针铁矿对重金属离子的竞争吸附研究

本文研究结果表明，Ｚｎ存在对Ｃｕ吸附影响很小，而Ｃｕ则明显干扰了Ｚｎ吸附，在金属浓度较高时，其干扰程度更显著。Ｎｉ和Ｃｏ并存使各自吸附量都有相应减少。表面络合常数用于表征表面对不同金属离子的相对选择性。Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ并存基本没有改变ｐＫＣｕ（ｉｎｔ），但使ｐＫＺｎ（ｉｎｔ）增大了２．１３单位；Ｎｉ和Ｃｏ并存使各自ｐＫＭ（ｉｎｔ）都有增大，在金属浓度较高时，Ｃｏ的ｐＫＭ（ｉｎｔ）增加值相对较大。这些结果     

土壤离子吸附：2.主要阴阳离子的吸附特性

综述了土壤与环境中主要阴离子ＨＰＯ＾２－４，ＭｏＯ＾２－４，ＳＯ＾２－４，Ｆ＾－，Ｃｌ＾－和ＮＯ＾－３以及主要阳离子Ｋ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋和重金属离子Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋，Ｃｏ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋等的吸附特性和研究进展。     

土壤溶液中重金属离子的浓度

测定了正常土壤和污染土壤溶液中Ｍｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｒ和Ｐｂ的浓度，分别计算了土壤溶液中这些重金属离子的浓度占该元素全量浓度的比率，并讨论了土壤ＰＨ与土壤溶液离子浓度与土壤全量Ｃｕ，Ｚｕ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｒ和Ｐｂ的比率的关系。     

横断山区土壤地球化学及元素含量

概述了横断山区主要土类的地理分布情况，土壤理化性质及地球化学特征，然后分析土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ，Ｐｂ，Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ，Ｃｄ和Ｆ７种元素及其分布特征。     

砖红壤及其矿物表面对重金属离子的专性吸附研究

本文对Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｏ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋在砖红壤、针铁矿、无定形氧化铝和高岭石表面上的专性吸附进行的研究结果表明：ＰＨ是影响重金属离子吸附过程的最重要因素，而表面带电性质对吸附过程的影响不大。砖红壤表面的吸附顺序是Ｃｕ＾２＋〉Ｚｎ＾２＋〉Ｃｏ＾２＋〉Ｎｉ＾２＋≥Ｃｄ＾２＋；针铁矿表面的吸附顺序是Ｃｕ＾２＋〉Ｚｎ＾２＋〉Ｃｄ＾２＋〉Ｎｉ＾２＋〉Ｃｏ＾２＋；而无定形氧化铝和高岭     

江西红壤地区马尾松的年轮与其根部土壤中化学元素含量的相关性研究

对采自江西红壤地区的六株马尾松的圆盘年轮样及它们当年的根据土壤,进行Ａｌ,Ｐ,Ｆｅ,Ｃｏ,Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｂａ,Ｐｂ等元素含量分析。实测结果表明年轮元素含量的分布平均值Ｃ（Ｚ）与当年中土壤中元素含量的分布平均值Ｃ（Ｚ）之间存在统计相关性,     

不同土壤对钾的选择吸附特性

用K Ca交换平衡法对砖红壤、红壤、土、黑土和水稻土K的选择吸附特性研究结果表明 :KG 和KV 系数随着K Ca平衡体系中吸附相中钾与钙比率的变化而改变 ,其曲线特征说明土壤胶体存在着对K亲和力不同的吸附点位。在低钾饱和度时 ,土壤对K的高选择吸附主要归于粘粒矿物楔形区域电荷点位吸附 ,五种土壤楔形区域相对吸附点位顺序为 :黑土 >土 >水稻土 >红壤 >砖红壤 ,该相对吸附点位顺序与土壤含有风化云母和蛭石有关。在高钾饱和度时 ,五种土壤对K的吸附主要发生于粘粒矿物的晶层表面电荷点位 ,粘粒矿物的晶层表面电荷起源也许起决定作用 ,此时KG 选择系数的大小顺序为 :砖红壤 >红壤 >黑土 >土 >水稻土     

Cd Pb Cu Zn As复合污染对水稻的影响

应用田间试验和盆栽试验,研究Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ,Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ａｓ复合污染在草甸棕壤上对水稻产量及元素含量的影响。结果表明,在接近土壤环境标准低浓度水平下,水稻发育正常,减产幅度〈１０％,但土壤Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ临界值下降,籽实中Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ吸收系数提高,Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ含量超标,低剂量对Ｃｄ超标３７．５％,高剂量时超标１００％,增加了对人体健康潜在危险。主要原因在于５元素间存在协同作用Ｐｂ,Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ａｓ的存在增     

