DEM提取坡度产生的边缘效应分析

由DEM提取地形因子时一般采取3×3窗口分析运算,导致得到的地形因子矩阵在边缘上存在明显边缘误差。以黄土高原不同地貌类型区坡度的提取为例,研究基于1∶10 000和1∶50 000比例尺DEM提取坡度时所产生的边缘效应,分析了边缘效应与DEM分辨率、区域面积及区域地貌特征之间的关系,提出了解决或改善边缘效应的方法。用2个指标量化了边缘效应:一是平均坡度的变化值;二是边缘部分坡度提取的中误差。试验结果显示:平均坡度的变化值与DEM分辨率、区域面积及区域地貌特征之间有较明显的相关关系,即分辨率越高、区域面积越大,地面起伏越小,则边缘效应对整个区域平均坡度的影响就越小;而边缘部分坡度提取的中误差与区域面积没有明显的稳定相关关系,但与DEM分辨率和区域地貌特征之间存在较明显相关关系,即分辨率越高,地面起伏越大,则边缘上坡度提取的中误差越大。     

基于全数字摄影测量数据建立DEM时分辨率的确定

分辨率是栅格DEM的基本参数之一,其大小直接影响到DEM的数据质量和地形分析的精度。采用多大的分辨率是建立和应用DEM时需解决的基本问题。利用全数字航空摄影测量方法,获取了位于陕北丘陵沟壑区的实验样区的高精度地形特征点、线数据,在此基础上,生成了9种不同数据密度的点数据集。然后利用ANUDEM和TIN方法,建立具有不同格网尺寸的2种DEM数据系列,并提取坡度均方差,平均坡度和高程中误差。根据坡度均方差、平均坡度和高程中误差随格网尺寸变化的规律,确定了建立DEM时合适的分辨率大小。研究结果表明,在利用全数字摄影测量方法建立1:10000比例尺的DEM时,应采用的分辨率约为2.5m。     

基于GIS的不同精度DEM提取地形指标误差分析——以盐池县南部山区为例

以1∶5万和1∶10万地形图制作的DEM为研究对象,分别提取地面坡度及坡向、地表粗糙度、沟壑密度、坡长5种地形指标,并进行对比分析。实验样区为盐池县南部山区,基本技术平台为ARC/INFO地理信息系统软件。研究结果表明,两种精度DEM在提取地面坡度与地表粗糙度不同程度存在着误差,提取沟壑密度与坡长存在误差较小。提出了运用地理信息系统软件结合DEM提取沟壑密度与坡长的方法。研究成果对于DEM精度估算与误差纠正有一定的指导意义。     

不同栅格分辨率数字坡度模型转换图谱研究

以陕北绥德县韭园沟流域为试验样区，采用1：1万比例尺、5m分辨率DEM所提取的坡度为准值，研究该地区在同一比例尺、不同水平分辨率条件下DEM提取坡度因子的精度特征。该研究获得不同栅格分辨率DEM所提取地面坡度统计值的转换图谱。该成果对于正确估算DEM提取坡度等地形因子的精度与应用适用性，对于其它若干应用标准的制定，提供了重要的依据。     

基于不同分辨率DEM的永寿县地形信息差异分析

高分辨率的DEM往往可以囊括更多更详细的地形信息,但过于详细的数据可能会造成数据冗余给计算带来不便。为了研究不同分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)在对地形信息表达的现实意义,基于不同比例尺、不同栅格空间分辨率的DEM进行了地形特征的提取与分析,结果表明:(1)地面整体坡度随着分辨率降低逐渐减小,对地形的描述越来越粗糙,概括性越来越高,地形整体趋于平坦化。(2)基于较小分辨率DEM提取的坡向更具有宏观意义,而高分辨率DEM提取的坡向可反映地形的细部朝向。(3)随着DEM分辨率下降,地面平面曲率能更加概括区域地形,使山谷线和山脊线更明显,但会导致大量细部信息的丢失。(4)DEM所提取的地面剖面曲率值随着DEM分辨率的下降显著减小,即地面坡度的变化减小,地面的转折棱角逐渐趋于平滑,地形起伏变化特征精度降低。     

