SB／D联合浸提剂—ICP光谱仪联用技术在养分和有毒元素有效性测试中的应用

通过对华北平原２４个石灰性土壤（褐土、褐潮土、潮土）的研究表明，ＩＣＰ光谱仪可准确地分析ＮａＨＣＯ３－ＤＴＰＡ（即ＳＢ／Ｄ）联合浸提剂所浸提的Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ，Ｍｇ，Ｓ，Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｂ１０种养分元素和Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ，Ａｓ，Ｓｅ４种有毒元素的含量，用ＳＢ／Ｄ联合浸提剂－ＩＰＣ光谱仪联用技术测定上述元素在各供试土壤中的有效含量，与分栽试验中空白处理的植物地上部化学元素吸收量，常规化学分析方法的测定     

广东省杨村华侨柑桔场土壤微量元素含量与分布的研究

采集并分析全球不同母质形成的有代表性的土壤样本１４２个。研究结果表明，各类土壤全Ｂ，Ｍｏ，Ｚｎ和Ｍｎ含量的平均低均低于全国平均值。全量Ｃｕ平均值高于全国平均值，有效Ｂ，ｍＯ，Ｚｎ和Ｍｎ含量的平均值均低于临界值，有效Ｃｕ的平均值稍高于临界值，但６６．７％的土样有效Ｃｕ含量低于临界值。     

甘肃主要农业土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe的形态及有效性研究

本文对甘肃省主要农业土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ的形态及其有效性进行了研究。结果表明，供试土壤的全Ｃｕ含量范围为２２－２４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，全Ｍｎ为５４２－７７２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，全Ｆｅ为３５６８５－３８３５５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。四种元素均以灌漠土的含量最低，褐土最高。土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ的大部分以残留矿物态和氧化铁结合态存在。生物试验和统计分析表明，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ的交换态和松结有机态对植物最为有效，     

我国大豆主要矿质元素含量及其地区差异

地我国不同地区９０个大样本９种元素含量分析结果表明偿同地区大豆元素含量有差异，某些元素含量变化具有一定的地理分布规律，黄淮海地区大豆Ｃａ含量高，Ｚｎ和Ｐ含量由北向南递增，Ｂ含量北方高于南方。９种元素含量依次为Ｋ〉Ｐ〉Ｃａ〉Ｍｇ〉Ｆｅ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｍｎ〉Ｂ〉Ｃｕ。大豆中Ｚｎ与Ｐ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ含量呈显著或极显著正相关，与Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｂ呈极显著负相关；Ｍｇ与Ｍｎ呈显著正相关；Ｂ与Ｃａ呈极显著正相关，与Ｚｎ、Ｐ呈极     

塔里木盆地冲积新成土土壤质地对土壤性状的影响

通过塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地两个大剖面土壤质地的变化，分析了冲积新成土土壤质地对土壤性状的影响。分析结果表明，受土壤颗粒吸收的影响，细土层土壤有机质和全盐含量高于砂土层。在大量的微量元素中，细土层Ｆｅ２Ｏ３，Ａｌ２Ｏ３，Ｐ２Ｏ５，ＣａＯ，ＭｇＯ，ＭｎＯ，ＴｉＯ２，Ｖ，Ｃｒ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｓｒ，Ｙ，Ｎｂ，Ｔｂ和Ｐｂ的含量高于砂土层，而ＳｉＯ２，Ｎａ２Ｏ和Ｂａ５的含量低于细土层。     

太行山中段典型低山丘陵区土壤营养元素丰缺评价

对河北省元氏县有仙乡微地域环境内不同地貌土壤中的营养元素进行了分析评价，查明有效态Ｎ含量低，Ｐ含量较低，６种微量营养元素亦严重缺乏。其中有９０５以上的土壤缺Ｚｎ，Ｍｎ，８０％以上的土壤缺Ｍｏ，Ｂ，６０％以上的土壤缺Ｃｕ，Ｆｅ，相关统计分析表明，土壤有效态元素含量低与有机质含量低呈显著相关，不同地形影响的土壤类型差异亦是造成土壤肥力不同的重要因素。     

南海诸岛土壤的地球化学特征及其生物有效性

南海诸岛主要由三类土壤组成，即富磷岩性均腐土，盐成土和新成土。这些土壤均发育于具有强石灰性的生物碎屑沉积物之上。富磷岩性均腐土的元素含量与母质相比，Ｐ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｂａ、Ｃｄ等元素含量较高，且随成土时间的增加，其含量有增加的趋势，而Ｍｇ、Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂ、Ｖ、Ｐｂ、Ｍｏ等元素含量较低，随成土时间的增加逐渐降低。新成土和盐成土除Ｐ和Ｎａ元素含量较高外，其余元素均接近母质。南海诸岛独特的生物气候、母质等     

南京栖霞山铅锌矿区土壤环境质量评价

应用模糊数学隶属度法对南京栖霞山铅锌矿区的土壤中Ｃｕ，Ｍｎ，Ｐｂ和Ｚｎ４种主要重金属进行了环境质量综合评价。结果表明，该区大部分土壤未受４种金属元素的污染，但露采矿区及选矿厂附近土壤污染严重，面积约占调查区的３．７％。作者还提出了几点治理对策。     

土壤养分状况系统研究法在高产平衡施肥中的应用

应用土壤养分状况系统研究法对河南省主要土壤进行化学分析、吸附试验、盆栽试验和田间校验研究。结果表明：河南省作物高产的养分限制因子主要是Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｓ、Ｚｎ、Ｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ和Ｍｇ，在某些土壤上也限制作物生长。施用含这些元素的肥料对作物有明显增产效果。在一年两作高产平衡施肥时，应综合考虑Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的适宜用量和比例，中、微量元素的配合，前茬施肥后效，以取得高产和较高的经济效益。     

土壤离子吸附：2.主要阴阳离子的吸附特性

综述了土壤与环境中主要阴离子ＨＰＯ＾２－４，ＭｏＯ＾２－４，ＳＯ＾２－４，Ｆ＾－，Ｃｌ＾－和ＮＯ＾－３以及主要阳离子Ｋ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋和重金属离子Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋，Ｃｏ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋等的吸附特性和研究进展。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。