红壤对铝、锰离子的吸附特征Ⅰ.铝、锰离子的非等当量交换

对铝、锰离子在红壤中的吸附特征进行了研究，结果表明：离子交换能（或吸附能）的次序为铝＞锰＞钙＞钾，但同一离子在不同固相中的交换吸附能力有异。离子的代入量和代出量随其加入量而递增，而代入量占所加数量的百分数则递减，遵守一般的离子交换规律。非等当量性为铝或锰离子参与交换所出现的一种特殊现象，是由于其水解产物的非电性吸附叠加于电性吸附所致，尤以在砖红壤体系中者为甚；非电性吸附量与平衡溶液浓度的关系符合Freundlish方程。     

土壤中铬的化学行为研究Ⅴ.土壤对Cr(Ⅲ)吸附和沉淀作用的影响因素

本试验研究了土壤、矿物对Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）的吸附和沉淀作用，结果表明：在ｐＨ４．０时，三种土壤对Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）的吸附量是青紫泥＞黄筋泥＞旱地红壤。Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）的吸附量和沉淀量之和随ｐＨ的变化曲线可分为四个区域。在Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）吸附或吸附－沉淀区域的ｐＨ范围内（ｐＨ＜６．０），土壤对Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）的吸附分量随溶液中ｐＨ升高而减少，沉淀分量则随ｐＨ升高而增加；溶液中富啡酸和柠檬酸的存在可以增加Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）的沉淀量。     

我国几种土壤中铁锰结核的元素组成和地球化学特点

The objective of this research was to isolate a dichlorvos （2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate）-degrading strain of Ochrobactrum sp., and determine its effectiveness in remediation of a dichlorvos-contaminated soil. A dichlorvos-degrading bacterium （strain DDV-1） was successfully isolated and identified as an Ochrobactrum sp. based on its 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain DDV-1 was able to utilize dichlorvos as a sole carbon source, and the optimal pH and temperature for its cell growth and degradation were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. Also, the growth and degradation of strain DDV-1 showed the same response to dissolved oxygen. In addition, the soil degradation test indicated that in soil spiked with 100 mg L^-1 or 500 mg L^-1 dichlorvos and inoculated with 0.5% or 1.0% （v/v） strain DDV-1, complete degradation of dichlorvos could be achieved in 24 h. The present study showed that strain DDV-1 was a fast dichlorvos-degrading bacterium in soil. However, further research will be needed to clarify the degradation pathway and the properties of the key enzymes involved in its biodegradation.     

ADSORPTION OF LEAD, COPPER, ZINC, COBALT, AND CADMIUM BY SOILS THAT DIFFER IN CATION-EXCHANGE MATERIALS

The adsorption of Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, and Cd²⁺ (M²⁺) by soils was measured at concentrations ranging from 10-⁷ to 10-² M in 10-³ to 10-² M CaCI₂. Exchange between Ca²⁺ and M²⁺, and solubility products [M²⁺][OH^?]² indicate that M²⁺ is not precipitated as hydroxide but is adsorbed on cation-exchange sites. The proportion of selective adsorption sites with specified values of the selectivity coefficient calculated using Ca as reference ion, increased in the order montmorillonite < humus, kaolinite, < allophane. imogolite < halloysite, iron oxides. Raising the soil pH by Ca-saturation increased both the amount and affinity of adsorption. Selectivity of adsorption increased in the order Mg, Ca < Cd, Co < Zn < Cu, Pb, and the selectivity coefficient varied from < 1 to > 10 000. The formation of the coordination complexes of heavy metal with deprotonoted OH and COOH groups as ligands is suggested as a possible mechanism of selective adsorption.     

THE SPECIFIC ADSORPTION OF DIVALENT Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, AND Zn ON GOETHITE

The specific adsorption of divalent Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn on goethite is measured as a function of pH. For each mole of heavy metal adsorbed approximately two moles of H+ ions are displaced from the interface. Using these results the heavy metal adsorption data are expressed as functions of the solution concentrations of both H+ and metal ions, and the interfacial reaction is described by the equation, ₂SH+M²⁺= S₂M+₂H⁺. The adsorption data are consistent with an electrochemical model of the simultaneous adsorption of H⁺ ions and divalent metal ions on to the oxide. The intrinsic affinities of the metal ions for the oxide surface increase in the order, Cd < Co < Zn < Pb < Cu. However, besides the affinity of the metal ion for the surface, the adsorption curves are considered to be influenced by surface charge, the adsorption density of the metal ions and their size. The analysis of the data in terms of H⁺ and M²⁺ ion adsorption is considered to be complementary to the hydrolysis model for heavy metal adsorption.     

