水分胁迫对玉米根系AsA-GSH H202含量的影响

以“鲁玉14”、“掖单13”2个不同抗旱性玉米品种为材料，研究不同浓度聚乙二醇－6000（PEG－6000）处理下根系抗坏血酸－谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH)循环中关键酶和抗氧化剂的变化及其对过氧化氢（H2O2）含量的影响结果表明，谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性及谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量变化为当聚乙二醇溶液浓度低于100g/kg时，随水分胁迫的增强而上升，当聚乙二醇溶液浓度高于150g/kg时，随水分胁迫的增强而下降。抗坏血酸（AsA)含量随水分胁迫的增加而持续下降，H2O2含量随水分胁迫的加剧而增加。聚乙二醇溶液浓度为150－250g/kg处理下H2O2含量的增加与抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量的下降呈显著正相关。2品种比较，抗旱性强的品种具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

刺槐苗木抗氧化保护系统对石油污染的响应

为探究刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)抗氧化保护系统在石油污染逆境下的适应性调节机制,采用盆栽试验研究了0,5,10,15,20g/kg浓度石油处理下1年生刺槐苗木的抗氧化保护酶系、抗氧化剂以及过氧化氢H2O2和丙二醛MDA含量的动态变化。结果表明:在5~20g/kg石油浓度处理30d时,除抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)外,刺槐苗木的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量较对照显著降低,抗坏血酸(AsA)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量则基本维持稳定,而在20g/kg石油浓度下显著增加;随石油污染浓度的增加和时间延长(60~90d),SOD、CAT活性和AsA、GSH含量基本高于或等于对照,APX、GR活性以及Car含量则随石油浓度增加显著降低。石油污染后刺槐苗木H2O2较对照显著增加,MDA含量均等于或显著低于对照水平。刺槐苗木抗氧化保护系统在20g/kg浓度以内的石油处理下受损伤程度不明显。维持抗氧化剂含量以及抗氧化保护酶系—抗氧化剂的协同作用分别为刺槐石油污染短期和长期内清除活性氧的主要机制。     

聚乙二醇处理不同甘蔗品种/品系组培苗的生理响应研究

利用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)作为渗透剂进行模拟水分胁迫处理4个甘蔗品种/品系的组培苗,分析测试甘蔗组培苗在不同浓度PEG-6000的水分胁迫下的叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量和脯氨酸含量等生理响应。结果表明:随着PEG-6000的处理浓度增高,胁迫强度增大,甘蔗组培苗叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量发生了不同变化。不同甘蔗品种/品系的抗旱性不同,对水分胁迫的敏感程度也不同,水分胁迫后叶绿素含量均低于对照,脯氨酸含量随着处理强度的增大显著增加,且以30%的PEG-6000浓度处理增加较为明显,抗旱性强的甘蔗品系脯氨酸增幅更大;丙二醛含量随着胁迫强度的增大急剧增加,抗旱性差的甘蔗品种/品系增幅更大。聚乙二醇模拟水分胁迫组培苗结果表明,4个甘蔗品种/品系中02-6甘蔗品系抗旱性最强,其次为新台糖22号,最差的为新台糖16号。通过组培在实验室模拟甘蔗抗旱胁迫,为进一步田间干旱胁迫提供初选材料及参考价值,有利于加速甘蔗抗旱新品种的选育进程。     

高温强光下Ca2+对西葫芦幼苗膜质过氧化、抗氧化酶系统及热耗散的影响

为探明不同浓度外源Ca2+对高温强光胁迫下西葫芦植株幼苗的影响,本试验选用西葫芦(Cucurbitapepo L.)品种"阿兰一代"为试验材料,通过外源喷施不同浓度CaCl2溶液,研究了Ca2+对高温强光胁迫下西葫芦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性、膜质过氧化及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,较低浓度Ca2+处理(5~20 mmol.L 1)可有效提高高温强光下西葫芦幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2&)含量和膜透性,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量升高;同时西葫芦叶片PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)较高,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)较低。说明5~20 mmol.L 1Ca2+处理对高温强光胁迫具有明显的缓解作用,同时其热耗散较小。当Ca2+处理浓度超过40 mmol.L 1时对高温强光胁迫缓解效应不明显。     

NaCl胁迫对菜用大豆种子抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用蛭石栽培,在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,对耐盐性不同的两个菜用大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]品种种子的过氧化氢(H2O2)含量及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环进行了研究。结果显示,NaCl胁迫显著增加了菜用大豆种子的H2O2含量,但耐盐品种"绿领特早"的增幅低于盐敏感品种"理想高产95-1"。NaCl胁迫期间,"绿领特早"种子中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,AsA、GSH含量以及AsA/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值的增幅高于同期的"理想高产95-1",或降幅低于同期的"理想高产95-1";脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量的增幅低于同期的"理想高产95-1"。表明"绿领特早"种子在胁迫期间能够保持较高的AsA-GSH循环效率,可有效地抑制H2O2的积累,这可能是其耐盐性较强的重要原因之一。     

氧气浓度对水稻土N2O排放的影响

通过室内模拟试验,在25℃,60%田间持水量条件下,研究了氧气浓度(200、100和20 ml/L)和铵态氮浓度(10、30和50 mg/kg)对6个水稻土(p H 5.23~7.83,黏粒含量71.0~522 g/kg)N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:供试水稻土N_2O排放通量随铵态氮浓度的增加、氧气浓度的下降而增加。逐步回归分析表明,N_2O累积排放量与铵态氮含量、土壤有机碳含量、黏粒含量呈正相关关系,与氧气浓度呈负相关关系(R2=0.845,P0.01)。氧气浓度下降增加N_2O排放可能与硝化产物中N_2O比例增加和反硝化作用加强有关,但不同氧气浓度条件下各N_2O产生过程的贡献还需进一步研究。     

外源硫化氢对PEG模拟干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确干旱胁迫下外源硫化氢(H2S)对植物幼苗的缓解作用,以玉米自交系郑58为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(0、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2及1.5 mmol·L-1)的H2S供体硫氢化钠(Na HS)对15%PEG模拟干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发的影响,并以筛选到的最佳Na HS浓度对幼苗进行叶面喷施,研究其对幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量、游离脯氨酸(Pro)和活性氧(ROS)的积累特征及膜质过氧化水平的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的Na HS处理在一定程度上提高了干旱胁迫下玉米种子的发芽势、发芽率及幼苗的生物量,其中以0.6 mmol·L-1的Na HS处理效果最佳。叶面喷施0.6 mmol·L-1Na HS溶液显著增强了叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,提高了叶片中抗坏血酸(As A)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量。同时,外源H2S处理增强了玉米叶片中△1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)的活性,提高了叶片中游离Pro含量,显著降低了叶片中过氧化氢(H2O2)及丙二醛(MDA)含量。综上,外源H2S处理通过提高幼苗的抗氧化水平,减少干旱胁迫对玉米叶片造成的氧化损伤,在一定程度上提高了玉米幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应能力。本研究为进一步探索H2S缓解玉米干旱胁迫的机理提供了理论依据。     

H_2S对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环的响应

为了探究H_2S对甜樱桃花器官低温伤害的缓解机理,以甜樱桃品种早大果为试材,分析了不同浓度H_2S供体NaHS对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环系统的影响。结果表明,喷施0.02、0.05、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的NaHS均可降低低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,显著提高还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量(P0.05),降低氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,使AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值显著升高(P0.05),以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)NaHS效果最显著;0.02、0.05、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的NaHS均显著提高低温胁迫下柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)的活性(P0.05),以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)NaHS提高上述酶活性的幅度最大。NaHS的浓度大于0.2 mmol·L~(-1)不再提高低温胁迫下AsA-GSH循环效率;低温胁迫下添加NaHS的同时添加H_2S清除剂HT可解除H_2S的效果。综上所述,喷施适量外源H_2S可有效降低低温胁迫下O_2~-、H_2O,和MDA积累,提高AsA-GSH循环效率,减轻低温对甜樱桃柱头和子房的氧化伤害。本研究结果为明确H_2S缓解甜樱桃花器官低温伤害作用机制以及生产上花期低温伤害预防提供了理论依据。     

不同引发剂处理对水分胁迫下小麦发芽及幼苗生理特性的影响

为了解不同引发处理对水分胁迫下小麦萌发特性的生理机制差异,以半冬性小麦品种周麦18为试验材料,分别用H2O、0.25μM茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)、20%聚乙二醇(PEG)、0.25μM Me JA+20%PEG引发处理6、12、18、24 h,然后在浓度为15%的PEG溶液中进行发芽试验,并测定幼苗生理指标。结果表明,4种引发剂处理均能显著提高小麦种子在水分胁迫下的发芽特性,促进幼苗生长,其中H2O和Me JA均在引发处理12 h效果最好,而PEG和Me JA+PEG均在引发处理18 h效果最好。在最佳引发时间条件下,4种引发处理均能显著降低小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量,加速小麦种子内部碳水化合物代谢,提高渗透调节物质含量;同时,显著提高酶促抗氧化系统的活性,有利于水分胁迫下小麦的生长。因此,适当的引发处理能增强水分胁迫下小麦种子的萌发能力,维持膜系统的稳定性,增强渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,保证生物量的积累。本研究结果为旱地小麦栽培提供了理论依据。     

