污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术进展

微生物修复是土壤环境生物修复技术的重要组成部分,是最具发展和应用前景的生物学环保新技术.本文以土壤中重金属及典型有机污染物为对象,从土壤微生物与污染物质的相互作用入手,较为系统地综合评述国内外污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术,并结合当前土壤污染的新特点,提出了需进一步认识和解决微生物修复过程中出现的新现象和新问题,以不断丰富和拓展土壤环境微生物修复范畴与内涵.     

多氯联苯复合污染土壤的土著微生物修复强化措施研究

通过室内模拟试验,以不同C源、C/N比、水分及通透性为调控因子,对多氯联苯(PCBs)长期复合污染土壤的土著微生物强化修复进行了初步研究。结果表明,PCBs长期复合污染土壤中,在土壤水分含量为田间持水量的60%时,加入淀粉、葡萄糖和琥珀酸钠均在一定程度上增加了细菌和真菌数量,从而促进土壤中PCBs的土著微生物降解。不同种类的C源对PCBs污染土壤的土著微生物降解效果存在明显差异,且其降解效果与C源的施用剂量密切相关。当淀粉加入量为C1.0g/kg土时,土壤中PCBs的降解效果较好,而葡萄糖和琥珀酸钠加入量为C0.2g/kg土时,PCBs的降解效果明显。土壤C/N比为10:1的处理效果优于C/N比为25:1和40:1。土壤人为翻动有利于PCBs污染土壤中细菌和真菌的生长,提高土著微生物的代谢活性,从而促进土壤中PCBs的自然降解。这为进一步探讨加速土壤中PCBs降解的最适条件和研发POPs污染土壤的生物修复技术提供了科学依据。     

重金属污染土壤的微生物生态效应及其修复研究进展

污染土壤微生物生物修复技术是一项非常有应用前景的环保新技术。本文综述了近年来重金属对土壤微生物生物量,种群及生化过程的影响以及微生物对重金属污染土壤的修复机理和修复研究进展,较全面的分析了重金属对土壤微生物的生态效应。     

多环芳烃长期污染土壤的微生物强化修复初步研究

本研究通过室内模拟试验,以急性毒性较强的菲(Phe)和遗传毒性较强的苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)为代表性多环芳烃(PAHs)污染物,以不同C源、通气状况和水分条件为调控因子,对PAHs长期污染土壤的土著微生物强化修复进行初步研究。结果表明,搅动处理使污染土壤中Phe和B[a]P的降解率分别达59.44%和26.14%,而淹水处理使两者降解率分别达46.48%和13.27%。添加C源(淀粉和葡萄糖)处理提高了土壤中PAHs的降解率,且随着C源的施用量而增加。同时也发现污染土壤中PAHs降解菌和微生物总量呈正相关,并随着PAHs降解菌数量的增加,土壤中PAHs降解率也随之提高。可见,土壤中PAHs降解速率主要决定于PAHs的降解菌数量。     

环境的PAHs污染及其生物修复技术研究进展

阐述了环境中PAHs的来源、性质和分布,综述了国内外有关生物修复技术（生物反应器）治理受PAHs污染环境的应用现状,提出了该技术优行研究的领域。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物与植物联合修复研究进展

本文综述了多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中微生物降解途径、机理及生物反应器的应用,并从植物修复角度,进一步阐述了与微生物联合作用促进污染土壤中PAHs降解的途径、机理及其应用。提出了利用微生物共代谢降解及其与植物联合修复PAHs污染土壤环境的生物修复技术未来研究课题。     

植物–微生物联合修复镍污染土壤研究进展

土壤健康是粮食安全的保障,人类活动给土壤造成的污染亟待治理。镍是人体必需微量元素,但过量的镍具有较大的毒性。目前我国土壤中镍污染比较严峻,应尽快响应《土壤污染防治行动计划》来改善土壤中镍污染状况。本文综述了植物–微生物联合修复技术的基本原理,微生物在镍污染土壤中对植物生长状况、有效态镍含量以及植物吸收镍的影响,对寻找合适的植物和微生物修复镍污染土壤具有重要意义;最后,提出将有机酸运用到植物–微生物联合修复镍污染土壤中、建立PGPB库和寻找我国超富集植物等下一步研究的重点。     

