用激光法和吸管法测定东北黑土区侵蚀泥沙颗粒组成的差异分析

吸管法是测定颗粒组成的经典方法,激光法作为一种新兴的方法,近年被广泛应用于土壤和河流泥沙颗粒组成的分析中,并逐步应用到侵蚀泥沙粒径分析.为获取激光法与吸管法测定侵蚀泥沙特性指标和不同粒径的差异以及二者之间的转换关系,对18个黑土区侵蚀泥沙样品颗粒组成进行了测定和分析.采用中值粒径D50和平均质量直径MWD进行侵蚀泥沙样品特性分析,激光法比吸管法测定结果明显偏低;但2种方法测定D50和MWD具有很好的线性转换关系(R＞0.9,P ＜0.001).激光法测定的砂粒和黏粒质量分数低于吸管法测定值,测定粉粒质量分数明显高于吸管法测定值.测得砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量在2种方法间,均具有很好的线性转换关系(R＞0.8,P ＜0.001).进一步细分泥沙颗粒为大于中砂、细砂、极细砂、粗粉和细粉这5个粒级时,2种方法间除极细砂(R=0.764,P＜0.001)外,其余粒级均具有很好的线性转换关系(R＞0.8,P＜0.001).     

激光粒度仪与吸管法测定土壤机械组成的比较研究——以不同退化程度栗钙土为例

激光粒度仪法作为测量土壤机械组成的新型方法,具有操作简单、速度快的优势,但其适用性与可靠性尚未达成广泛共识。为探究激光粒度仪测定土壤机械组成的准确性与适用性,采集7种退化程度共21份栗钙土土样,使用激光粒度仪与吸管法测定土样机械组成并对比分析。结果显示:激光法测定结果黏粒偏小,而砂粒、粉粒偏大,且随粒径减小误差增大。将两种测定结果进行回归分析,发现砂粒与粉粒转换模型拟合效果理想,黏粒拟合效果差。建立质地三角图发现两种方法得到的质地差异较大,采用转换后数据分析质地,发现质地接近、正确率高,转换效果好。通过扫描电镜对土粒形态观察,发现标准流程不同分散方法下土粒形状与数量均有差异,推测分散方法会影响土壤机械组成的测定结果。激光粒度仪的适用性据测定对象的不同而有差异,对黏粒精度要求高的情况下不宜使用该法,而其他情况下需要对测定结果进行数据转换。     

激光粒度仪法与湿筛-沉降法测定火山碎屑物发育土壤颗粒组成的比较

为了比较湿筛-沉降法和激光粒度仪法测定玄武质火山碎屑物发育土壤的颗粒组成的结果,对供试土壤进行了比重值测定,并采用实测比重值和常用比重值(2.65)分别进行了湿筛-沉降法的土壤颗粒组成测定,同时又对样品进行了激光粒度仪法测定。结果表明:玄武质火山碎屑物发育土壤的比重值较土壤的常用比重值有一定的差异,进而导致了两种比重值条件下湿筛-沉降法测定的土壤颗粒组成的差异,但相差不大。激光粒度仪法测定的土壤颗粒组成与湿筛-沉降法比较,黏粒含量偏低,粉粒含量偏高,绝大多数砂粒含量偏高。导致这种差异的原因之一是两种方法的测定原理不同,分别测定的是同一颗粒的不同特征;其次是测定的粒径范围不同,湿筛-沉降法测定<2 mm的全部土粒,但激光粒度仪法对小于某粒径(MS3000激光粒度仪的测量范围是0.01～3500μm)的土粒不做测量;此外,还受黏土矿物的层状构造及土壤分散方法的影响。由于不同生产厂家、不同型号的激光粒度仪,其测量范围不同,对土壤颗粒组成的测定结果会产生一定的影响。所以,建议在应用激光粒度仪测定土壤颗粒组成时,标示仪器的生产厂家和型号。     

