤全氮、有效氮、有机质含量及分析其相互关系,结合多点基础地力试验结果,分析了土壤不同碳、氮含量与当季作物产量的相应关系。结果表明:洱海北部区域农田土壤全氮和有机质含量非常丰富,全氮含量主要分布于2.0~4.5 g kg-1之间,平均含量达到3.3 g kg-1,土壤氮主要为有机态氮为主;土壤有机质含量主要分布于40.0~70.0 g kg-1之间,平均含量达到56.3 g kg-1。作物相对产量与土壤全氮和有机质含量呈显著正相关,当土壤全氮含量达到3.0 g kg-1或有机质含量达到56.0 g kg-1以上时,不施氮条件下,水稻作物产量可以达到稳产。  相似文献   

5.
福建铁观音茶园土壤氮素状况研究   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
为了解铁观音茶园土壤氮素供应能力,对福建安溪、永春和华安14个铁观音生产乡镇150个铁观音茶园表土及相应茶叶进行了调查.结果表明:供试茶园土壤全氮含量处于中低水平,平均值为0.79 g·kg-1,碱解氮含量处于中高水平,平均值为95.56 mg·kg-1,全氮含量与碱解氮含量呈显著正相关.有机质及阳离子交换量与土壤全氮和碱解氮含量均呈极显著正相关.不同土壤类型全氮含量依次为水稻土改种>黄壤>红壤>黄红壤>赤红壤,质地黏重的土壤氮含量较高.茶树新梢氮含量变幅为8.1~141.8 g·kg-1,平均值为23.7g·kg-1, 与土壤碱解氮含量无显著相关性.土壤碱解氮含量是否能作为茶园土壤供氮能力的指标以及在铁观音茶树的营养诊断时茶树新梢的氮素含量是否能作为茶树缺素的诊断指标有待进一步研究.福建铁观音茶园土壤应注意增施有机肥,避免过度施用速效氮肥.  相似文献   

6.
辽西主产区葡萄的根区土壤养分研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
为了摸清辽西葡萄园根区土壤养分状况,2009年4月~5月,在辽西葡萄主产区选择34个代表性的葡萄园分3层采集0~60 cm根区土壤,测定了其养分含量。结果表明:辽西葡萄根区0~20 cm层土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、速效磷和速效钾平均含量分别为:20.37 g kg-1、2.0 kg-1、162.7 mg kg-1、164.0 mg kg-1和393.6 mg kg-1;20~40 cm层分别为:14.75 g kg-1、1.6 g kg-1、121.1 mg kg-1、124.3 mg kg-1和293.5 mg kg-1;40~60 cm层分别为:14.34 g kg-1、1.4 g kg-1、96.8 mg kg-1、87.6 mg kg-1和205.4 mg kg-1。总体来看,辽西主产区葡萄园根区土壤有机质处于中等水平,全氮、有效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量处于高水平或过量水平,存在潜在的环境风险。同时,由于多年传统施肥习惯,导致养分在根区土壤表层大量累积,其中土壤有效氮含量三层之间均存在显著性差异;0~20 cm土层的有机质、全氮和速效钾含量与20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层之间存在显著性差异,但20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层之间不存在显著性差异;土壤有效磷含量0~20 cm土层与40~60 cm土层之间存在显著性差异,0~20 cm与20~40 cm土层和20~40 cm与40~60 cm土层之间不存在显著性差异。  相似文献   

7.
湘西植烟土壤有机质含量分布及其影响因素   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
为了解湘西州植烟土壤有机质含量分布状况及其影响因素,测试了湘西州7个主要烟区488个土壤样本的有机质含量,采用传统统计学和地统计学方法分析了湘西州植烟土壤有机质含量分布及土壤类型、海拔高度、pH值等影响因素。结果表明:1湘西州植烟土壤有机质含量总体适宜,平均值为21.69g/kg,变幅为3.12~62.97g/kg,变异系数为40.64%,处于适宜范围内的样本占41.48%;2不同县之间的植烟土壤有机质含量差异达极显著水平,永顺县、凤凰县、龙山县植烟土壤有机质含量总体上处于适宜水平,其他各县总体处于较低水平;3湘西州植烟土壤有机质含量在空间分布上是从东北部、西部和西南部向州中部及东南方向减少,在永顺县东南部、保靖县的西部各有一个高值区;4不同植烟类型土壤的有机质含量差异达显著水平,灰黄棕土、水稻土、灰黄泥、浅灰黄泥、黄壤的有机质含量属适宜水平,其他类型土壤的有机质含量偏低;5不同海拔高度的植烟土壤有机质含量差异达极显著水平,湘西州植烟土壤有机质含量有随海拔升高而升高的趋势;6不同pH的植烟土壤有机质含量差异极显著,主要为pH>7.0的植烟土壤有机质含量较高。  相似文献   

