黄淮海平原三种土壤中优势流现象的试验研究

在黄淮海平原选择三种不同质地类型的土壤（砂壤土、淤土、风沙土）,各设１．５ｍ×１．５ｍ两个小区,其中一个小区在试验开始前两癸灌水约５６ｋｇ,以获得不同的初始含水量。将１００ｍｍ含有染色剂亮蓝的水灌入小区,一天之后,开挖１ｍ×１ｍ的剖面拍照,进行图像分析处理,计算剖面中染色百分比随深度的变异,研究所形成的优势流的状况与土壤类型、土壤初始含水量的关系。结果表明：不同土壤发生优势流的程度不同,结构发育好     

溴甲烷在土壤及作物（黄瓜）中的消解动态

用衍生气相色谱法测定了溴甲烷熏蒸大棚土壤后土壤及作物（黄瓜）中残留的Ｂｒ＾－，用顶空法测定土壤吸附的溴甲烷。在０．４－４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的添加范围内，Ｂｒ＾－的平均回收率为８３．７％－９４．８％，相对标准偏差为±２．５％￣１４．７％。Ｂｒ＾－在土壤和黄瓜中的半衰期为１５．０和１４．２ｄ（北京）、２４．７和１０．３ｄ（沈阳）。土壤吸附的溴甲烷量较少，其半衰期和Ｂｒ＾－的相近。低于７５．０ｇ／ｍ＾２的施用     

长期水保耕作对诺福克壤砂土含碳量的影响

土壤Ｃ管理对于含Ｃ量低的东南沿海平原（ＳＣＰ）壤砂土极为重要。１９７９年开始的一项长期调查旨在确定实行玉米、棉花、大豆和小麦水保轮作制能否提高诺福克壤砂土的含Ｃ量。小区长６０ｍ， 宽２３ｍ， ５次重复。在采用现代水保耕作措施以前，垄作，特别是棉花－大豆轮作时，人们认为提高含Ｃ量几乎是不可能的。试验初期含Ｃ量无显著差异，在第９—１４年间，实施水保耕作的小区０～５ ｃｍ土层平均含Ｃ量为１２．０ｇ／ｋｇ，实施常规耕作的小区为７．２ｇ／ｋｇ，前者几乎是后者的２倍（Ｐ≤０．０５）。１４年间，实施水保耕作小区的０～５ｃｍ土层含Ｃ量随时间变化的速率为０．６１ｇ／ｋｇ·ａ，相关系数为ｒ＝０．６６；变化率为０的概率小于０． ００１，在５～１０ｃｍ土层，Ｃ的变化速率增加较小，为０．１７ｇ／ｋｇ·ａ。不同处理中，１５ｃｍ以下土层含Ｃ量差异性不一致。改善设备、管理、土壤质量使实施水保耕作的小区在 ９～ １４年间产量提高。在ＳＣＰ壤砂土上，对垄作作物进行长期保护耕作，甚至在轮作中包括大豆和棉花的情况下，也是提高含Ｃ量的一种可行方法。     

不同农作措施对稻田甲烷排放通量的影响

通过网室小区试验，观测得到单施尿素处理的甲烷排放通量为０．６４ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ；农家肥＋尿素处理、农家肥＋硝铵处理、农家肥＋硫铵处理的甲烷排放通量分别为５７．１，４２．１，３０．７ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ；农家肥＋硫铵＋间歇灌溉处理和农家肥＋尿素＋间歇灌溉处理的甲烷排放通量分别为２２．０和１４．７ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｈ。结果表明，以农家肥为基肥的５个处理的甲烷排放通量大大高于单施尿素处理的甲烷排放通量，表明高量     

梯田玉米有机肥最佳施用量的研究

施用２种有机肥（羊粪、猪粪）,并配施少量化肥,进行雨养梯田种植玉米的田间试验,结果表明,施有机肥后土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度分别提高５．２％～１３．１％和３．６％～１０．０％,土壤容重降低１．８％～７．９％;雨后土壤含水量提高９．８％～１５．３％;玉米平均株高、平均茎粗分别增加０．１～６．５ｃｍ和０．１～０．５ｃｍ,玉米产量提高３３．５％～７７．２％。玉米产量与有机肥施用量呈３次方关系,并由此确定了     

铬天青S－溴化十六烷基三甲铵－乙醇高灵敏分光光度法测定植物和土壤水中铝

本文探讨了铝与铬天青Ｓ的最佳显色反应条件。当ｐＨ为６．５，在溴化十六烷基三甲铵（ＣＴＭＡＢ）和乙醇的存在下，铝与铬天青Ｓ形成绿色配合物，最大吸收峰位于６３５ｕｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为１．６５×１０５Ｌ／ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ，铝含量在０～０．２４μｇ／ｍＬ范围内符合比耳定律。在本实验条件下，该方法具有良好的选择性，应用于植物和土壤水中铝的测定，结果满意。     