激光衍射法和吸管法分析黏性富铁土颗粒粒径分布的比较

激光衍射技术(Laser diffraction technique,简称LD法)近年来被认为是一种有效的分析土壤颗粒粒径分布(Particle size distribution,PSD)的手段。为检验LD法在黏粒含量高的富铁土上应用的可行性,用LD法和传统的吸管法实测了6个黏性富铁土剖面(黏粒含量>40%)不同层次土样的PSD数据,比较发现:LD法能够提供更多颗粒粒径级别,尤其是黏粒部分(<2μm)的PSD信息,且分析耗时短,效率高。但是LD法与吸管法测定的不同粒级土壤颗粒的含量存在一定的差异。两种方法相比,激光衍射法"低估"黏粒和"高估"粉粒,或者沉降法"高估"了黏粒和"低估"了粉粒。虽然在黏性富铁土的黏粒部分未发现两种方法的线性关系,但粉粒和砂粒分别存在显著的线性相关。供试土壤黏粒含量高且分布范围窄是导致上述差异的主要原因。经过模型转换后,LD法和吸管法PSD实测数据之间的误差明显降低,这说明LD法可以用于黏性土壤的PSD分析。但是LD法PSD测定结果尚不能直接用于目前基于沉降法的土壤质地三角图,需要一定的数据转换。应该尽快通过对各类代表性土壤进行系统化和规范化的对比研究,提高LD技术的可靠性和实用性,建立起基于LD技术的新的土壤质地三角图,以便进一步深化其在土壤科学上的应用。     

基于激光衍射的土壤粒径测定法的评价与校正

为比较与评价激光法与吸管法测定土壤粒径分布的准确性,该文采用激光法与吸管法测定了23组来自中国13个不同省份或自治区土壤样本的粒径分布,将激光法与传统吸管法的测定结果进行比较,并在此基础上对激光法测定参数进行了修正。结果表明:1)与吸管法相比,激光衍射法低估土壤样品中的黏粒含量,其相对误差为36.33%;高估粉粒含量,其相对误差为36.51%;2)对吸管法与激光衍射法的实测结果进行线性关系分析表明,其中黏粒与粉粒的线性关系较好,决定系数分别为0.91,0.90;3)经过模型转换后,基于激光衍射法的土壤粒径分布结果的相对误差明显降低:黏、粉的相对误差分别降低至16.25%、12.83%,说明激光衍射法可以用于大规模不同类型的土壤粒径分析。该研究可为土壤系统化和规范化的对比研究以及建立基于激光衍射技术的土壤质地划分标准提供依据。     

美国有关土壤粒度测定的简便方法

评价土壤质量和土壤对农业管理措施承受力 ,至少要进行土壤质地分析。然而 ,传统的土壤质地分析方法既昂贵又费时。美国科学家T .A .Kettler等人建立了一个快速、简便的测定土壤颗粒分布的方法 ,这一方法运用过筛和沉降 ,既可单独作为质地分析方法 ,又可同时分析颗粒有机物 (MPO)。并在美国大平原上的 6个地点 ,采集不同质地和不同有机物的土壤 ,用此方法和比重计法及标准吸管法测定土壤中砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量。检测结果 ,对于砂粒、粉粒和黏粒 ,此方法与标准吸管法之间的绝对差 <2 % ,相对差分别为 6 %、- 1%和 - 4 % ,变异系数平均 <5 % ,回归分析r2 各为 0 99、0 98和 0 93,对所有的颗粒为 0 98。这一方法对于估测土壤质地、评价土壤质量既便宜又可靠     

激光衍射法与吸管法对东北黑土区土壤粒径分布测定的差异性研究

目前激光衍射法(laser diffraction method,LD)逐步被用于土壤颗粒粒径分布(particle size distri-bution,PSD)的分析,为了对比LD法和吸管法测定东北黑土区土壤PSD的差异性,采用LD法和吸管法分别对东北黑土区宾州河流域36个土壤剖面不同层次178个土壤样品的PSD值进行了测定与分析.结果表明,同吸管法相比,LD法低估了土壤的黏粒含量,平均低估幅度19.69%,而高估了土壤的粉粒和砂粒含量,平均高估幅度分别为14.66%和5.13%.LD法所得PSD结果依据美国土壤质地分类制判定的土壤质地,相对于吸管法总体由粉黏质偏向粉砂质方向.建立了LD法与吸管法测定PSD结果的转换模型,将LD法测定的PSD结果利用转换模型校正后,其测定的各土壤粒级同吸管法相比,准确度达96.97%～98.71%,判定土壤质地的准确率也达83.15%.     

