暗色草甸白浆土的发生学特性

暗色草甸白浆土广泛分布于中国东北某些地区老阶地和山麓缓坡上,它是在寒冷湿润的森林草甸的生物气候条件下形成的,土壤剖面形态与生草灰化土相近似,故过去土壤学家错误地把它称为生草灰化土。这种土壤的形成过程是受草甸化作用和表层间歇性潜育化作用影响下形成的,根据当地农民的命名把它称之为暗色草甸白浆土。白浆层的矽酸粉末是由于表层滞水或土壤水中溶解矽酸,旱季它沿毛管水上升经过脱水作用析出,重新结晶成为无定形矽酸。土壤溶液呈微酸性反应性,盐基饱和度高,代换性镁含量多,根据伦琴射线分析、差热分析证明了这种土壤的次生粘土矿物组成以拜来石为主。所有这些土壤性质是.草甸化过程的结果,并非灰化作用所致。     

新疆阿尔泰山西北部山区针叶林下土壤的形成特征

本文研究了新疆阿尔泰山西北部山区针叶林下土壤的形成特征，并与我国东部地区的灰化土，暗棕壤进行对比，认为林下土壤与灰化土，暗棕壤有明显的差异，冷凉湿润的水热状况和发育的季节性冻层对于土壤的形成具有重要作用，宜将林下土壤定名为寒棕壤。     

横断山脉的高山灰化土

康藏高原东部横断山系的高山地带的阴暗针叶林下分布着本质上与其他地区不同的土壤类型,在调查和研究了它的形成环境和形成过程之后初步命名为高山灰化土;对于它的命名及形成问题中外学者有过很大的分歧,格拉西莫夫在观察了一系列分析资料和该区有代表性的整段标本后曾命为南方型灰化土¹⁾,马溶之和黄瑞采分析了它的形成环境和性状之后会命为山地灰化土,C. B.佐恩教授在实际考察和研究了该区土壤之后认为它与灰化士原则上是不同的,实际上是一种“伪灰化”作用,并且认为滇西北同样士壤的棕褐色腐殖质铁质淀积物为埋藏的泥炭,是地质过程的产物²⁾。     

大兴安岭北部的灰化土

大兴安岭北部,即伊勒呼里山以北的大兴安岭主体部分,大致位于北纬51°20'—53°28',东经121°31'—126°30'之间,是我国的最北端。其地带性土壤类型,过去说法不一,曾有人命名为生草灰化土¹⁾、棕色灰化土、棕色泰加林土²⁾、灰白色森林土(中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队等,1978)、棕色针叶林土³⁾、漂灰土(中国科学院南京土壤研究所主编,1978)等。     

胡敏物质与土壤矿质部分的相互作用

用不同方法使胡敏物质(胡敏酸溶膠和电析至一定 pH 值的胡敏酸钠)与土壤等作用后用水洗去多余的,测定减少的 C 素,结果如下:i)用胡敏物质溶液通过土壤直至达到平衡,除灰化土淀积层能吸收0.5%的胡敏酸(C×     

关于诊断格鲁吉亚西部湿润亚热带土壤的方法

试验通过测量草酸浸出液光学密度来鉴别灰化土及灰壤的方法.在格鲁吉亚西部被调查的亚热带土壤范围内没诊断出灰化度,所以相应于这些土壤原方法完全适用.     

苏联主要土类中腐殖质成分、含量和胡敏酸性质的某些规律性

作者将下列十种土壤分别进行了腐殖质的含量和成分以及胡敏酸的光学特性和絮固极限的测定,说明腐殖质的量和性质随环境而变化。(1)表面潜育化的强度灰化土,植被是苔类覆盖     

南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅶ. 矿物学特性

南极海洋气候区岩石风化和土壤形成过程中有明显的原生矿物蚀变作用和自生矿物成矿作用。本文以粗骨寒冻灰化土和石灰性扰动冻土两种有代表性的土壤类型为例,阐述了本区土壤矿物学特征。指出铝氧化物、绿泥石、碳酸盐是本区玄武岩类风化物质上发育土壤中的主要自生矿物类型,蒙脱石、特别是绿泥-蒙脱石混层矿物是南极海洋气候区土壤粘粒部分的特征矿物。不同土壤由于成土环境、成土过程、成土历史的差异,其土壤物质的矿物学组成、含量、形态、分布具有明显不同。土壤发生性铁氧化物与成土作用和土壤过程密切相关,其矿物类型、含量、形态特征、分布模式在不同的土壤中明显不同,是表征土壤发育程度与剖面形态表达的有效指标。     

土壤分类的趋势现状及改进

本文结合年前在苏联阿拉木图召开的“国际土壤分类会议”,介绍了国内外土壤分类的发展趋势、现状及我国土壤系统分类的改进问题.     

