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1.
施氮量对不同氮效率玉米品种根系时空分布及氮素吸收的调控 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
【目的】研究不同氮效率夏玉米根系的时空分布、 植株氮素吸收利用特性及其对氮素用量的响应,探讨玉米氮素高效利用的生理基础,以期探明通过采用氮高效品种、 促进根土互作、 提高根系与水肥时空耦合、 提高玉米氮素利用效率,强化环境友好型生产的有效途径。【方法】试验于2011-2012年在山东农业大学黄淮海玉米技术创新中心(N3618,E11712)和作物生物学国家重点实验室进行,以氮高效玉米品种郑单958(ZD958)和氮低效品种玉米秀青73-1(XQ73-1)为试验材料,在大田条件下设置两个氮素水平(0和315 kg/hm2),采用土壤剖面取样法和系统取样法分别进行根系相关指标、 干物质及氮素积累与分配的测定。【结果】ZD958整个生育期根系相关指标(根系干重、 根长密度、 根系TTC还原量、 根系吸收面积及活跃吸收面积)及其在深层土壤(60-100 cm)中所占的比例、 单株生物量、 单株绿叶面积、 植株氮素积累量、 单株籽粒产量均显著高于XQ73-1(P0.05),抽雄期和完熟期根系干重、 根长密度、 根系TTC还原量、 根系吸收面积、 根系活跃吸收面积、 单株绿叶面积分别比XQ73-1高12.02%、 8.39%、 25.34%、 34.48%、 29.22%、 7.76%和36.74%、 24.21%、 36.29%、 29.94%、 32.83%、 13.73%,完熟期单株生物量、 植株氮素积累量、 籽粒产量分别比XQ73-1高11.65%、 11.78%、 15.16%。施氮后两品种各指标均显著提高,ZD958和XQ73-1根系干重、 根长密度、 根系TTC还原量、 根系吸收面积、 根系活跃吸收面积、 单株绿叶面积抽雄期分别提高8.13%、 6.12%、 18.08%、 15.10%、 24.71%、 12.06%和7.19%、 4.59%、 10.47%、 10.82%、 13.02%、 7.15%,而完熟期分别提高16.48%、 22.43%、 19.26%、 15.03%、 27.45%、 14.97%和15.02%、 14.59%、 13.01%、 12.81%、 21.95%、 11.06%; 单株生物量、 植株氮素积累量、 单株籽粒产量完熟期分别提高9.40%、 10.08%、 13.43%和5.20%、 8.56%、 9.69%。相关分析表明,植株吸氮量与根长密度、 根系干重、 根系活跃吸收面积呈显著线性正相关(相关系数均在0.8以上)。 ZD958花前根系对氮素的响应度高于XQ73-1,花后则低于XQ73-1。【结论】氮高效玉米品种ZD958根系总量大、 深层土壤根系多、 根系活力高、 氮素吸收能力强; 施氮条件下优势更加明显,对ZD958作用大于XQ73-1,说明氮高效玉米品种发达且分布合理的根系保证了植株对氮素的吸收,有利于进行光合生产、 获得较高籽粒产量。两品种对氮素的响应不同,氮高效品种花前对氮素的响应度高于氮低效品种,花后则相反。因此,可过适度减少氮高效品种花前施氮量、 增加花后施氮量,而适度增加氮低效品种花前施氮量、 降低花后施氮量来促进根系发育,提高氮素利用效率。 相似文献
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氮磷养分胁迫下小麦幼苗期生物学响应研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了阐明小麦苗期耐低氮、低磷胁迫的生物学响应特征,以矮抗58品种为试验材料,采用水培试验法研究了小麦在不同营养环境中(全营养、低氮胁迫、低磷胁迫)的地上部生物学特性(地上部干重、株高、叶面积)、根系形态学特性(最大根长、总根数、根系总长度、根系干重和根冠比)和根系生理特性(根系活力、根系吸收面积),以及小麦苗期氮、磷素吸收与根系形态之间的关系。结果表明,在低氮和低磷胁迫下,小麦的株高、叶面积、茎叶干重、含氮量、根系干重、总根长、总根数及根冠比均明显降低,其中低磷胁迫下根系干重、总根长及根冠比的下降幅度大于低氮胁迫,低氮下最大根长的增加幅度较低磷增加7.3%;在低磷条件下小麦的含氮量下降了57.7%。低氮、低磷胁迫下小麦根系的总吸收面积、活性吸收面积及根系活力均明显降低;正常条件下的小麦氮、磷素吸收量与根系形态指标之间相关性较差,在低氮和低磷条件下小麦的氮、磷吸收量与根系干重、总根长、总吸收面积、活性吸收面积及根系活力呈极显著正相关。总之,该小麦品种根系对低磷环境反应较为敏感,而对低氮胁迫具有较好的适应性,小麦通过改变根系形态增加对低氮、磷胁迫的适应。 相似文献
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氮素对玉米幼苗生长、根系形态及氮素吸收利用效率的影响 总被引:28,自引:9,他引:19
采用水培试验,比较分析了氮素对高产玉米杂交种幼苗生长、根系形态及氮素吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,在一定氮素范围内供氮量的增加能够促进玉米地上部的生长,也促进东单90(DD90)和沈玉21(SY21)根系干重的增加,而高量供氮会抑制根系的生长,导致根冠比下降。郑单958(ZD958)在8.0 mmol/L氮水平下地上部受抑制的程度大于根系,造成根冠比有所增加。在各氮素水平下,东单90具有很好的根系形态,提高了氮素的吸收能力,从而提高氮素积累量。随氮浓度的增加,玉米植株氮素吸收效率增大而氮素生理利用效率减小,无论在低氮还是高氮条件下,郑单958和东单90的氮素吸收效率均显著高于沈玉21和郝育12(HY12),氮素生理利用效率却显著低于沈玉21和郝育12。不同品种对氮素的响应存在显著差异,东单90和郑单958耐低氮和对氮素吸收的能力强,郑单958耐高氮能力相对较弱,沈玉21和郝育12对氮素需求量大,耐低氮能力弱。适宜的氮素供应能更好地协调根系与地上部的关系,促进根系形态发育,增加根系对氮素的接触面积,促进根系对氮素的高效吸收。 相似文献