激光粒度仪与沉降一吸管法测定褐土颗粒组成的比较

土壤颗粒组成是土壤的基本物理属性之一,沉降—吸管法是传统土壤颗粒分析的主要方法,激光粒度仪法是近年来新兴的粒度分析方法。为了研究二者的差异,选取了23个黏粒含量差异较大的褐土样品,采用上述两种方法对土样进行了分析。结果表明:激光粒度仪检测<0.002mm颗粒含量低于吸管法,但二者有较好的相关性,决定系数为0.97;在检测<0.02mm颗粒含量时两者比较接近,并且相关性很好,决定系数为0.99;检测<0.05mm颗粒含量时两者也比较接近,决定系数为0.91。激光粒度仪检测结果通过转换模型修正后,可以较好地反映褐土土壤颗粒组成情况。     

北江干流河岸带不同植被类型土壤粒径分形特征

结合野外调查与室内试验,以北江干流河岸带竹林、桉树林、混交林和草地土壤为对象,对比分析了不同植被类型土壤的颗粒组成与分形维数(D)特征及其与其他土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明:北江干流河岸带土壤结构良好(D=2.79),质地均一,粒径分布均匀(粉粒、砂粒、黏粒百分比分别为40.66%,36.59%,22.75%),但随粒级增大,空间变异增强;D值与土壤颗粒组成显著相关,随黏粒和粉粒含量升高、砂粒含量降低,D值升高;不同植被类型土壤分形与颗粒组成差异明显,其中砂粒含量表现为竹林混交林草地桉树林,D值、粉粒和黏粒含量均表现为桉树林草地混交林竹林,竹林和桉树林对土壤结构的影响差异有显著(p0.05),其他植被类型影响差异不显著;D值、黏粒含量均与硝态氮(NO-3-N)和全磷(TP)含量分别呈显著负相关和显著正相关(p0.05)关系,土壤砂粒含量与含水量(SM)呈显著负相关(p0.05),土壤粉粒含量只与SM呈显著正相关,另外,D值、砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量与总有机碳(TOC)和全氮(TN)的相关性均不显著。河岸带土壤受多种因素影响,其土壤理化性质间的相互关系与其他景观差异明显。     

应用吸管法进行风沙土机械组成分析的实验研究

土壤机械组成分析就是指土壤粒径分析，即测定组成土壤的不同直径颗粒的含量。通过机械组成分析可以定量地了解土壤质地的粗细、理化性状、肥力状况及土壤的发育情况。经过从毛乌素沙地、腾格里沙漠和浑善达克沙地等几个区域采样实验，探讨了用吸管法测定风沙土机械组成的实验控制。结果显示：在司托克斯原理指导下的吸管法测定风沙土机械组成的实验中，传统吸管法的10cm深抽样条件下粉粒与黏粒段不能正常测定。8cm深抽样条件下，振荡分散1h有20％的样在粉粒与黏粒段的测定结果有悖实际，煮沸分散1h与煮沸分散10min两种测定结果在砂、粉、黏三段内的变异系数较大。经对比分析，在用吸管法测定风沙土机械组成实验中，以煮沸分散1h，抽样深8cm的实验效果良好。     

Grain-size analysis by laser diffractometry: comparison with the sieve-pipette method

Results of a traditional sedimentation technique for grain-size analysis (the sieve-pipette method) were compared with those of a laser diffraction grain-size analyser, the Coulter LS-100. Milled quartz samples and silty soil samples were used to investigate the effect of particle shape. The reproducibility of the Coulter LS-100 was better than that of the sieve-pipette method, except for the sand fraction. The agreement between the two methods is strongest for the milled quartz samples. The Coulter LS-100 underestimated the clay content of the silty soil samples and generally overestimated the clay content of the milled quartz samples. This indicates the importance of particle morphology. The milled quartz grains are very angular and somewhat elongated whereas the clay minerals in the clay fraction of the silty soil samples usually have a platy shape. Reduced major axis relationships are calculated which may be used to convert Coulter LS-100 results to those of the sieve-pipette method. Correlation is strongest for percentiles size data. The Coulter LS-100 underestimates the clay, but correctly estimates the sand fraction. This results in a weak relationship for the total silt fraction as measured by the two techniques. Therefore, an alternative method is proposed for estimating this fraction. A comparison of our data with published data and relationships suggests that the calibration relationships are quite robust as long as the clay mineralogy of the samples is similar.     