壳聚糖修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

壳聚糖是一种来源广泛、具有良好的生物相容性、生物降解性的高分子材料,其含有大量氨基、羟基等活性基团,能与重金属离子进行螯合,发生吸附作用。壳聚糖还具有改良土壤、促进植物生长,诱导植物抗逆的作用,在重金属污染农田土壤修复中具有独特的应用优势。综述了近年来国内外有关壳聚糖修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展,探讨了壳聚糖对土壤重金属污染修复的潜力,阐述了壳聚糖在重金属原位钝化修复、土壤淋洗修复、强化植物提取修复三个方面的应用,并指出壳聚糖在重金属污染土壤修复中存在的问题以及对其在未来修复重金属污染土壤的发展进行了展望,以期为壳聚糖重金属修复技术的推广和应用提供参考。     

固定化微生物技术及其在污染土壤修复中的应用

固定化微生物技术是一种新的生物处理技术,与普通生物处理法相比有许多优点.本文对固定化微生物的制备方法、固定化微生物的载体、固定化微生物的反应特性以及固定化微生物技术在污染土壤治理中的应用和研究进展状况进行了综述,并对其今后的发展方向作了探讨.     

生物表面活性剂强化微生物修复多环芳烃污染土壤的初探

通过温室盆栽实验,单独或联合接种多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB)和添加生物表面活性剂-鼠李糖脂(RH),研究了生物表面活性剂强化微生物修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果。结果表明,添加RH和接种DB能明显促进土壤中PAHs总量和各组分PAHs的降解。经过90 d培养后,添加RH、DB和RH+DB处理的PAHs的降解率分别为21.3%、32.6%、36.0%,较对照分别提高了333.0%、563.3%、633.0%。此外,随着苯环数的增加,土壤中15种PAHs平均降解率逐渐降低。同时也发现DB、RH+DB处理土壤中脱氢酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量显著高于CK、RH处理,但是CK与RH处理没有显著差异,说明DB、RH在促进土壤中PAHs的降解方面有不同的机制。     

Biomimetic Acid Soil Amelioration using Indigenous Soil Isolates in Comparison to other Potential Microorganism

In the present study, four different soil isolates were screened and evaluated for their acid neutralization capacity in liquid culture and soil column tests with either artificial soil or real acid soil. Miniaturized artificial soil column tests using Aspergillus fumigatus, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Myxococcus xanthus were also included. In the liquid-phase experiment, two isolates (designated ‘A’ and ‘B’) effectively increased the medium pH from 4 to 6.74 and 6.53, respectively, during the 6 d, and the ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) concentration increased from 400 ppm to 1000 ppm (isolate A). The isolates A and B were identified as Enterococcus hirae and Clostridium sp. in 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) analysis. Artificial soil pH increased more quickly with soil isolates than in comparison to A. fumigatus or A. pullulans. In real acid soil pH increased from 4.2 to about pH 6.5 within 4 d. This suggests that biomimetic approaches could be valuable for acid soil amelioration.     

Microbial PAH-Degradation in Soil： Degradation Pathways and Contributing Factors

Adverse effects on the environment and high persistence in the microbial degradation and environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are motivating interest. Many soil microorganisms can degrade PAHs and use various metabolic pathways to do so. However, both the physio-chemical characteristics of compounds as well as the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils can drastically influence the degradation capacity of naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation. Modern biological techniques have been widely used to promote the efficiency of microbial PAH-degradation and make the biodegradation metabolic pathways more clear. In this review microbial degradation of PAHs in soil is discussed, with emphasis placed on the main degradation pathways and the environmental factors affecting biodegradation.     

土壤中多环芳烃的微生物降解: 降解途径及其影响影子

Adverse effects on the environment and high persistence in the microbial degradation and environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are motivating interest. Many soil microorganisms can degrade PAHs and use various metabolic pathways to do so. However, both the physio-chemical characteristics of compounds as well as the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils can drastically influence the degradation capacity of naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation. Modern biological techniques have been widely used to promote the efficiency of microbial PAH-degradation and make the biodegradation metabolic pathways more clear. In this review microbial degradation of PAHs in soil is discussed, with emphasis placed on the main degradation pathways and the environmental factors affecting biodegradation.     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究

通过田间试验研究了玉米和向日葵两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用,考察了外源菌（OX-9）对植物修复的强化和协同效应,对“外源菌一植物”修复效果进行了初步评价。结果表明,在10000mg·k-1污染浓度下,150d玉米、向13葵试验区土壤中石油降解率分别为42．5％和46．4％,较对照区提高了100．5％和118．9％。外源节细菌的施加可使生物修复速度显著加快,150d“DX-9-玉米”和“DX-9-向日葵”试验区石油烃降解率分别达到72．8％和76．4％,较同期单独植物修复的降解率提高了71.3％和64．7％。500d各试验区土壤中石油烃降解率分别为95．5％、96．1％、97．6％和98．9％,土壤中石油烃含量均低于国家标准规定限量（〈500mg·kg-1）;土壤主要理化性质、生物群落分布、呼吸强度及植物不同部位中石油烃的残留量与对照无显著差异。结果表明：玉米、向日葵与节细菌对石油污染土壤的联合生物修复效果显著;经过两年修复,污染土壤恢复健康状态。     