渗透胁迫下Ca2+/CaM信使系统对小麦幼苗生理特性的调控效应

为探讨Ca2+/CaM信使系统对渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗生理特性的调控效应,以豫麦49-198为材料,研究了Ca2+通道阻断剂异博啶(VP)和CaM拮抗剂盐酸氯丙嗪(CPZ)对PEG胁迫下小麦幼苗相对含水量、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子(O2·-)、双氧水(H2O2)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,随着渗透胁迫时间延长,VP和CPZ处理提高了小麦幼苗MDA、O2·-和H2O2含量,降低了相对含水量、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质和GSH含量,抑制了SOD、POD和CAT活性,而且VP和CPZ复合处理对小麦幼苗的伤害程度更大.试验表明,Ca2+/CaM信使系统可能通过提高渗透调节物质和抗氧化剂含量、增强抗氧化酶活性、降低膜质过氧化水平调节小麦幼苗对渗透胁迫的适应性.     

Formation of 2-alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans and 2-alkylthiophenes in cooked beef and lamb

2-Alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans and 2-alkylthiophenes have been identified in the volatiles of cooked beef and lamb. The quantities of both groups of compounds were higher in the meat of animals fed lipid supplements high in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 2-Alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans were formed when (E,E)-2,4-dienals (C(6)-C(11)) and hydrogen sulfide were heated at 140 degrees C for 30 min. This confirmed their proposed route of formation in cooked meat from lipid-derived aldehydes and hydrogen sulfide; the latter was produced from the degradation of cysteine, via the Maillard reaction. The mass spectra and NMR spectra of these thiapyrans are reported for the first time. Although 2-alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans were found to have only low odor potency, the reactions by which they are formed may have important implications for meat flavor. These reactions may remove potent aroma compounds and their intermediates from meat, thus modifying the overall aroma profile.     

Antioxidative activity of green tea treated with radical initiator 2, 2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride

This study investigated the antioxidative activity of green tea extract, and a green tea tannin mixture and its components, under conditions of radical generation using the hydrophilic azo compound, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) to generate peroxyl radicals at a constant and measurable rate in the cultured renal epithelial cell line, LLC-PK(1), which is susceptible to oxidative damage. Treatment with AAPH decreased cell viability and increased the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. However, green tea extract, and the tannin mixture and its components, comprising (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCg), (-)-gallocatechin 3-O-gallate (GCg), (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate (ECg), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (+)-gallocatechin (GC), (-)-epicatechin (EC), and (+)-catechin (C), showed protective activity against AAPH-induced cellular damage. The tannin mixture and its components exhibited higher antioxidative activity than the green tea extract. Furthermore, EGCg and GCg had higher activity than EGC and GC, respectively. In particular, EGCg exerted the most significant cellular protective activity against AAPH. These results indicate that green tea tannin may inhibit cellular loss and lipid peroxidation resulting from the peroxyl radical generated by AAPH, and that the chemical structure of tannin is also involved in the activity, suggesting that the O-dihydroxy structure in the B ring and the galloyl groups are important determinants for radical scavenging and antioxidative potential.     

2BLZ-2型垄上镇压式精密播种机的研制与试验

2BLZ-2型垄上镇压式精密播种机，设计安装了组合式仿形传动轮，集仿形传动作用为一体。采用了组合内窝孔式玉米排种器，实现精密播种。设置了两组弹簧，以保证播深一致及实现镇压力可调。通过田间作业试验和技术性能分析，证明该机具有良好的工作质量和可靠的技术性能。     

植物C_2H_2型锌指蛋白的研究进展

锌指蛋白是转录因子的一种,对真核生物的生长发育及逆境胁迫的耐受能力都有着重要关系,而植物C2H2型锌指蛋白是研究较多、较为明确的一种锌指蛋白,该蛋白大部分锌指结构具有一段高度保守的氨基酸序列QALGGH,这是植物中独有的特征,且据报道该C2H2型锌指蛋白与逆境胁迫是相关的。本文主要综述了植物C2H2型锌指蛋白的分类、结构和功能,植物C2H2型锌指蛋白与DNA、RNA和蛋白质的相互作用,以及概述了与盐胁迫、低温胁迫、干旱胁迫、氧胁迫和光胁迫等逆境胁迫相关的植物C2H2型锌指蛋白,最后还对其进一步的深入研究进行了展望,这就为日后利用基因工程技术改良作物品质、提高作物的抗逆性提供了有利条件。     