平原区土壤质地的反射光谱预测与地统计制图

基于地统计方法的土壤属性制图通常需要大量的采样与实验室测定。本研究提出利用可见光近红外(visible-nearinfrared spectroscopy,VNIR)光谱技术测定替代实验室测定,并与地统计方法相结合预测土壤质地的空间变异。通过建立砂粒(0.02 mm),粉粒(0.002~0.02 mm),黏粒(0.002 mm)含量的VNIR光谱预测模型,将模型预测得到的质地数据和建模点实测质地数据一同用于地统计分析和Kriging插值制图。以江苏北部黄淮平原地区为案例的研究结果表明,砂粒、粉粒、黏粒含量的预测值和实测值的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为8.67%、6.90%3、.51%,平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为6.46%、5.60%、3.05%,显示了较高的预测精度。研究为快速获取平原区土壤质地空间分布提供了新的可能的途径。     

Soil particle size range correction for improved calibration relationship between the laser-diffraction method and sieve-pipette method

Particle size fraction(clay, silt, and sand) is an important characteristic that influences several soil functions. The laser-diffraction method(LDM) provides a fast and cost-effective measurement of particle size distribution, but the results usually differ from those obtained by the traditional sieve-pipette method(SPM). This difference can persist even when calibration is applied between the two methods. This partly relates to the different size ranges of particles measured by the two methods as a result of different operational principles, i.e., particle sedimentation according to Stokes’ Law vs. Mie theory for laser beam scattering. The objective of this study was to identify particle size ranges of LDM equivalent to those measured by SPM and evaluate whether new calibration models based on size range correction can be used to improve LDM-estimated particle size fractions, using 51 soil samples with various texture collected from five soil orders in New Zealand. Particle size distribution was determined using both LDM and SPM. Compared with SPM, original data from LDM underestimated the clay fraction(< 2 μm), overestimated the silt fraction(2–53 μm), but provided a good estimation of the sand fraction(53–2 000 μm).Results from three statistical indices, including Pearson’s correlation coefficient, slope, and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, showed that the size ranges of < 2 and 2–53 μm defined by SPM corresponded with the < 5 and 5–53 μm size ranges by LDM, respectively. Compared with the traditional calibration(based on the same particle size ranges), new calibration models(based on the corrected size ranges of these two methods) improved the estimation of clay and silt contents by LDM. Compared with soil-specific models(i.e., different models were developed for different soils), a universal model may be more parsimonious for estimating particle size fractions if the samples to be assessed represent multiple soil orders.     

碳酸钙对石灰性土壤颗粒组成测定的影响

采取化学分析和Tessier连续提取法,对西宁市6个功能区城市土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量及形态进行研究。结果表明:西宁市各功能区土壤的Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的全量分别是全国土壤相应重金属几何平均值的1.9~5.2,1.9~6.9,0.8~4.0,7.4~11.1倍,4种重金属污染比较严重。6个功能区的重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量进行差异显著性分析,结果是广场区Cu的含量与风景区的差异不显著(P>0.05),但与其他4个功能区差异显著(P<0.05);风景区与开发区差异显著(P<0.05),但与其他4个功能区差异不显著(P>0.05);开发区Zn的含量与商业区和居民区的差异显著(P<0.05),而其他各功能区间差异均不显著(P>0.05);各功能区Pb和Cd的含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究土壤中重金属的化学形态有较大的差异,Cu以残渣态和有机结合态为主;Zn以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主;Pb和Cd以残渣态为主。Cu活性相对较高的土壤出现在风景区、矿冶区和居民区,Zn活性相对较高的土壤出现在风景区和广场区,Pb活性相对较高的土壤出现在风景区和居民区,Cd活性相对较高的土壤出现在矿冶区和开发区,研究土壤中4种重金属均具有一定的生物有效性和潜在的生态危害性。     

Estimation of soil texture from permanent wilting point measured with a chilled‐mirror dewpoint technique

Soil texture is an important factor governing a range of physical properties and processes in soil. The clay and fine fractions of soil are particularly important in controlling soil water retention, hydraulic properties, water flow and transport. Modern soil texture analysis techniques (x‐ray attenuation, laser diffraction and particle counting) are very laborious with expensive instrumentation. Chilled‐mirror dewpoint potentiameters allows for the rapid measurement of the permanent wilting point (PWP) of soil. As the PWP is strongly dictated by soil texture, we tested the applicability of PWP measured by a dewpoint potentiameter in predicting the clay, silt and sand content of humid tropical soils. The clay, silt, and sand content, organic matter and PWP were determined for 21 soils. Three regression models were developed to estimate the fine fractions and validated using independent soil data. While the first model showed reasonable accuracy (RMSE 16.4%; MAE 13.5%) in estimating the clay, incorporating the organic matter into the equation improved the predictions of the second model (RMSE 17.3%; MAE 10.9%). When used on all soil data, the accuracy of the third model in predicting the fine fraction was poor (RMSE 31.9%; MAE 24.5%). However, for soils with silt content greater than 30%, the model prediction was quite accurate (RMSE 7–12%; MAE 7–9%). The models were used to estimate the sand content and soil textures of soils, which proved relatively accurate. The dewpoint potentiometer can serve a dual purpose of rapidly estimating the PWP and the clay, fine fraction, and soil texture of soils in a cost efficient way.     

Determination of soil texture: Comparison of the sedimentation method and the laser‐diffraction analysis

Laser‐diffraction analysis (LDA) is a rapid automated method achieving highly resolved frequency distributions of particle sizes. Recently, LDA has come into use in environmental sciences. However, in the size range of silt and clay deviations from the particle‐size analysis with the standard pipette method, which is regarded as the reference method for soil‐texture classification, have been reported. Therefore, this study concentrates (1) on the verification of systematic relations between both methods using a series of soils of Lower Saxony (Germany) and (2) on the general applicability of the laser‐diffraction method to soil‐texture classification as well as (3) texture‐based estimates of air capacity, available field capacity, and permanent wilting point. The comparison of LDA with the pipette method demonstrated highly significant linear correlations in each of the particle‐size fractions from clay to coarse silt. The slope of regressions ranged from 0.4 with fine silt to 3.1 with clay. If the clay content derived from LDA was applied to texture classification, the resulting textural classes differed from the standard textural classes, except for purely sandy samples with a clay content of <5%. However, the linear‐regression model enabled an approach of the LDA‐based clay content to values produced with the standard pipette method. Using this transformation, a texture classification became practicable in many cases, but, despite of a high significance level between LDA and pipette method, still led to wrong textural classes in several cases. A comparison with regression models from other regions in Europe showed both similarities and discrepancies, even for similar substrates. Hence, the laser‐diffraction analysis cannot be used for the texture classification of soil samples without verification by the standard pipette method.     

沙柳沙障对沙丘土壤颗粒粒径及分形维数的影响

统计分析了库布齐沙漠流动沙丘、设置沙柳活沙障和死沙障沙丘的土壤颗粒粒径分布、分形维数及其与土壤砂粒(>0.05 mm)、粉粒(0.05~0.002 mm)和黏粒(<0.002 mm)含量的关系。结果表明:与流动沙丘相比,设置沙障沙丘的粉粒和黏粒含量增加,且随着土层的加深而表现为下降趋势,不同部位则均呈沙丘下部>上部>中部的趋势。土壤颗粒分形维数因设置沙障而呈增大趋势,且表现为活沙障沙丘>死沙障沙丘>流动沙丘;垂直分布上,设置沙障沙丘的土壤分形维数随土层加深而逐渐减小,而流动沙丘表现为表层与下层大而中层小的特征,沙丘不同部位的分形维数则均表现为沙丘下部>上部>中部。土壤颗粒分形维数大小与土壤质地的细粒化有一致的变化趋势,且与砂粒含量呈极显著负相关关系,而与黏粒含量、粉粒含量呈极显著正相关关系。<0.05 mm粒径物质含量的增加和>0.05 mm粒径物质含量的降低共同导致了土壤颗粒分形维数在设置沙障后的增大。     

不同耕作年限对耕地土壤质地和有机碳垂直分布的影响

研究不同耕作年限新疆玛纳斯县耕地的土壤颗粒组成、不同土壤颗粒有机碳含量变化特征以及二者的相关关系。选取4种不同耕作年限耕地为研究对象,采集土层0—300cm的土壤样品,采用激光法获取土壤颗粒组成,探讨长期耕作对土壤颗粒组成以及不同土壤颗粒有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:研究区域土壤剖面颗粒组成主要以砂粒(约占21.0%~35.4%)和粉粒(约占46.0%~50.0%)为主,砂粒含量下部明显高于上部,而粉粒含量中部明显低于上部和下部;随着耕作年限增加,剖面上部(0—60cm)土壤质地由粉砂质粘壤土转变为壤土,60—100cm土层土壤质地由粉砂壤土转化为壤土,中部和下部(100—300cm)土壤质地变化较小;土壤有机碳含量随着开垦年限的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,增幅达到71.8%,耕作年限越长有机碳增加值趋于平缓;土壤粉粒、砂粒与有机碳含量相关性不高,而粘粒与有机碳含量呈现显著正相关关系,未耕作(Y0)、耕作20a(Y20)、耕作30a(Y30)和耕作50a(Y50)的土壤粘粒与有机碳含量的相关系数(r)范围在0.67*~0.75*,均达到显著性差异(P0.05)。耕作对土壤颗粒组成以及有机碳含量产生一定影响,科学合理的耕作能够提高土壤的固碳能力,对土壤碳循环系统起到良好的保护作用。