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【目的】探究油菜NO3-的吸收、分配和对低氮胁迫的响应及其氮利用效率,为理解油菜在不同低氮胁迫下相关生理变化及其氮素利用效率提供科学依据。【方法】以常规油菜品种814为研究材料,采用砂培试验,在正常供氮水平(10 mmol/L)和低氮胁迫水平(3 mmol/L、1 mmol/L)下,研究油菜的根系特性、蒸腾作用对低氮胁迫的响应及其氮素吸收效率,并研究油菜NO3-的运输分配与同化对低氮胁迫的响应及其氮素利用效率。【结果】与正常供氮处理(10 mmol/L)相比,低氮胁迫处理(3 mmol/L、1 mmol/L)的油菜NO3-含量、全氮含量均显著下降,但(NO3-)叶/根、(全氮(%))叶/根显著升高,植株根系干物质重、根系吸收面积均显著下降,但根冠比显著升高。油菜植株在低氮胁迫下气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著增加,一方面促进植株对NO3-的捕获,另一方面也促使更大比例的NO3-分配在植物的地上部分,但植株的水分散失加剧,水分利用效率显著下降。低氮胁迫处理油菜根和叶中NR、GS活性与正常供氮处理之间的差异不显著或有增加,其叶绿素含量、光合速率均显著下降,但光合氮素利用率显著升高。【结论】在低氮胁迫条件下,油菜植株的氮素和干物质累积均显著下降,但NO3-在植株的地上部分分配比例的增加以及光合氮素利用率的升高促使植株的氮素利用效率显著提高。 相似文献
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低氮胁迫下玉米幼苗氮素和蔗糖分配特性 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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低氮胁迫对不同耐低氮玉米品种苗期伤流液性状及根系活力的影响 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
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水稻根系形态与氮素吸收累积的相关性分析 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9
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低氮胁迫对谷子苗期性状的影响和耐低氮品种的筛选 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
筛选和培育耐低氮能力强的作物品种,是提高作物氮素利用效率,减少氮肥施用量,降低环境污染的有效措施。本研究以45份谷子品种为试材,采用水培的方法,在低氮(0.1mmol·L~(-1))和正常氮(5mmol·L~(-1))条件下,测定苗高、根长和根数等22个氮效率相关指标,采用综合耐低氮系数法以及基于主成分分析的隶属函数法评价参试谷子品种的耐低氮性。结果表明,与正常氮条件相比,低氮胁迫下,谷子苗期根长、根冠比、地上部氮素生理效率、地下部氮素生理效率、单株氮素生理效率有不同程度提高,其余17个指标都有不同程度降低。两种评价方法均根据45个谷子品种的耐低氮能力将其划分为强耐低氮型、耐低氮型、中间型、较敏感型和敏感型5类。筛选出耐低氮性较强的品种5份,编号分别为11、14、17、35和39。利用GGE双标图对品种-耐低氮相关指标的分析表明,编号39和14的耐低氮品种主要耐低氮性状为地下部干重、地下部鲜重、根长;编号为11、35和17的耐低氮品种主要耐低氮性状为地上部鲜重、叶片数、叶宽、叶长、单株氮累积量、地上部氮累积量、单株干质量、地上部干重、地下部氮累积量、根数、苗高和SPAD。可见不同谷子品种的耐低氮机制存在一定差异,研究结果可为谷子耐低氮品种的选育提供材料基础。 相似文献
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不同氮效率木薯品种根系形态、构型及氮吸收动力学特征 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
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氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系形态建成及生理特性的影响 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