8.
辽南葡萄主产区土壤养分特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
包红静  邢月华  刘艳  李波  蔡广兴 《土壤通报》2021,52(5):1149-1155
为了给辽南规模化葡萄园的养分管理和科学施肥提供依据,2016年在辽南葡萄主产区采集91个葡萄园土壤样品,分别测定土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,对该葡萄主产区土壤养分状况进行研究。研究结果表明:辽南葡萄主产区土壤pH平均值为6.2;有机质平均含量为11.0 g kg?1,处于缺乏水平的样点占总样点的97.8%;土壤全氮、碱解氮平均含量分别为0.08 g kg?1和73.3 mg kg?1,处于缺乏水平的土壤样点分别占样本总数的85.8%和74.8%;土壤速效磷平均含量为70.4 mg kg?1,90.1%样点属于丰富水平,但变异系数较大;速效钾平均含量为158.0 mg kg?1,总体含量属于中等以上,处于中等以上和缺乏水平的样点占总样点的比例分别为68.2%和31.8%。不同地区、不同树龄和不同产量水平的葡萄园土壤养分状况存在较大差异;李官镇葡萄园养分状况好于许屯镇;随着种植年限的增加,葡萄园土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈现显著升高趋势;不同产量葡萄园有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量变化趋势为高产园 > 中产园 > 低产园。建议根据产量和树龄情况,分区域进行葡萄园养分管理,适当减少磷肥和钾肥、增加有机肥用量,以保证养分的高效利用。  相似文献   

9.
东北黑土农田养分时空演变分析   总被引:19,自引:1,他引:18  
通过东北黑土农田的广泛采样、化验分析,目前黑土农田有机质含量平均为33.9 g kg-1,全氮1.91 g kg-1,速效磷24.85 mg kg-1,速效钾159.95 mg kg-1。1979年~2002年期间黑土农田土壤有机质下降了3.76 g kg-1~4.14 g kg-1,平均每年下降0.16 g kg-1~0.18 g kg-1;而土壤速效磷含量大幅度上升,已是原来1979年的2倍以上,23年里土壤速效磷上升了12.66 mg kg-1~14.66 mg kg-1,平均每年上升0.55 mg kg-1~0.64 mg kg-1。认为土壤速效磷是过去的20多年里人为生产活动改变最大的肥力因子,其他土壤养分指标的空间分布有较明显的地带性,存在显著的空间变异,尤其是土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮与地理纬度高程度相关,受气候等自然因素影响较大。  相似文献   

10.
武陵山烤烟产区土壤有机质与pH特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
《土壤通报》2015,(3):590-596
在武陵山区8个烤烟主产县调查了40个典型烟田,采集的土样包括来自耕层的多点混合农化样和170个来自土壤剖面的发生层样,对这些土样的p H和有机质含量分析表明:武陵山区植烟土壤有机质含量的平均值为25.8 g kg-1,变幅为15.6~42.4 g kg-1,变异系数为23.1%,土壤有机质含量总体处于全国第二次土壤普查肥力评价标准中的中等水平(20~30 g kg-1),总体处于植烟适宜水平;在土壤剖面垂直分布上,p H随着深度的增加而增大,有机质表现出表层富集现象,向下急剧降低;碳酸盐岩类沟谷堆积物发育形成的土壤有机质含量最高,显著高于碳酸盐岩类坡积-堆积物和岩类坡积物发育形成的土壤,后两者有机质含量之间无明显差异;土样p H和有机质两者之间呈显著的负相关关系(r=-0.366*)。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

17.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

18.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

19.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

20.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

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