爬行卫矛再生体系建立及根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化

以爬行卫矛(Euonymus fortunci var.radicans)无菌苗下胚轴为外植体,在附加不同浓度植物生长调节剂的MS基础培养基上诱导培养,通过器官直接发生途径获得再生植株.结果表明,0.5 mg/LBAP和0.01 mg/L NAA组合的诱导效果最佳,其不定芽再生率高达92%,外植体平均不定芽数目为4.2个.将含有雪花莲凝集素基因(Galanthus nivalis agglutinin,GNA)的植物表达载体pBCGm导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404,通过农杆菌介导法遗传转化爬行卫矛的下胚轴,经PCR和PCR-Southern检测,GNA基因已整合到转化植株的基因组中.遗传转化过程中,外植体不经预培养,菌液浓度OD=0.6,共培养3 d,有利于获得最高遗传转化效率.     

甘露糖阳性选择系统的建立及在番茄转化中的应用

利用PCR克隆了大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)6-磷酸甘露糖异构酶基因（pmi)并进行了序列测定。将该基因替换植物表达载体pAMBIA2301中的卡那霉素抗性基因，构建了以pmi为选择标记基因的植物表达载体pPMI，并导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)EHA105中。研究了甘露糖对番茄(Lycopersicum esculentum)生长和生根的影响及叶盘对甘露糖的敏感性。通过根癌农杆菌介导对番茄进行遗传转化，获得转化番茄再生植株，并对转化植株进行了PCR扩增检测。研究表明以甘露糖阳性选择系统在番茄遗传转化中应用是可行的。     

根癌农杆菌介导的蓝猪耳遗传转化

报道了根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumifaciens）介导的蓝猪耳（Torenia foumieri）遗传转化的方法。筛选蓝猪耳转化芽的最适卡那霉素（Kan）浓度为400mg／L；以稀释10倍的菌液浸染叶盘10～20min，固体共培养基（含20μmol／L乙酰丁香酮）上23℃共培养7～8d可获得转化芽诱导率27．2％；16h光照，8h黑暗是较理想的共培养光周期；茎段作为外植体，其转化芽诱导率要高于叶盘的转化芽诱导率，而且其转化芽比叶盘的转化芽健壮；1／2MS＋100mg／L Kan＋0．5mg／L IAA是比较理想的生根培养基。实验结果表明，根癌农杆菌介导的蓝猪耳转化获得了抗性再生植株，转化率为24．1％。     

农杆菌介导春小麦遗传转化体系的优化研究

采用携带GUS基因双元表达载体p1301-Pubi-Ecppc的根癌农杆菌菌株C58c1、LBA4404和EHA105对4个春小麦品种的幼胚愈伤组织进行了遗传转化。结果表明,3M1.5为最佳诱导培养基;扬麦158和扬麦10是用于小麦遗传转化的良好基因型。对农杆菌转化条件进行进一步优化,得出用农杆菌C58c1侵染预培养15d的扬麦158幼胚愈伤组织,当侵染液浓度为OD6000.8、侵染40min、共培养3d时,可以提高农杆菌介导小麦遗传转化的筛选频率和PCR阳性率。对所得到的具有hyg抗性的愈伤和抗性植株进行GUS基因化学组织检测和PCR分子鉴定,初步证明Ecppc基因已整合到小麦再生植株基因组中。本研究初步建立了农杆菌介导小麦的遗传转化体系。     

狗蔷薇类原球茎遗传转化体系的建立

在本实验室建立的狗蔷薇（Rosacanina）类原球茎（PLB）再生途径基础上,以类原球茎为转化受体,采用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens,GV3101菌株）介导法,通过评价类原球茎GUS基因瞬时表达率,采用正交试验设计优化狗蔷薇遗传转化条件,建立遗传转化体系。最佳转化条件为：用OD600值为0．6的农杆菌菌液侵染狗蔷薇类原球茎30min,然后在含有100μmol／L乙酰丁香酮的MS培养基上共培养2d,利用此优化的转化系统,经组织化学染色及PCR检测获得了转GUS基因阳性植株。     

爬行卫矛再生体系建立及根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化研究

以爬行卫矛(Euonymus fortunei var. radicans)无菌苗下胚轴为外植体，在附加不同浓度植物生长调节的MS基础培养基上诱导培养，通过器官直接发生途径获得再生植株。结果表明，0.5mg/L BAP和0.01mg/L NAA组合的诱导效果最佳，其不定芽再生率高达92%，外植体平均不定芽数目为4.2个。将含有雪花莲凝集素基因(Galanthus nivalis agglutinin，GNA)的植物表达载体pBCGm导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404， 通过农杆菌介导法遗传转化爬行卫矛的下胚轴，经PCR和PCR-Southern检测，GNA基因已整合到转化植株的基因组中。遗传转化过程中，外植体不经预培养，菌液浓度OD=0.6，共培养3d，有利于获得最高遗传转化效率。     

