施用硼钼对花生硼钼吸收积累与分配的影响

取广东省几个花生主产区土壤作盆栽试验、探讨硼、钼施用对花生硼、钼的吸收、运转和积累分配的影响。结果表明，花生施用Ｂ、Ｍｏ后，各生育期和各部位的Ｂ、Ｍｏ含量和吸收量均极显著地增加；Ｂ、Ｍｏ配合施用抑制植株对Ｂ的吸收而促进其对Ｍｏ的吸收；在高Ｐ下配合施用Ｂ、Ｍｏ对植株Ｂ、Ｍｏ吸收均有一定的促进作用；植株吸收Ｂ、Ｍｏ后，Ｂ主要向叶转移、Ｍｏ主要积累在籽粒中。     

Zn、B、Mo、Ca肥对花生产量和品质的影响

试验研究了增施锌、硼、钼、钙肥对花生产量和品质的影响,结果表明:在一定的N、P、K大量元素供给水平上,配合施用中微肥,可以促进花生的生长发育,有利于植株的干物质积累,增加根瘤数和结果数,提高花生产量和经济效益,改善花生品质性状。     

Zn、B、Mo、Ca肥对花生产量和品质的影响

试验研究了增施锌、硼、钼、钙肥对花生产量和品质的影响，结果表明：在一定的N、P、K大量元素供给水平上，配合施用中微肥，可以促进花生的生长发育，有利于植株的干物质积累，增加根瘤数和结果数，提高花生产量和经济效益，改善花生品质性状。     

pH和质地对土壤供硼影响的研究

取广东省花生主产区５种代表性土壤,在连续栽种的情况下,研究土壤ＰＨ和质地对花生植株硼的积累及土壤有效变化的影响,结果表明,随着苛种次次增加,土壤ＰＨ值呈显著上升趋势,而花生植株的硼积累最则呈显著下降趋势,二者表现出极显著负相关。土壤质地明显影响植株硼的积累量,不同粒级的土壤颗凿对花生各茬硼积累量的影响左异。土壤ＰＨ值和土衣效硼的相关不显著,而质地为有效硼表现正相关,并达到极显著水平。     

施用硼、锌、钼肥对紫花苜蓿生长及品质的影响

试验阐明了在京郊土壤条件下施用硼、锌、钼肥对紫花苜蓿生长、品质和营养吸收的影响,为苜蓿的合理施肥提供了依据。结果表明:施用硼、锌和钼肥能够不同程度地提高苜蓿株丛数、改善结瘤、促进分枝、增加株高。微肥对产量的影响因土壤而异,当土壤有效锌、硼、钼含量分别低于1.8mg/kg、0.5mg/kg及0.1mg/kg时,施用微肥的增产效果明显。适当施用硼、锌、钼肥能够提高苜蓿粗蛋白质含量。苜蓿的吸氮量受硼、锌、钼肥影响显著,其中硼肥的作用最大,苜蓿的吸磷量受锌、钼的影响显著,吸钾量受硼、钼的影响显著。     

施用硼、锌、钼肥对紫花苜蓿生长及品质的影响

试验阐明了在京郊土壤条件下施用硼、锌、钼肥对紫花苜蓿生长、品质和营养吸收的影响，为苜蓿的合理施肥提供了依据。结果表明：施用硼、锌和钼肥能够不同程度地提高苜蓿株丛数、改善结瘤、促进分枝、增加株高。微肥对产量的影响因土壤而异，当土壤有效锌、硼、钼含量分别低于1．8mg／kg、0．5mg／kg及0．1mg／kg时，施用微肥的增产效果明显。适当施用硼、锌、钼肥能够提高苜蓿粗蛋白质含量。苜蓿的吸氮氯量受硼、锌、钼肥影响显著，其中硼肥的作用最大，苜蓿的吸磷量受锌、钼的影响显著，吸钾量受硼、钼的影响显著。     