恒电荷土壤及可变电荷土壤与离子间相互作用的研究Ⅲ Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附特征

研究了3种典型可变电荷土壤和4种典型恒电荷土壤在不同pH和不同浓度下单纯及共存体系中Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附及其影响因素。结果表明,两类土壤对Cu2 或Zn2 的吸附量均随平衡浓度增加而增大,符合Langmuir吸附等温式;当Cu2 、Zn2 浓度一定时,pH升高使Cu2 、Zn2 吸附量增大,但当pH >5时,Cu2 、Zn2 吸附量随pH变化甚微,出现一个接近最大吸附量的“平台”。当添加Cu2 、Zn2 浓度相同,但二种离子的总浓度不同时,平衡液的Cu2 /Zn2 浓度比均小于1,说明两类土壤对Cu2 的吸附选择性大于Zn2 ,且这种趋势不因pH和离子浓度而改变。当Cu2 、Zn2 共存时,使可变电荷土壤的Zn2 吸附量减小约70 % ,是恒电荷土壤降低量的约1.5倍;可变电荷土壤吸附一个Cu2 或Zn2 时所释放H 的平均数,明显大于恒电荷土壤者,说明可变电荷土壤对Cu2 及Zn2 的吸附中专性吸附的比例较恒电荷土壤大     

离子强度和pH对可变电荷土壤与铜离子相互作用的影响

研究了离子强度和pH对可变电荷土壤表面电荷与铜离子吸附的影响。作为对照 ,也研究了它们对恒电荷土壤黄棕壤的有关性质的影响。结果表明 ,随pH升高 ,土壤的表面负电荷增加 ,正电荷减少。对于可变电荷土壤 ,可出现电荷零点 (pH0 )。随pH升高 ,土壤对Cu2 的吸附量增大。随着离子强度增大 ,恒电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附百分率明显降低 ,可变电荷土壤对Cu2 离子的吸附百分率也降低 ,但降低的幅度比恒电荷土壤者小得多。土壤中氧化铁的含量越高 ,降低的幅度越小。对于含 2 1 %左右游离氧化铁的铁质砖红壤 ,即使支持电解质NaNO3的浓度高达 1molL- 1,对Cu2 的吸附仍然几乎没有影响。从离子强度和pH与土壤表面电荷和铜离子吸附的关系 ,可以推测在土壤对铜离子的吸附中 ,既存在电性吸附 ,又存在专性吸附。在可变电荷土壤对铜离子的吸附中 ,专性吸附较为重要     

Response of the sorption behavior of Cu,Cd, and Zn to different soil management

This study investigated the effect of different farming practices over long time periods on the sorption‐desorption behavior of Cu, Cd, and Zn in soils. Various amendments in a long‐term field experiment over 44 y altered the chemical and physical properties of the soil. Adsorption isotherms obtained from batch sorption experiments with Cu, Cd, and Zn were well described by Freundlich equations for adsorption and desorption. The data showed that Cu was adsorbed in high amounts, followed by Zn and Cd. In most treatments, Cd ions were more weakly sorbed than Cu or Zn. Generally, adsorption coefficients K_F increased among the investigated farming practices in the following order: sewage sludge ≤ fallow < inorganic fertilizer without N ≈ green manure < peat < Ca(NO₃)₂ < animal manure ≤ grassland/extensive pasture. The impact of different soil management on the sorption properties of agricultural soils for trace metals was quantified. Results demonstrated that the soil pH was the main factor controlling the behavior of heavy metals in soil altered through management. Furthermore, the constants K_F and n of isotherms obtained from the experiments significantly correlated with the amount of solid and water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the soils. Higher soil pH and higher contents of soil organic carbon led to higher adsorption. Carboxyl and carbonyl groups as well as WSOC significantly influenced the sorption behavior of heavy metals in soils with similar mineral soil constituents.     