为揭示氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系生长的影响,以高产高蛋白品种Spitfire(S)和抗旱品种Drysdale(D)为材料,采用沙培方式研究了不同氮素处理(180和22.5 kg·hm-2)和水分处理(干旱和正常浇水)对苗期小麦根系形态建成和生理生长的影响。结果表明,苗期干旱下增施氮肥减小了2个品种小麦根系总根长、根系表面积、总根体积、根尖数和分枝数,显著增加了根系直径和根系活力,S品种根系干重减小7.0%,而D品种根系干重增加12.0%。施高氮还降低了干旱下2个品种小麦根系可溶性糖含量,并提高了游离氨基酸含量,且耐旱性品种D变化幅度较大,2个品种根系可溶性蛋白含量的变化均不明显。此外,增施氮肥能促进根系对氮素的吸收,提高根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和含氮量。综上,在苗期干旱下增施氮肥能够促进小麦根系生长,提高根系活力和NR活性,以增强根系对氮素的吸收同化能力,促进氮代谢水平,从而提高小麦的抗旱性,但不同耐旱品种对干旱下增施氮肥的响应程度存在差异。本研究结果为通过增施氮肥有效缓解干旱进而提高小麦产量提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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【目的】黄腐酸(FA)是腐植酸中分子量较小、活性最大的组分,作为一种生物刺激素,FA可以促进植物生长,提高植株的抗逆性。研究黄腐酸不同添加量对低氮胁迫下小麦生长及根系形态的影响,为小麦减氮增效提供实践和理论参考。【方法】以小麦品种‘鑫华麦818’为材料进行了水培试验。将营养液氮浓度调节为硝态氮0.1 mmol/L模拟低氮胁迫(LN),并分别设置FA添加量0、30、60、90、120 mg/L,即LN-FA0、LN-FA30、LN-FA60、LN-FA90、LN-FA120,共5个处理;以正常供氮营养液(硝态氮4 mmol/L)为对照(NN)。分析了小麦根系形态、植株生物量、植株氮浓度、氮累积量、叶片氮代谢关键酶活性等指标。【结果】与LN-FA0相比,LN-FA30、LN-FA60、LN-FA90和LN-FA120处理的地上部生物量分别提高了16.31%、23.18%、26.75%和35.16%,LN-FA120的地上部生物量与正常氮处理已无显著差异;LN-FA30、LN-FA60和LNFA90总根长增加了35.00%~44.67%,根表面积增加了39.93%~95.42%,根体积增加了... 相似文献
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The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where 15N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars. 相似文献
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《Journal of plant nutrition》2012,35(1):122-137
AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of two irrigation regimes (55 and 85% of soil available water depletion) and two nitrogen levels (0 and 112.5?kg ha?1) on yield as well as water and nitrogen use efficiencies of two millet cultivars (namely, Bastan and Pishahang) planted at two sowing dates during 2015 and 2016. Growth parameters and nitrogen use of the millet cultivars were found affected by drought, nitrogen level, and sowing date as well as their interactions. Nitrogen application was found to improve not only nitrogen uptake, chlorophyll content, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) but also grain and biological yields; more positive effects were, however, observed under the control irrigation regime. Nevertheless, nitrogen uptake (NUpE), utilization (NUtE), and use (NUE) efficiencies decreased as a result of nitrogen application. The increases in grain yield (16 versus 7%) and IWUEg (17 versus 6%) due to nitrogen application were more pronounced in the drought-tolerant Bastan cultivar than in the drought-sensitive Pishahang. However, nitrogen application decreased NUpE in both cultivars. Although water stress increased soil N residual with all the sowing dates, the increase was greater with the early ones. The results of the experiment suggest that the application of higher nitrogen levels is not the proper strategy for compensating for the reduced yield under drought conditions. Rather, late sowing dates, due to the lower drought effects associated, might be the proper alternative for achieving higher yields as well as improved IWUE and NUE in areas plagued with water shortage. 相似文献