生物炭提高花生干物质与养分利用的优势研究

【目的】 以秸秆为原料生产生物炭可用于改良土壤和提高养分利用率,其与秸秆直接还田以及传统的制作堆肥后还田相比是否具有优势需要用试验来验证,本研究可为生物炭的高效利用提供理论依据。 【方法】 以传统猪厩肥和秸秆直接还田为对照,连续进行了8年的花生田间微区 (2 m2) 试验。在氮磷钾总投入量相等的条件下,共设4个处理,分别为秸秆还田 (CS)、猪厩肥 (PMC)、生物炭 (BIO) 和基于生物炭的炭基花生专用肥 (BF),每个处理重复3次,随机区组排列。试验于2016年在花生苗期、开花下针期、结荚期和饱果成熟期进行采样,测定植株茎叶、根和荚果的干物质和氮磷钾养分积累量,并计算对应的分配情况,探讨其对花生产量的影响。 【结果】 生物炭处理的花生产量显著高于其它处理,达到7231.7 kg/hm2;生物炭复合肥和猪厩肥处理则相对较低,分别是生物炭处理的82.4%和83.8%,秸秆处理产量最低,为5623.9 kg/hm2。猪厩肥处理的出仁率显著高于其它处理。生育前期各处理的干物质和养分主要在茎叶中积累,从结荚期开始逐渐向荚果中转移。与对照处理相比,复合肥处理的干物质和氮磷钾养分整株积累量在各时期均较高,尤其在结荚期以前保持了良好的荚果干物质和养分分配系数;生物炭处理则至饱果成熟期时呈现出明显优势,干物质积累量达到6295.0 kg/hm2,分别高出专用肥、秸秆和猪厩肥处理43.1%、36.1%和50.8%,茎叶分配比例高达34.5%,氮、磷、钾积累量持续增长至236.4 kg/hm2、 21.7 kg/hm2、77.8 kg/hm2,显著高于其它处理,但此时期荚果的氮、钾分配系数仅有0.83和0.52,低于对照处理(CS、PMC处理) 0.02～0.03和0.15～0.21。 【结论】 在氮磷钾养分投入量相等、不考虑有机碳投入量的前提下,施用生物炭、炭基复合肥和猪厩肥效果均显著好于秸秆直接还田;生物炭可显著提高花生整株的干物质量和氮磷钾积累量,特别是提高生育后期的干物质和养分分配量,促进产量的提高,对花生高产增效有良好的促进作用;炭基复合肥在花生进入结荚期后,对花生干物质及养分积累分配的促进作用减弱,效果与施用猪厩肥相当。因此,在本试验条件下,生物炭直接施用具有维持其养分长期稳定释放,提高花生产量和肥料养分利用率的作用。      

施硫肥对花生农艺性状和产量的影响

田间试验结果表明,花生施用硫肥可促进植株生长,提高叶面积系数,增加干物质积累量,增加饱果数,提高百果重和出仁率,增产显著,增产幅度达4.9%~10.08%。     

花生与玉米和芝麻间作的产量及经济效益分析

为明确不同间作体系对花生产量形成和经济效益的影响,本试验于2018—2019年,设置玉米||花生(M||P)、芝麻||花生(S||P)、单作花生(SP)、单作玉米(SM)和单作芝麻(SS)5个种植模式,研究了不同种植模式对花生功能叶光合-光强响应曲线、干物质积累、种间竞争力指数、产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:1)与玉米||花生体系中的间作花生相比,芝麻||花生体系中间作花生的最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、产量和最大干物质积累量分别显著提升了18.0%～20.7%、64.2%～70.0%、26.5%～31.8%(P0.05)。2)间作芝麻干物质积累进入缓增期后16～19 d,芝麻||花生中间作花生仍处于干物质积累快增期,芝麻和花生干物质积累快增期互相错开,而玉米||花生体系中玉米和花生的干物质积累快增期重叠;成熟期,间作花生相对于芝麻、玉米的竞争力指数分别为–2.31～–2.06和–4.68～–4.34。说明间作花生相对于芝麻的竞争力比相对于玉米的竞争力强。3)芝麻||花生较玉米||花生的土地当量比提高3.0%～4.0%,且大于1;经济效益显著提高16.7%～50.8%(P0.05),达2.3万～2.4万元·hm~(–2)。研究结果表明芝麻||花生较玉米||花生,提高了土地利用率、产量和收益,其机理在于芝麻||花生较玉米||花生能错开作物间干物质积累的快增期,降低高、矮两种作物的种间竞争强度,提高间作花生冠层光强和净光合速率。     

种子钼对冬小麦硝酸还原酶活性、干物质重及产量的影响

在酸性黄棕壤上 ,研究了种子钼对冬小麦幼苗NRA(硝酸还原酶活性 )、拔节期地上部干物质重和小麦子粒产量的影响。结果表明 ,不管施钼与否 ,苗期NRA与种子钼含量呈极显著正相关。拔节期地上部干物质重与种子钼含量呈极显著正相关 ,但施钼以后无明显相关性。小麦子粒产量与种子钼含量无显著相关性。种子钼处理 (种子钼加土壤有效钼 )对大多数品种的幼苗NRA、拔节期干物质重和子粒产量 ,均比施钼处理极显著降低。这些表明 ,种子钼对植物体的生长有一定作用 ,但不足以保证冬小麦正常生长发育并获得高产。因此 ,在施钼是在缺钼土壤上矫正缺钼、促进冬小麦生长发育、获得高产的必要措施之一。     