PchsA驱动的烟草orf25基因表达载体构建及遗传转化

为研究orf25基因的功能及其与烟草雄性不育性的相关性,通过PCR方法从质粒p UC57-Pchs A中扩增了花特异性启动子Pchs A,并以其取代植物表达载体p BI121中的组成型启动子Ca MV35S,然后将orf25基因插入到Pchs A启动子下游,构建由Pchs A启动子驱动的orf25基因表达载体,测序结果显示植物表达载体p BI121-Pchs A-orf25构建成功。将该表达载体导入根癌农杆菌LBA4404中,采用根癌农杆菌介导法遗传转化雄性不育烟草MS革新3号,共获得76株转基因烟草植株,经PCR鉴定,转基因阳性植株为18株,转化率为23.7%。研究结果证明目的基因orf25已整合到烟草基因组中,为进一步探究该基因的功能及其与烟草雄性不育性的关系奠定了基础。     

根癌农杆菌介导转褪黑素基因草莓的获得

为建立根癌农杆菌介导的草莓褪黑素基因高效遗传转化体系,以草莓品种“早红”叶片和叶柄为外植体,优化了影响根癌农杆菌遗传转化的因素,包括农杆菌菌液浓度、侵染时间、共培养时间和预培养时间等,建立了适宜草莓“早红”的农杆菌遗传转化体系。结果表明,“早红”草莓适宜的转化条件是：外植体的最适预培养时间为2～3 d,农杆菌侵染的最佳菌液浓度为OD600 0.3～0.5,最适侵染时间为15 min,最适共培养时间为3 d。在此基础上,通过根癌农杆菌介导法将褪黑素合成关键酶N -乙酰转移酶（AANAT）和羟吲哚-氧甲基转移酶（HIOMT）基因AANAT和HIOMT转入草莓基因组,并对获得的抗性植株进行PCR和PCR-Southern blot检测分析,结果表明外源基因已经整合进草莓基因组中。RT-PCR分析证明外源基因已经在转录水平表达。     

甘蔗根癌农杆菌介导遗传转化研究

以根癌农杆菌（Agrobactrium tumefaciens)EHA105菌株介导将海藻糖合酶基因（TSase)遗传转化甘蔗（Saccharum officinarum)胚性愈伤组织，对转化材料进行连续的PPT抗性筛选。获得93株抗性植株。对部分植株的总DNA作PCR及Dot-Southern检测。结果3株呈阳性，而对照均为阴性，证明外源基因已整合到甘蔗基因组中。     

匍匐型地被菊再生及遗传转化体系的建立

为构建有效的地被菊再生和遗传转化体系,本研究以匍匐型地被菊雨花落英叶片为外植体,研究不同苗龄和激素配比对叶盘再生的影响;通过农杆菌介导法将外源基因导入野生型植株中,研究预培养、延迟培养、抗生素浓度等遗传转化条件对转化效率的影响。结果表明,雨花落英叶盘转基因最适再生条件为,以苗龄为30 d的组培苗幼嫩叶片为外植体,设置再生培养基配方为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.8 mg·L^-1,此时再生率高达91.11%,平均芽数为5.90;最优遗传转化组合为预培养2 d,侵染5 min,共培养2 d,延迟培养5 d,之后进行选择培养。羧苄青霉素在延迟培养阶段最适抑菌浓度为400 mg·L^-1;潮霉素叶盘筛选的最适选择压为8~10 mg·L^-1,生根筛选最适浓度为11 mg·L^-1;培养后期加入6-KT可以有效提高抗性芽的再生率;调节6-BA浓度为1.0 mg·L^-1,蔗糖浓度为40 g·L^-1,可以将得到的玻璃化苗转化为正常苗。分子鉴定结果表明,15株抗性苗中有10株阳性苗,阳性苗概率为67%;与野生型植株相比,9个株系的CmERF12基因均受到了明显的抑制表达。本研究建立了地被菊雨花落英再生和遗传转化体系,为进一步进行基因功能研究和遗传改良奠定了一定的理论基础。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分，因此，各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中，在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究，而植物中则相对缓慢，但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成，以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI