保水剂在林果业中的推广及应用

保水剂在林果业中的应用方式主要有拌土、拌种或包衣、蘸根等 ,最适宜使用保水剂的是年降水量超过 40 0mm且季节性干旱明显的地区。在北方半干旱区进行的系统试验表明 :保水剂的保水效果十分显著 ,施入后 0～ 6 0cm土层土壤含水率比对照提高 9 10 %～ 80 95 % ,土壤物理性质显著改善 ,可提高出苗率和移栽成活率 ,使林木生长加快 ,果树提前 1年挂果 ,果实生长量明显增加 ,生长速率加快     

施用保水剂对旱地赤红壤持水能力及氮肥淋失的影响

为探明保水剂在旱地赤红壤对水分和氮素养分的保持效果,用土柱开展旱地赤红壤施用保水剂试验。结果表明,保水剂具有明显的保水保肥效果。添加土重1‰的保水剂,土壤吸持的水量增加18%～50%。保水剂的吸水能力在土壤水分处于饱和状态时为64～71g/g,在田间持水量状态时为112～115g/g,当土壤水分处于较低的供给水平时,保水剂的保水效果更明显。相比保水剂在不受土壤颗粒约束(无空间限制)的条件下,对0.01%～0.1%NaCl溶液及去离子水235～539g/g吸水能力的表现,表明土壤固相的限制和土壤盐分或电解质的影响,妨碍了保水剂吸水能力的发挥。保水剂的保肥效果也值得关注,在10mm/d的灌水强度下经过35d淋溶,施用保水剂的处理0-30cm土层的氮肥淋失率从26.2%降至17.1%,氮肥淋失减少了34.7%。     

凝胶状保水剂使用效果研究

保水剂凝胶是一种保证有效使用保水剂的重要措施。在黄土高原半干旱地区最干旱的春季,通过对比试验分析了在沙棘、杏树、梨树等幼树林中不同保水剂凝胶使用方法与使用量对土壤水分及杏树、梨树前期坐果率的影响,表明使用方法与使用量对土壤水分的维持和对果树生长有显著的影响。在试验的保水剂用量范围内(4 5～15 75kg)使用保水剂凝胶后土壤水分明显提高,提高幅度为5 %～4 8%。棒状保水剂凝胶在埋入土壤2 0天后,贮存的水分可在2 5 30cm半径范围内使得土壤水分比对照提高5 %～4 6 % ,在2 0天到30天内可维持在10 %左右。提高了果树的前期座果率,其中杏树提高2 0 %左右,梨树提高10 %左右。施用棒状保水剂凝胶比直接使用保水剂凝胶和土壤混匀施用维持土壤水分的效果显著,而且可以根据旱情反复吸水使用,是保水剂的一种简便使用方法     

保水剂在改良土壤和作物抗旱节水中的效应

保水剂应用是一种化学节水技术。实验表明,土壤中保水剂含量在0.1%以下时,土壤团聚体增加,土面蒸发明显降低;模拟降雨实验证明,0.1%保水剂的土壤在15%坡度下,其水分入渗增加43%,土壤流失率减少54%。田间试验发现,土壤穴施保水剂使马铃薯增产52%;盆栽实验证明,土壤加入保水剂后的玉米和烤烟抗旱存活率增加,保苗效果好。     

保水剂对土壤水分垂直入渗特征的影响

为了探明保水剂对土壤水分入渗性能及变化过程的影响,该文通过室内积水入渗试验,比较分析了保水剂作用下土壤水分的入渗率、累积入渗量及湿润锋等的动态变化。结果表明：保水剂对入渗率的影响具有稳定性和一致性。上层混施（0～10 cm）和层施（5 cm）保水剂会限制土壤水分向下运移,30 min后累积入渗量分别比对照显著减少了17.3%～36.6%和5.5%～46.6%;而且随着保水剂用量增加,抑制效应增大。相比较而言,这种减缓入渗的程度在保水剂层施,且用量为0.1%时更为明显。下层（10～20 cm）混施和层施（10 cm和15 cm）保水剂对土壤水分入渗的抑制是有限的,约比对照降低了4.9%～11.9%;但当保水剂层施量为0.1%时,土壤水分入渗反而会随着入渗进程而增加,累积入渗量可达到对照的1.1倍。层施保水剂后,保水剂层及保水剂下层土壤含水率会普遍增加1.1～1.9倍。     

保水剂施用对丹参物质形成与养分利用的影响

阐明保水剂在道地丹参种植中的应用效果有助于保水剂在丹参节水抗旱种植中的合理应用.利用盆栽试验,比较不同保水剂用量下丹参物质形成、氮磷钾养分的吸收与利用效率的差异.结果表明,施用保水剂能促进干物质的积累与分配,增加根/冠比和丹参产量;保水剂施用降低了土壤容重,适度的土壤容重减小有助于丹参高产;不同保水剂用量下氯磷钾养分在丹参根系与地上部中的吸收分配与积累、农艺利用效率存在明显差异,过高的剂量不利于丹参的生长与养分的吸收利用,适宜剂量能显著提高丹参产量和氮磷钾肥农艺利用效率.1.2～1.8 g/kg干土的保水剂用量可作为田间丹参节水抗旱种植的参考用量.     

模拟降雨条件下保水剂对沙质土壤水分的影响

为了探究保水剂对沙质土壤水分的影响,采用室内重建土柱,在人工模拟降雨条件下研究不同用量保水剂对沙质土壤(0~30 cm)含水率的影响。结果表明:土壤含水率随着保水剂用量的增加而增加,保水剂用量为0.2%时不但省时省力,而且0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm 3个土层土壤含水率分别为45.42%、48.48%、46.16%,既能满足植物的生长需要,又能节省经济成本,可为干旱、半干旱区节水造林及保水剂的合理使用提供理论依据。     

抗旱节水剂对果树生长及灌溉制度的研究

通过对保水剂和旱地龙这两种抗旱节水剂在苹果生长上的试验研究,分析了抗旱节水剂集成应用对土壤含水率、苹果产量、苹果品质(主要指可溶性固形物)的影响。结果表明,施用抗旱节水剂可增加土壤含水率和果实品质,增产达13365 06～19036 58kg/hm2,增加纯经济效益20570～34750元/hm2;水分利用效率提高,每1hm2节水892m3,同时对抗旱节水剂应用条件下的果树灌溉制度进行了研究,提出了不同降雨年型的灌溉制度。     

保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量的影响

使用保水剂是有效利用和改良风沙土的重要途径。通过研究垂直入渗率、累积入渗量、渗吸持续时间、渗透系数4项入渗特征量以说明在5-7cm深度处层施保水剂对于风沙土水分垂直入渗的影响,测定入渗结束后土壤各层含水量以研究受试体系的水分垂直分布。结果表明,试验处理可使垂直入渗率在各时间点有不同程度减小,有3种保水剂处理累积入渗量均增加了42%左右(1%处理),渗吸持续时间增长了134%~390%,渗透系数减小了65%~85%,且4种变化趋势均随保水剂用量的增加而加剧。入渗结束后土壤水分垂直分布也发生明显变化：保水剂-土壤混合层含水量上升52%~178%,上层土壤含水量明显增加但下层土壤略微降低。研究表明,保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量影响十分明显。     

不同覆沙厚度下保水剂对沙质土壤水分垂直分布的影响

基于保水剂施入土壤后氧化、见光易分解的特性,探究不同覆沙厚度下保水剂对沙质土壤垂直水分的影响。采用室内重建土柱的方法,在人工模拟降雨条件下设置4组保水剂用量(0,0.1%,0.2%和0.4%)的均质供试土体的基础上,再与4个覆沙厚度(0cm,5cm,10cm和15cm)风沙土按照随机区组设计16个处理,研究不同覆沙厚度下保水剂对沙质土壤(0—30cm)水分垂直分布的影响。结果表明:(1)保水剂用量对混合层水分含量影响最为直接,效果最显著;(2)土壤各层含水率随着保水剂用量的增加而增加,且不同保水剂用量处理下0—30cm土层含水率分别为(18.78±0.52)%,(22.77±1.89)%,(37.01±10.55)%和(46.47±14.27)%;(3)4个覆沙厚度下含水率均达到显著性差异,各层含水率随着土层深度的增加而增加;(4)保水剂用量0.2%和覆沙5cm时,0—10cm,10—20cm和20—30cm 3个土层土壤含水率分别为25.90%,37.19%和41.68%,不但省时省力,而且满足植物的生长需要。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.