钾镁锌硼钼肥对椪柑产量和品质的影响

在成龄椪柑桔园连续3年施肥试验结果表明,施用钾、镁、锌、硼和钼肥对椪柑产量和品质有不同程度的影响。在红泥土和河沙土上氮磷钾平衡施较不施钾显著增加椪柑产量,分别增产14.3%和13.5%。在施用氮磷钾基础上施镁、锌、硼和钼肥,可使红泥土上椪柑果实产量依次平均增产8.6%、7.9%、7.4%和2.7%,可使河沙土上的椪柑果实产量依次平均增产4.3%、4.2%、3.1%和2.2%。施钾能增加果实的维生素C、全糖和可溶性固形物含量,而能降低全酸含量和糖/酸比。在施用氮磷钾基础上施镁、锌和硼能增加椪柑果实的维生素C、全糖和可溶性固形物含量。施钼肥导致果实中全酸含量的提高和糖/酸比的降低。在红泥土和河沙土上施钾使椪柑果皮增厚,施镁使果皮变薄,施锌硼对果皮影响甚微,施钼能明显地使果皮增厚。     

硼钼锌及互作对甘蓝型油菜籽粒产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn) and their interactions on seed yield and yield formation of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. Huashuang 4). Application of B fertilizer to a sandy soil increased the seed yield by 46.1% compared to the control and also created a considerably higher seed yield than the two treatments solely applying Mo and Zn fertilizers, which suggested that B was a main constraint for the seed yield of Huashuang 4 in this experiment. The effect of B fertilizer on the seed yield was attributed to an increase in the number of seeds per silique and siliques per plant. The combined application of B with Mo or Zn resulted in higher seed yield than the application of B, Mo or Zn alone, and the seed yield of the B+Mo+Zn treatment was the highest in all treatments, 68.1% above the control. Dry matter accumulation of seed followed a typical S-shaped curve and it was higher in plants supplied with B than in plants without B. A small but significant increase in the seed oil content and an improvement in the oil quality were also observed in all treatments compared with the control. These results suggested that optimal micronutrient application could provide both yield and quality advantages for rapeseed in poor soil.     

锌硼钼配施对川白芷药材农艺性状与产量的影响

【目的】 川白芷道地产区遂宁的紫色土有效态养分中缺硼和较缺锌、钼,成为川白芷优质高产的限制因子之一。本研究旨在探索锌、硼、钼三种微量元素肥料对遂宁地区川白芷药材的农艺性状和产量的影响,找出适合遂宁地区川白芷的微肥配施方案。 【方法】 采用三元二次正交旋转组合设计进行田间试验,在川白芷生长旺盛期前分3次进行锌、硼、钼微肥叶面喷施处理,2015年7月采收,分别测定药材的农艺性状和产量。使用DPS软件解析数据建立了锌、硼、钼与川白芷药材农艺性状和产量的函数模型,通过F检验,分析了回归方程和各项回归系数的显著性,利用模型分析了微量元素肥料对根折干率、根密度、根体积、根长、根直径及产量的影响,使用统计频数法和灰色关联度和DTOPSIS法综合各项指标获得最优施肥方案。 【结果】 施用锌、硼、钼微肥可影响川白芷药材根部农艺性状,并显著影响其产量,且因素间存在显著的协同效应和抑制效应。单因素分析结果表明,本研究施肥水平下各因素对根折干率、根体积、根长、根直径和产量的影响大小为钼>锌>硼,对根密度的影响大小为硼>锌>钼。在一定范围内,钼能增加根体积、降低根密度,锌能增加根直径,硼抑制根密度和根长。互作效应分析结果表明,锌肥和硼肥互作、锌肥和钼肥互作对产量增加存在显著的抑制效应,锌肥和钼肥互作抑制根体积,钼肥和硼肥互作抑制根密度。根据统计频数法优化出锌肥0.0305～0.0960 kg/hm2、硼肥1.0270～1.7928 kg/hm2、钼肥0.1354～0.1774 kg/hm2的最佳施肥配方,利用灰色关联度和DTOPSIS法综合获得使用锌肥0.06 kg/hm2、硼肥2.28 kg/hm2、钼肥0.17 kg/hm2下产量最高,较对照增加了44.4%。 【结论】 锌、硼、钼三种微肥配合施用对川白芷增产有显著的效果,但是需要适量施用,过量施用对产量会产生抑制效果。      