采用通气堆沤对石油烃污染土壤进行生物修复

Laboratory simulation studies and a composting pilot study were conducted to evaluate the capacity of three strains of fungi, indigenous fungus Fusarium sp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Coriolus Versicolor, to remediate petroleum-contaminated soils. In laboratory, the fungi were inoculated into a liquidculture medium and the petroleum-contaminated soil samples for incubation of 40 and 50 days 5 respectively. In the 200-day pilot study, nutrient contents and moisture were adjusted and maintained under aerobiccondition in composting units using concrete container (118.5 cm × 65.5 cm × 12.5 cm) designed specially for this study. The laboratory simulation results showed that all the three fungi were effective in degrading petroleum in the liquid culture medium and in the soil. At the end of both the laboratory incubations, the degradation rates by Phanerochaete chrysosporium were the highest, reaching 66% after incubation in liquid culture for 50 days. This was further demonstrated in the composting pilot study where the degradation rate by P. chrysosporium reached 79% within 200 days, higher than those of the other two fungi (53.1% and 46.1%), indicating that P. chrysosporium was the best fungus for bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum. Further research is required to increase degradation rate.     

菲降解菌的分离鉴定及其在污染土壤生物修复中的应用

采用室内培养方法,从吴江市郊长期被多环芳烃污染的土壤中富集到以菲为唯一碳源和能源的菲降解复合微生物菌群,复合菌群在7d内对无机盐液体中菲（含量100mg·L^-1）的降解率达到99%。从复合菌群中分离纯化获得两株菲高效降解菌B1和L2,经过菌体形态特征、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定菌株B1为百日咳博行特氏菌（Bordetella petrii）,菌株L2为墨西哥假黄单胞菌（Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana）。这两株菌在菲含量为100mg·L^-1的无机盐培养液中,7d内对菲（含量100mg·L^-1）的降解率大约为80%,9d内的降解率可达到99%。将复合菌群和菲污染土壤混合,在光照培养箱中进行培养修复。结果表明,修复88d后,接种复合菌群的低污染浓度（8.22mg·kg^-1）处理和高污染浓度（39.65mg·kg^-1）处理的菲去除率分别达到95.74%和98.06%。     

Isolation and identification of boron-accumulating bacteria from contaminated soils and active sludge

Abstract

High levels of boron are toxic to living organisms. The removal of boron from contaminated water is an important way of dealing with this environmental problem. For this purpose, we screened for bacteria that can absorb high levels of toxic boron from the environment. A range of boron-accumulating bacteria was isolated from boron-contaminated soil in Turkey, from uncontaminated soil in Tokyo, Japan, and from active sludge in Tokyo by semi-quantifying the boron accumulation of each single-cultured bacterium. Intracellular boron concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 1.36?nmol?g^?1 dry weight. Nineteen isolates identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis were most closely related to the genera Bacillus, Variovorax, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus. To our knowledge, this is the first study examining a wide range of bacterial strains in terms of boron accumulation.     

复合菌群的构建及其对石油污染土壤修复的研究

从石油污染土壤中富集分离、筛选出3株高效降解石油的微生物菌株,通过生理生化特性研究及16SrRNA基因序列分析,确定3株菌均属于红球菌属（Rhodococcus sp）,研究和比较了它们与实验室保存的4株菌（分别属于Gordonia sp,Comamonas sp,Pesudomonas sp）降解石油的能力。这7株菌株对石油的不同组分具有不同的降解能力,对7株菌进行不同的组合用以研究复合菌群对石油的降解。结果表明,由两株Rhodococcus sp,一株Gordonia sp和一株Pesudomonas sp组成的复合菌群D,降解石油的能力超过任何单一菌株和其他组合菌群。混合菌群D在5d的培养中能降解70.3%的石油总量和71.4%的芳香化合物。混合菌群D能降解99.8%的C13-19烷烃,92.6%的C20-26烷烃,82.2%的C27-32烷烃以及90.2%的植烷。在实验室模拟条件下,对土壤中石油的降解率达到50%以上。降解土壤中石油的最适温度为10～30℃、pH值为6.5～9.5,接种量需要在106CFU·g-1以上。