苏联土壤分类

苏联土壤分类和命名乃系建立在В. В. 道库恰耶夫所确定的原则上,这一原则后来又为其学生和后继者详加研究。苏联土壤分类的基本单位是发生学土类,发生学土类的划分是以土壤特性、成土过程和成土因子的结合研究为依据。     

可变电荷土壤中特殊化学现象及其微观机制的研究进展

综述了近年来可变电荷土壤化学研究的进展,着重总结了可变电荷土壤中的盐吸附、铁铝氧化物对土壤自然酸化的抑制作用和离子强度对离子专性吸附的影响等特殊化学现象及其微观机制的研究进展。用颗粒表面扩散层重叠导致有效电荷数量减小的原理解释了盐吸附现象和铁铝氧化物对土壤自然酸化的抑制作用。阐明了可变电荷土壤和矿物中介质离子强度影响离子专性吸附的机制,用四层吸附模型解释了离子专性吸附随离子强度增大而增加的现象,并根据胶体zeta电位随离子强度改变而变化的趋势进一步证明了离子强度增大使胶体专性吸附面上静电电位的绝对值减小,是离子专性吸附随离子强度增大而增加的主要原因。带电颗粒表面双电层结构和双电层相互作用的深入研究,有助于阐明可变电荷土壤中一些特殊化学现象的微观机理,从而进一步完善土壤化学理论。     

台湾土壤概要和土壤学研究特点

通过对台湾地区的访问和学术交流 ,作者概述了台湾土壤 ,介绍了台湾土壤研究的特点 ,并作了两岸土壤学术语的参比     

Soils in urban and industrial environments

Urban areas are expanding rapidly. Therefore the interest in soil science activities on urban and industrial sites grows. The paper gives an overview of the research and mapping activities in Germany. A model of soils in urban ecosystems shows the relationships of development of soils and soil quality to land use. The water regime of soils is influenced by the characteristics of urban landscape and sealing. Of special interest are the typical substrates. Some properties of soils which develop on tipped substrates of natural material are discussed. Of importance are technological substrates as rubble, ash, slag, waste material and sludges in urban environments. Proposals of classification of urban and industrial soils are presented. For proper use by the municipal authorities availability and application of information on urban soils must be a part of research.     

Origin of the name “Ando soils”

The name “Ando soils” was introduced in 1947 during reconnaissance soil surveys in Japan by American soil scientists. The name identified a great soil group of the intrazonal order in the then current U.S. system. The group consists of soils that had rather thick, dark A1 horizons, were derived from volcanic ash and were acid in reaction. The great soil group was later recognized in places as far apart as Alaska, France and New Guinea. Although the original name is being phased out at the present time, it has been the source of two other names that are in current use, viz., Andepts and Andosols.     

影响冻融土壤水分入渗特性主要因素的试验研究

以冻融期间大田自然冻融土壤入渗试验为依据,分析讨论了影响冻融土壤水分入渗特性的主要因素。试验结果表明,冻融条件下,土壤水分入渗特性不仅受非冻结土壤基本理化特性（土壤结构、土壤质地、、土壤含水量等）的影响,还受冻融土壤的冻层厚度、冻层层位、冻层层数等特有因素的影响;在给定土壤质地条件下,土壤结构、土壤含水量、冻层厚度和冻层层位是其主导影响因素,冻层层数对土壤入渗能力也有一定影响。研究结果可为冻融土壤入渗特性的进一步研究奠定基础;可供季节性冻土区冬春灌溉参考。     

Changes in cation exchange capacity of some Andosols with dithionite-citrate treatment

Andosol is a soil widely distributed throughout Japan and is one of the important soils for the agriculture. The name “Ando soil” was given by THORP and SMITH (19) which means dark soil with an organic matter content ranging up to 30 per cent in the darkest members of the group. In 1964, the Soil Correlation Meeting on Volcanic Ash Soils (8), organized by FAO, adopted “Andosol” for volcanic ash soil of which the active fraction is predominated by amorphous material. Andosol, moreover, has many special properties such as high sorption capacity, high accumulation of organic matter, low bulk density and low stickiness. TAYLOR (18), accordingly, named them “amorphic soils”. The latest soil classification system, 7th Approximation (15) includes andosol under the suborder andepts.     

试论中国淋溶土的成土过程与基本特性

淋溶土是我国的一类重要土壤，总面积约１２．５万ｋｍ＾２。在我国现行的土壤分类系统中，有几个土类－暗棕壤、棕壤、酸性棕壤、白浆土以及部分褐土可归属于淋溶土＾１）。这些土壤大都是温带针阔叶混交林下的森林土壤，生物地球化学循环别具特征。据３０个剖面的统计分析，其Ｂ／Ａ层粘粒含量比值，从暗中壤－棕壤－黄棕壤，为１．４７－１．８８－２．５３，经统计土壤发育过程中粘粒的生成量（或损失量）相差七倍。上述几种土壤     

Characterization of nitrifying bacteria communities of soils from different ecological regions of China by molecular and conventional methods

Soil nitrification rate is very different among soil types, as a result of differences in physical and chemical properties. Little is known about the composition of the nitrifying bacteria community. In this investigation, three soils (fluvo-aquic soil, permeable paddy soil and red earth) from different geo-ecological regions in China were characterized for their nitrification activities and their nitrifying bacteria communities determined either by molecular approaches or by conventional culture methods. A 28-day long-term soil incubation showed that the maximum nitrification potential was found in the fluvo-aquic soil with almost 100% of inorganic N present as NO₃^–-N, while the minimum nitrification potential was in red earth with only a 4.9% conversion rate from ammonium into nitrate. There was no relationship between nitrification potential and numbers of nitrifiers in the soil. The conventional most probable number (MPN) method could enumerate ammonia oxidizers, but failed in enumerating nitrite oxidizers. Therefore, we used an MPN-PCR procedure which gave a convincing nitrite oxidizer count result, instead of MPN-diphylamine. Soils were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of DNA extracted from soils and amplified using a primer specific for the 16S rRNA gene and/or for the amoA gene. The DGGE columns of the three soils differed from each other. There were two similar bands present in DGGE columns of the fluvo-aquic and permeable paddy soils, but no similar band was found in DGGE columns of the red earth. The sequence of amoA indicated that all ammonia oxidizers in these soils were grouped into Nitrosospira clusters 1 and 3, and each soil had a common band similar to the other soils and a special band which differed from the other soils.