砖红壤施用中量、微量元素对甘蔗产量与糖分的效应

在雷州半岛玄武岩发育的种植甘蔗砖红壤上施用Ca、Mg、B、Mo、Fe、Cu、Zn肥料，探究这些中量与微量元素对甘蔗的产量与糖分的效应。结果表明：Ca、Mg、B、Mo肥对甘蔗有显著增产效应，而Fe肥具有显著减产效应。B、Mo、Fe、Cu肥能显著提高甘蔗含糖量，而Mg肥具有降低甘蔗糖分的效应。Ca、B、Mo3种肥料相互配施的增产或增糖效果均不优于单施的效果。从对甘蔗产量和含糖量综合效果看，甘蔗施用B、Mo、Ca肥分别能产生显著经济效益。因此，在玄武岩发育砖红壤上种植甘蔗，建议施用Mo、B、Ca肥。     

Cobalt and molybdenum stimulate compounds of primary metabolism,nitrogen forms,and photosynthetic pigments in peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) doses in the treatment of seeds on the biosynthesis of nitrogen compounds, photosynthetic pigments, sugars, and production of peanut plants. The doses of Co and Mo used were 0, 2, 3, and 4?mL kg^?1 seed, which were applied immediately before sowing. Seeds treated with Co and Mo at a dose of 4?mL kg^?1 yielded peanut plants with higher concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, and sucrose in leaves. Application of Co and Mo doses also increased biological nitrogen fixation by increasing the concentration of allantoic acid, nitrate, ammonia, and amino acids in leaves. The concentration of total amino acids corresponded to most of the nitrogen compounds (on average 50%), followed by the concentrations of nitrate (35%), ammonia (11%), allantoic acid (7%), and allantoin (0.2%). Application of 4?mL kg^?1 increased the production of total amino acids compared with the control treatment. Pod yield was not affected by the Co and Mo doses; however, treatment of peanut seeds with 4?mL kg^?1 was the most viable alternative for increased production of primary metabolism compounds, nitrogen forms, and photosynthetic pigments in peanut plants. This study provides important information regarding the role of Co and Mo in the biological nitrogen fixation of peanut plants. Future experiments should be conducted using a dose of 4?mL kg^?1 with different genotypes to verify the potential for increasing peanut yield.     

磷锌配施对花生生理特性、产量及品质的影响

协调磷-锌配比是作物达到最佳产量和质量的保障。采用大田试验,在豫南花生主产区高磷低锌的砂姜黑土上,研究了不同磷、锌配比对花生抗氧化特性及产量、品质的影响。结果表明,磷锌配施对花生生理特性产生一定影响,相同磷用量下,施锌比不施锌显著提高了花生叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、生长素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低花生叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量;相同锌用量下,随磷用量的增加,花生叶片的SOD和POD活性先增高后降低,MDA含量先降低后增加,生长素含量无显著变化,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量也表现出先增高后降低的趋势,但处理间差异呈显著或不显著。对花生产量和品质来讲,与不施肥相比,磷锌单独或配施均在一定程度上提高了花生产量、粗脂肪及脂肪酸组分,且磷锌配施效果优于二者单独施用,其中90 kg/hm~2磷肥与60 kg/hm~2锌肥配施处理的产量最高,增产率达24.1%,增产原因可能是提高了花生的抗氧化能力,增加了单株饱果数和饱果重。双因素方差分析结果显示,磷对花生株高、侧枝长、单株饱果数、单株饱果重和产量影响显著;锌仅对单株饱果数和饱果重及产量影响显著;磷-锌交互作用对花生株高影响显著,对产量及其构成因素和品质影响不显著。综上,磷锌配施可以改善花生的生理特性,提高花生产量和品质,但高量磷与锌肥配施却不利于花生抗氧化能力、产量和品质的提高。在豫南花生主产区,建议多补充锌肥,少用磷肥。     

Scaling-up of boron sources for yield and quality of large seeded peanut cultivars under varied agro-ecological conditions in India

Boron (B) deficiency is a common factor in light-textured soils causing poor pod filling and yield in large seeded peanut. Field trials were conducted in soils having 0.20–0.45 mg kg^?1 available B to find out the effectiveness of commercial-grade B sources in large seeded peanuts. B application induced early flowering, increased pods, yield and yield attributes, shelling and 100-seed weight. Soil application of 2.0 kg B ha^?1 as commercial-grade Agricol, Solubor and Borosol increased these parameters to a similar degree as obtained by borax, but were superior over their foliar applications. Similarly, the responses of foliar applications of 1.0 kg B ha^?1 as Chemiebor, Solubor and Borosol were more effective in humid areas. However, foliar applications led to scorching of peanut leaves during dry weather. Thus, soil application of 2.0 kg B ha^?1 is essential to enhance productivity and pod filling in large seeded peanut.     