16.
Zhen-Hua Zhang Hai-Xing Song Qiang Liu Xiang-Min Rong Chun-Yun Guan Jian-Wei Peng 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1448-1459
Differences of nitrogen efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars and their physiological properties were studied in a pot experiment, and the ratio of seed yield with no nitrogen supplied to that with normal nitrogen supply was adopted as a nitrogen efficiency coefficient. Results showed that the nitrogen efficiency coefficient determined for eight oilseed rape cultivars varied from 0.37 to 0.69, the ratio of nitrogen uptake amounts per plant, nitrogen transfer velocity from stems and leaves to seeds, and nitrogen physiological efficiency of oilseed rape cultivars under nitrogen stressed condition differed from with normal nitrogen supply. The higher the nitrogen efficiency of a cultivar, the higher the ratio of N uptake in no nitrogen to with N supplied. Under low nitrogen-supplying conditions, high nitrogen efficiency cultivars had longer roots, more lateral roots, higher amounts of reuse of nitrate from stem and leaves, and higher nitrate reductase activities in leaves. 相似文献
17.
To study the effect of two different nitrogen (N) sources and manganese application on root-shoot relations and manganese (Mn) dynamics in the rhizosphere of two wheat cultivars, a screen house experiment was conducted using manganese-deficient soil. Significantly higher root length (RL), root surface area, shoot dry weight (SDW), root length density, and manganese uptake were recorded in calcium nitrate supplied plants of cultivar ‘WH 542’ when applied with calcium nitrate along with manganese rather than ammonium sulfate. Cultivar ‘PD W274’ produced 72% of the maximum RL and 77% of the maximum SDW under similar conditions. Results indicated that cultivar ‘WH 542’ was more manganese efficient than ‘PD W274’ and calcium nitrate was a better source of nitrogen than ammonium sulfate. However, maximum shoot manganese content was recorded in ammonium sulfate supplied plants, which was due to depletion of manganese at root surface to a lower value, causing higher concentration gradient and hence higher manganese influx to root. 相似文献