鼠道耕法改土调水及防蚀增产效益试验研究

采用东方红－７５链轨拖拉机牵引由犁架、犁刀、犁锋和穿洞空心弹头组成的鼠道犁，在低这地和缓坡耕地上作业试验，结果表明，鼠道耕法可使深０．６ｍ、顶宽０．９～１．０ｍ的土体膨松，土壤容重较对照减少０．２９～０．３９ｇ／ｃｍ３，并在底部形成直径１１ｃｍ的鼠道，从而提高了土壤渗蓄水能力，减免了水土流失；在坡度小于１．５°的坡耕地顺坡耕作的鼠道，其排水量可达０．５～１．６Ｌ／ｓ，使融雪季及雨季地表凹处积水现象基本消除；旱时蓄存在鼠道中的水分可供作物生育需要。试验区甜菜增产１５．５％，大豆增产１３．３％。按作业间距５ｍ计，一套机具每台班可耕６．７～８．０ｈｍ２，费省效宏。     

黄土高原坡耕地土壤水分主要受控因子研究

通过对０°￣２５°坡耕地２４０ｃｍ以上土层１α内各层土壤水分状况每周的预测,结合同期降水资源,研究土壤水分在５－９月份的变化情况,从而得出土壤含水量随坡度增大呈减少趋势;距分水岭３０ｍ处土壤含水量最高（９％坡度）;土壤水分含量随雨量增大而增大;中等雨强降雨对土壤水分影响最大;高茬覆盖有利于增加土壤含水量,５－９月份,土壤月平均含水量呈正弦曲线变化的规律。     

气相色谱法测定水稻中嘧啶氧磷的残留量及其在稻田水和土壤中的消…

用丙酮提取，经水－二氯甲烷液－液分配净化，气相色谱ＦＰＤ检测器的Ｐ滤光片测定嘧啶氧磷的水稻土壤，水中的残留量，其回收率为：糙米９５．０－９７．０％，稻杆８６．４－９６．７％，稻壳８３．２－９１．７％，土壤８９．５－９６．５％，水８０．０－８０．７％。土壤中半衰期为６．２３－７．９３天，稻田水中０．８５－３．９３天。测得终点残留量糙米≤０．０８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，稻壳≤０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，稻杆≤０．２４ｍｇ／     

反相高效液相色谱法检测水,土壤中的除草醚

介绍了应用反相高效液相色谱检测水，土壤中除草醚的方法。该方法对除草醚在水和土壤中的回收率分别为９９．０％和９２．５％，最小检出浓度分别为１．１×１０＾－２ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．１１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

有机无机肥配施对小麦吸收氮磷及土壤肥力的影响

￣（１５）Ｎ示踪试验表明，有机无机肥配施促进了有机叉的矿化和小麦对有机氮的吸收利用，基施氮肥主要用于营养器官的形成，返青追肥主要用于生殖器官的形成。有机无机氮肥配施提高了总氮生产效率。配施处理小麦对磷素的吸收总量稍高于单施无机氮肥处理，磷素在籽粒中的分配率稍低于单施无机氮肥处理是导致磷素生产效率下降的重要因素。有机无机肥配施提高小麦产量的同时也培肥了地力，是小麦高产稳产的重主措施之一     

甲酸甲烷杆菌和甲烷八叠球菌的分离和特征

本文介绍从德国哥廷根污水处理厂腐化塔污泥中分离出的两株甲烷细菌，其中一株为甲酸甲烷杆菌（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｆｏｒｍｉｃｉｃｕｍ），其细胞杆状，可利用甲酸或Ｈ２／ＣＯ２作为碳源和能源，另一株为甲烷八叠球菌属（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｓａｒｃｉｎａ），其细胞球状，成堆排列，可利用甲醇或Ｈ２／ＣＯ２作为碳源和能源。     

坡面汇流汇沙与侵蚀—搬运—沉积过程

侵蚀、搬运和沉积过程是土壤侵蚀过程中相互影响又相互制约的三个子过程。自从 2 0世纪 40年代Ellison[1～ 4] 将水蚀过程分为四个子过程 ,即雨滴侵蚀过程、径流侵蚀过程、雨滴搬运过程和径流搬运过程以来 ,许多学者从不同角度对其进行了研究。Meyer和Wischeier[5] 及Meyer和Fo     

THE IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF GLUCURONIC AND GALACTURONIC ACIDS IN SCOTTISH SOILS AND SOIL FRACTIONS USING ION-EXCHANGE AND GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Two methods have been used for the identification and determination of uronic acids in soils and soil fractions. The uronic acids were released by hydrolysis with sulphuric acid. After partial purification by ion-exchange chromatography they were separated either by further ion-exchange or by gas-liquid chromatography of derivatives. The latter method is preferable for determination of the specific activities of uronic acids in soil tracer work. Both galacturonic and glucuronic acids were detected in the four Scottish soils examined, the galacturonic acid being present in slightly greater amounts in each soil. Mannuronic acid was not detected. The total amount of uronic acids found ranged from about 4 mg to 6 mg/g soil.     