花生连作红壤芽孢杆菌的群落多样性及其生防效果研究

芽孢杆菌是土壤中常见的微生物类群,在土壤生态系统中占据重要地位。本研究发现低丘红壤区花生连作红壤中芽孢杆菌的数量为2.0×105 ~ 2.3×105 cfu/g 干土。通过构建3个样品的基因文库,共得到9个种类;16S rDNA 测序结果表明该地区芽孢杆菌的优势类型有短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、高地芽孢杆菌,分别占总克隆的54%、12% 和14%。并研究了施用不同微生物制剂对连作花生产量和生育性状的影响,结果显示,施用光合细菌和枯草芽孢杆菌能够在一定程度上提高花生的产量,枯草芽孢杆菌和光合细菌混合施用的增产效果最好,比对照提高了32.14%。     

Effect of potassium,sulfur, boron,and molybdenum fertilization on alfalfa production and herbage macronutrient contents

An established two‐year‐old stand of ‘Apollo’ alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) was used to determine the alfalfa yield and macronutrient contents response to potassium (K), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) fertilization under a high yield environment. A split, split block field design was used with nine micronutrient treatments (0, 50, and 100 g Mo ha^‐1 and 0, 1, and 2 kg B ha^‐1) in a factorial arrangement (3²) as the subplots and three K levels (150, 300, and 600 kg K ha^‐1) as the main plot in three replications. Two levels of S (0 and 240 kg S ha^‐1) fertilization were applied in strips across the main plots (K levels) resulting in the split, split block design. Alfalfa yield and macronutrient contests were determined. Increased in K or S rate increased K contents of the plants, however, the differences between the K or S rates were not significant and B or Mo application did not have a marked effect on alfalfa K levels. Alfalfa calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), or phosphorus (P) content was not significantly affected by K, S, B, or Mo fertilization. Potassium, S, B, or Mo fertilizer application also did not have a marked effect on alfalfa yield during this study. Combinations of K, S, B, and Mo fertilizer had variable effects and the effects were dependent on the combination of fertilizer, sources, and levels. With a few exceptions, there was lack of alfalfa yield and nutrient contents response to K, S, B, and Mo applications which was due to the effect of low available soil moisture as a result of low incident rainfall during the study on these nutrients availability, uptake, and alfalfa growth.     

砂姜黑土区花生优质高产的氮钙硫施肥模型研究

为优化砂姜黑土区花生优质高产的施肥方案,本试验以豫花22为试验材料,在大田条件下,采用三因素二次饱和D-最优设计方法,研究氮肥、钙肥与硫肥配施对豫南砂姜黑土花生产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮肥、钙肥和硫肥对花生产量和品质有显著影响,产量效应方程中中等偏上的氮肥和较高的钙肥存在显著的交互效应,品质效应方程中中等偏上的钙肥和中等偏下的硫肥存在显著的交互效应。比较偏回归系数发现,氮肥对产量的影响最大,其次是钙肥,硫肥对产量的影响最小,对籽仁品质影响依次表现为氮肥>硫肥>钙肥。单因素效应分析表明,本试验条件下的花生产量和品质与氮肥、钙肥、硫肥的用量呈“抛物线”型变化。模型模拟分析表明,花生优质高产的氮、钙、硫施用量组合为104.08~111.81、234.36~282.21、25.15~40.88 kg·hm^-2;在经济效益最大时(36 682.82 元·hm^-2),氮、钙、硫最佳施用量组合为107.62、243.15、22.91 kg·hm^-2,配施比为1∶2.26∶0.21。综上,本研究构建的模型较好地模拟了氮、钙、硫肥与花生产量和品质的关系;同时发现氮钙硫肥互作能够影响花生产量和品质,但花生获得最高产量和最佳品质的氮钙硫配施组合存在差异。本研究结果为豫南砂姜黑土区的合理施肥提供了理论依据。