Antifungal activity of 4-methyl-6-alkyl-2H-pyran-2-ones

A number of 4-methyl-6-alkyl-alpha-pyrones were synthesized and characterized on the basis of 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. These compounds were tested in vitro against pathogenic fungi, namely, Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo, Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler, Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz., Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi), Pythium debaryanum (Hesse), and Rhizoctonia solani Nees. Lower homologues were less effective, whereas compounds such as 4-methyl-6-butyl-alpha-pyrone, 4-methyl-6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone, 4-methyl-6-hexyl-alpha-pyrone, and 4-methyl-6-heptyl-alpha-pyrone were found effective against all of the test fungi. They inhibited mycelial growth by approximately 50% (ED50) at 15-50 microg/mL. 4-Methyl-6-hexyl-alpha-pyrone, which was found most effective, was tested against S. rolfsii in a greenhouse at 1, 5, and 10% concentrations. The 10% aqueous emulsion of 4-methyl-6-hexyl-alpha-pyrone suppressed disease development in tomato by 90-93% as compared with the untreated infested soil in the greenhouse after 35 days of treatment.     

Anaerobic reoxidation of Mn2+, Fe2+, S0 and S2– in submerged paddy soils

Anaerobic reoxidation of reduced products in paddy soils was investigated. Ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) and monosulfide ion (S^2–) added to the soil chemically reduced MnO₂ to Mn²⁺, and MnO₂ and Fe(OH)₃ to Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺, respectively, where Fe²⁺ and S^2– were considered to be oxidized to Fe³⁺ and S⁰. Elemental sulfur was oxidized to sulfate by anaerobic incubation with NO₃ ^– MnO₂ and Fe(OH)₃. A new conceptual model for the reduction processes in submerged paddy soil including the reoxidation processes of reduced products, in which soil heterogeneity in paddy fields was taken into consideration, was proposed based on the results. Received: 20 October 1996     

NO和H2O2依赖Ca2+/CaM信号调控马铃薯花青素积累

以不同块茎颜色马铃薯品种陇薯8号、陇薯7号、LC310-2和山东彩肉为材料,研究外源NO、H2O2、NO+ H2O2处理对马铃薯块茎花青素合成及其信号物质Ca2+-ATPase和CaM的影响.结果表明:外源NO和H2O2处理后,4个基因型马铃薯薯皮和薯肉花青素积累,Ca2+-ATPase活性升高,CaM含量增加,其效果为NO+ H2O2＞H2O2＞NO＞水(CK),并且花青素的积累量与Ca2+-ATPase活性和CaM含量均呈正相关,其平均决定系数达0.9194和0.8859.说明NO和H2O2对马铃薯花青素合成具有一定的促进作用,而细胞Ca2 +/CaM信号发挥了NO和H2O2对马铃薯花青素合成诱导的信号调节.     

Simulated warming and low O2 promote N2O and N2 emissions in subtropical montane forest soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The montane subtropical forest soils contain huge nitrogen stocks, and climate warming might drive its volatilization due to the promotion of gaseous losses of...     

Synthesis and sensorial properties of 2-alkylalk-2-enals and 3-(acetylthio)-2-alkyl alkanals

Parallel synthesis was applied to prepare a series of 3-(acetylthio)-2-alkyl alkanals by Michael addition of thioacetic acid under alkaline conditions to alpha,beta-unsaturated 2-alkyl-substituted aldehydes, which were obtained by aldol condensation of the corresponding primary aldehydes as starting materials. The target compounds were characterized in terms of GC, MS, and NMR data. The sensory properties of the odorants, such as odor quality and odor detection threshold value, were determined with a trained panel. Structure-activity relationships are discussed, suggesting that the 1,3-oxygen-sulfur functionality, required for the "olfactophore" of tropical/vegetable notes, can further be extended to the acetylthio derivatives.     

土壤CO2与喀斯特洞穴CO2季节变化响应分析

为了揭示土壤CO_2对洞穴内环境的意义,对大风洞和响水洞2016年洞内环境指标和上覆土壤的相关数据进行统计与回归分析。结果表明,洞内CO_2浓度、土壤CO_2浓度具有显著的季节性特征,土壤2#对应的洞内空气CO_2在夏冬两季差值达793~884mg/kg。土壤水PCO_2和滴水PCO_2在夏冬两季的差值最高可分别达1.12和0.41,因此洞内滴水PCO_2、土壤水PCO_2也表现出明显的季节性特征。土壤CO_2、洞内空气CO_2、洞内滴水PCO_2和土壤水PCO_2间均表现出一定的滞后现象,如4#土壤水PCO_2与滴水PCO_2的相关系数,由非滞后条件下的0.123上升至滞后条件下的0.596。同时在滞后条件下,土壤CO_2对洞内CO_2的贡献率的总和最高可达84.6%,高于非滞后条件下的值。