Fraktionen und löslichkeit der schwermetalle Cd,Co, Cr,Cu, Ni und Pb im Boden

A successive fractionation of heavy metals — Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb — as water soluble, 0.01 N NH₄Cl-exchangeable and 0.01 N NaOH-extratable was carried out, in order to determine their chemical forms in soils. Ionic activities of the heavy-metal compounds expected in equilibrium soil solutions were calculated and are presented in a solubility diagram as a function of pH.The ionic activities in soil solutions show an undersaturation with respect to heavy metal-oxide, -carbonate, -sulfate, -chloride and -phosphate compounds. The ionic activities of the elements studied are pH dependent; the correlation coefficient for pH vs pCd reaches a value 0.66 (significant at the 1 % level). Significant correlations between ionic activities and NH₄-Cl-exchangeable fractions were found for Cd, Co, Ni and Pb with correlation coefficient values of 0.88, 0.89, 0.97 and 0.79, respectively. It can therefore be assumed that desorption and adsorption phenomena are responsible for the regulation of heavy-metal behaviour in soils. The NaOH-extractable fraction of the heavy metals studied does not show any relationship to the organic matter in the soils.     

华中黄棕壤和黄褐土粘粒胶膜的微量元素地球化学特征

The relationships between the basic properties and trace elementsin soil argillans and corresponding matrix soils were studied by sampling from the B horizons of 26 Alfisols in croplands of the subtropical area in Central China. The soil elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, and Zn) were extracted by acid digestion and their contents were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mean contents of clay and organic matter in the argillans were approximately 1.1 and 1.3 times greater than those in the matrix soils, respectively. The pH values and the contents of P₂O₅ and bases (K₂O, Na₂O, CaO, and MgO) in the argillans were higher than those in the corresponding matrix soils. Cu, Cd, Ti, and V were enriched in the argillans. Correlation coefficients and factor analyses showed that Co, Cu, Li, and Zn were bound with phyllosilicates and manganese oxides (Mn-oxides) in the argillans. Cr and Pb were mainly associated with iron oxides (Fe-oxides), while Ni was bound with Mn-oxides. Cd, Ti, and V were chiefly associated with phyllosilicates, but Cr and Mo were rarely enriched in the argillans. In contrast, in the matrix soils, Co and Zn were associated with organic matter and Fe-oxides, Cr existed in phyllosilicates, and Mo was bound to Fe-oxides. Cd, Ti, and V were associated with organic matter. The results of this study suggest that clays, organic matter, and minerals in the argillans dominate the illuviation of trace elements in Alfisols. Argillans might be the active interfaces of elemental exchange and nutrient supply in cropland soils in Central China.     

Cobalt,copper, and manganese adsorption by aluminium and iron oxides and humic acid

Abstract

Adsorption of cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) by synthetic aluminium oxide, ferrihydrite, goethite, extracted humic acid, and a sandy soil sample were determined as a function of metals concentration (0–1.2 mM) and pH (3.8–8.2). For each pH and adsorbent, the Langmuir adsorption maximum (adsorption capacity) was calculated. The position of the adsorption curves for Co, Cu, and Mn as a function of pH has been shown to be related to the first hydrolysis constant of the cations in solution (pK₁). The sequence of preference of the three metals to the studied adsorbents decreased in order Cu >> Co > Mn. The results obtained from this study showed that the Co, Cu, and Mn adsorption characteristics of soils are probably controlled to large extent by their organic matter and oxides contents.     

Adsorption isotherms of some heavy metals under conditions of their competitive adsorption onto highly calcareous soils of southern Iran

Recently, application of sewage sludge or effluents resulted in raising the concentrations of some heavy metals in some agricultural soils of Iran. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the competitive adsorption of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) on six calcareous soils. Adsorption characteristics were evaluated by equilibration of 1 g of each soil sample with 20 ml of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or 200 mg L^?1 of their nitrate solutions and 0.01 M NaNO₃ as background electrolyte. Furthermore, solid/liquid distribution coefficients (K_d) of studied metals, as an index of soil capacity to resist a change of the soil solution concentration, were calculated. Results indicated that amounts of adsorbed Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd increased with increase in their concentrations in the contact solutions, but this trend was more pronounced for Pb and Cu than the others. For all studied soils and metals, Langmuir equation described the adsorption behavior fairly well. Furthermore, Langmuir and Freundlich equation parameters were positively correlated to cation exchange capacity (CEC) and smectite contents; whereas, they were negatively correlated to sand content. Considering K_d values, the selectivity sequence of the metal adsorption was Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd. Therefore, the risk of leaching and also plant uptake of Zn and Cd will be higher as compared to those of the other elements.