水肥耦合对小麦玉米带田产量效应及土壤水分动态研究

采用3414最优回归设计方案,研究了水肥耦合对小麦玉米带田产量效应及土壤水分动态规律。结果表明：不同水肥耦合模式对带田作物的产量差异达极显著水平。在灌水量4800m3/hm^2,施氮肥420kg/hm^2,磷肥120kg/hm^2的处理（W2N2P2）中,带田产量和水分利用效率达最高值,决定带田总体产量性状主要因子为氮...     

稻草和尿素配施时水稻对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收利用

利用＾１５Ｎ同位素示踪技术,研究了稻草和尿素配施时水稻对肥料和土壤氮的吸收。结果表明,稻草单施导致土壤速效氮的生物固定,氮素供应不足是影响水稻分蘖成穗的限制因子,稻草配合尿素施用,明显改善肥料氮和土壤氮的供应,既有利于当季水稻增产,也有利于培养土壤肥力,还有利于后茬物作产量的提高 。     

黄土与古土壤中重金属的存在形态及风化成土作用对其影响

本文采用了七步连续萃取方法，研究了洛川黄土剖面黄土与古土壤中Ｆｅ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｏ和Ｎｉ五种重金属的存在形态。结果表明：黄土与古土壤中上述元素主要存在于残余态和晶形，无定形氧化铁的结合态中，而且线性回归分析表明Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｎｉ与晶形氧化铁之间存在关；ｃＵ，ｃＯ，Ｎｉ与无定形氧化铁之间存在相关；黄土风化为古土壤后，碳酸盐结合态的重金属含量增加是古土壤相对于黄土重金属增加的主要原因。     

SELECTIVITY AND PARTITIONING OF POTASSIUM AND SODIUM IN SESAME

Net uptake and partitioning of sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) in plants of two sesame cultivars (Sesamum indicum cv. ‘PB-1’ and cv. ‘UCR’) exposed to 20 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) were studied over a period of 28 days. Both cultivars showed a marked discrimination between K⁺ and Na⁺ during uptake. The reduction of K⁺ in the plants caused by the NaCl treatment was of similar magnitude in the two cvs. The cv. ‘UCR’ showed lower Na⁺ concentrations in the shoot tissues than ‘PB-1’ and K⁺/Na⁺ selectivity ratios were higher in cv. ‘UCR’ than in cv. ‘PB-1’. At the last sampling on day 28 there was a marked decrease of shoot growth in cv. ‘PB-1’ in comparison to the cv. ‘UCR’. Leaves of cv. ‘PB-1’ showed clear toxic symptoms, while those of cv. ‘UCR’ did not. It is concluded that Na⁺ exclusion from the shoot contributes to salt tolerance of sesame, cv. ‘UCR’.     

MIGRATION AND AGGREGATION OF Na AND Ca CLAYS BY THE FREEZING OF DISPERSED AND FLOCCULATED SUSPENSIONS

The ability of clay to move ahead of an ice-liquid interface depends on the rate of freezing, the particle size, the release of dissolved air from the water through its probable effect on local freezing rates, and on the electrolyte and its concentration through their effects on interparticle forces and particle mobility. A freezing-rate of 1 cm per hour did not move flocculated clay in most cases, but moved dispersed clay up to 0.7 cm before being trapped in the ice with released air. Aggregates of clay (0.1 to 1 mm) were produced by freezing. After thawing they swelled and dispersed depending on the electrolyte and its concentration in a similar manner to aggregates formed by drying.     

INTERACTION OF MOLYBDENUM AND PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY ON UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF PHOSPHORUS AND MOLYBDENUM BY BRASSICA NAPUS

A hydroponic trial was conducted to assess interaction of molybdenum (Mo) and phosphorus (P) on uptake and translocation of P and Mo by Brassica napus. Molybdenum was applied at four rates (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg L^?1) and P at three rates (1, 30, and 90 mg L^?1) in nutrient solution. The results indicated that P increased shoot growth and 0.01 mg L^?1 Mo improved the growth of shoots and roots. Molybdenum increased shoot P uptake and root P concentration and uptake when higher P was provided, and had a stimulating effect on P translocation from shoots to roots. P increased shoot Mo concentration and uptake, decreased those in roots, and enhanced Mo transport from roots to shoots. These results implied that both Mo and P had beneficial effects on Mo and P absorption and translocation and co-application of them were necessary to promote growth and utilization of Mo and P for Brassica napus.