基于不同分辨率DEM提取坡长的统计分布

坡长是土壤侵蚀和流域水文等研究的重要地形指标,在流域或区域土壤侵蚀评价研究中,坡长通常基于中低分辨率DEM提取,但随着DEM分辨率的降低,其上提取的坡长发生扩张,进而影响土壤侵蚀评价的计算精度。DEM分辨率对坡长的影响虽已受到注意,但对于这种影响的机理尚不清楚。因此本研究采用对坡长表面采用分级研究的方法,分析了坡长随DEM分辨率的统计分布变化的规律。结果表明:随着分辨率的降低,整体上表现为短坡长向中等坡长区扩张,长坡长出现衰减,坡长整体集中分布在中等坡长区域,基于此提出了因分辨率降低引起坡长表面变化的定量表述公式及坡长误差经验公式,可以根据坡长提取精度需求来计算合适的分辨率参数,为选取合适的DEM分辨率提高坡长计算效率提供依据。     

基于四种分辨率DEM的侵蚀模型地形因子差异分析

通过提取江西省兴国县潋水河流域10 m、25 m、50 m和100 m四种分辨率数字高程模型(DEM,Digital Elevation Model)的坡度、坡长因子,在GIS数字地形分析和数理分析等方法支持下,研究不同分辨率DEM计算坡度坡长组合因子(LS)的精度差异。结果表明:(1)基于4种分辨率DEM提取的坡度结果存在明显差异,随分辨率的降低,坡度整体变缓,DEM精度越低,对地形的概括作用越大,100 m分辨率DEM平均坡度降为10m分辨率DEM平均坡度的45.04%。(2)流域坡长以0~80 m的短坡为主,随着分辨率的降低,地面坡长明显整体延伸。(3)不同分辨率DEM计算的LS因子平均值变化范围为6.10~7.10,坡度和坡长的组合消弱了单一坡度和坡长的影响,随着地形起伏程度增大,在LS因子计算过程中,坡度的主导作用越来越弱,坡长的主导作用越来越强。     

地形因子与DEM分辨率关系的初步研究——以蒙阴县为例

以蒙阴县为研究区探讨坡度、坡长、坡向、汇水面积随DEM分辨率的变化.基于1:5万地形图利用ANUDEM建立多种分辨率的DEM.分辨率水平包括10,15,20,25,30,40,50,75,100,150,200,250,300,400,500,750,1000 m,基于上述DEM提取坡度、坡长、坡向、汇水面积,探讨其随分辨率的变化规律.结果表明:随分辨率降低,平均坡度呈对数函数衰减,坡度向低坡度范围集中,平均坡长增大且在高分辨率范围内较剧烈,坡长向较长坡长范围集中,分辨率200 m以坡向统计信息受分辨率降低的影响小于10%.随DEM分辨率降低平均汇水面积呈线性增大,且不同汇水面积等级所占面积的变化规律不同.     

考虑坡度变换的中低分辨率地形湿度指数提取

基于中低分辨率的DEM提取地形湿度指数,对于区域土壤侵蚀因子和区域土壤侵蚀模型等研究有着重要的意义.但随着DEM分辨率的降低,坡度趋于平缓,单元栅格高程信息的改变也会影响单元汇流面积的计算,基于中低分辨率提取地形湿度指数必须考虑这两方面的影响.以1:5万数字地形图分别构TIN得到分辨率为10,20,40和60 m的DEM,进行频率和累计频率统计,以10 m分辨率DEM为参考对其它分辨率DEM做坡度变换,提出根据高分辨率DEM若干栅格的单元汇流面积的均值作为低分辨率DEM的单元汇流面积,根据这两方面对地形湿度指数进行了改正.     

基于DEM的马莲河流域数字地形分析

研究基于DEM的数字地形分析可以为各个领域提供地形分析的基础理论及实现手段。DEM水平分辨率作为重要的尺度参数,是确定地形参数和应用尺度的重要指标。选取陇东黄土高原地区的马莲河流域作为研究对象,应用美国ESRI公司开发的ArcGIS地理信息系统软件,基于数字高程模型进行流域地形特征的提取与分析。研究提取流域的基本地形特征如坡度和坡向,提取流域水系,划分了小流域。通过分析比较,得出DEM水平分辨率对提取的地形特征及水文特征的影响,为马莲河流域的数字地形分析提供了理论依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI