切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选机构设计

针对切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选环节果杂分离不清、损失率高、缠膜挂秧、筛面堵塞等难题,该文设计了一种风筛组合、无阻滞、大小杂并除的清选机构,其主要由上层筛(杆筛)、下层筛(多阶弹性筛和后筛)、抖草轮、偏心套、风机等组成。该文运用动态静力学方法研究了筛面物料的相对运动,分析了物料相对筛面上滑、下滑、从筛面跃起的极限条件,确定了振动筛主要运动参数的理论值域;运用达朗伯原理开展了交变载荷下筛体的受力分析,确定了筛体关键结构参数。该文对影响清选作业质量主要因素开展了试验研究,试验结果表明:影响清选机构综合作业质量的主次作用因素为主风机转速、振动筛振幅、振动频率,较优参数组合为主风机转速2 100 r/min、振动筛振幅12.5 mm、振动频率9Hz,此时清选损失率5.03%、荚果含杂率5.39%;清选机构作业顺畅性较好,较少出现缠膜挂秧、筛面堵塞现象。研究结论可为切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选机构的设计提供理论参考。     

基于EDEM的振动筛分数值模拟与分析

为了寻找振动筛的最佳运动学参数（振幅、频率、振动方向角）,达到提高透筛效率并减少清选损失的目的,利用EDEM软件,对振动筛分过程进行数值模拟,得出在其他条件一定的情况下,随着振幅和频率的增加,物料沿筛面后移的速度增加,同时透筛效率增高,在振幅40 mm时和频率6 Hz时出现筛分损失;随着振动方向角的增大,在25°到45°范围内,物料沿筛面后移的速度增加,在45°时达到最大,超过45°之后,物料沿筛面后移的速度逐渐降低,而透筛效率在35°时最高,超过35°,透筛效率逐渐降低。模拟结果与试验测量结果总体趋势基本吻合,这表明了利用EDEM进行数值模拟的正确性和可行性。     

铲筛式残膜回收机输膜机构参数优化与试验

垄作残膜回收对机具幅宽要求较高、地膜利用低、垄体高、垄沟残膜回收难、残膜碎片多、埋膜深等特点。铲筛式残膜回收机对土下残膜具有回收能力,在垄作残膜回收领域具有良好的应用前景。输膜机构缠膜率高和收获后残膜含土率高是制约铲筛式残膜回收机推广的主要问题,为了提高铲筛式残膜回收机输膜机构作业质量,降低输膜机构的缠膜率及收获后残膜的含土率,该文运用单因素试验方法得出最优筛面结构形式,在单因素试验基础上运用Box-Benhnken的中心组合试验方法对残膜回收机输膜机构的工作参数进行了试验研究,以振动筛振动频率、振动筛振幅、齿片间距进行三因素三水平二次回归正交试验设计。建立了响应面数学模型,分析了各因素对作业质量的影响,同时,对影响因素进行了综合优化。试验结果表明:缠膜率影响显著性顺序为振动筛振动频率?齿片间距?振动筛振幅;含土率影响显著性顺序为齿片间距?振动筛振动频率?振动筛振幅;最优工作参数组合为振动筛振动频率3.9 Hz、振动筛振幅42 mm,齿片间距15 mm,对应的缠膜率和含土率分别为1.72%、32.81%,且各评价指标与其理论优化值的相对误差均小于5%。研究结果可为铲筛式残膜回收机输膜机构的结构完善设计和作业参数优化提供参考。     

基于非球形颗粒模型的胡麻脱粒物振动分选仿真与试验

为提高仿真中胡麻脱粒物形状真实程度,减小仿真建模误差,该研究基于开源离散元法框架,采用超二次曲面单元法建立了胡麻脱粒物不同组分的非球形颗粒,对多级振动筛分过程进行了仿真与试验研究。研究中分析了一级筛、二级筛的筛面物料分布情况、不同物料的透筛率及含杂率,并开展了试验验证。仿真结果表明：超二次曲面法建立的非球形颗粒能很好地模拟真实物料的物理特性;一级筛中籽粒、短茎秆透筛率分别为99.08%、66.49%,蒴果可被分选;二级筛中籽粒、短茎秆透筛率分别为96.38%、4.79%,短茎秆可被分选。被分选的物料在激振作用下可在对应的筛面发生利于筛分的迁移。不同物料的含杂率统计结果分别为籽粒4.87%,短茎秆21.95%,蒴果3.38%。验证试验结果表明,胡麻脱粒物不同组分的透筛率、含杂率仿真与试验值的相对偏差均小于10%。研究结果证明超二次曲面法建立的非球形颗粒模型适用于振动分选作业。     

4B-1200型平贝母药材收获机的设计与试验

针对山区丘陵平贝母收获费时费工、机械化水平不高等现状,设计了一种与手扶拖拉机相配套的平贝母药材收获机。该机主要由刮土机构、挖掘铲、振动筛、筛下分贝土机构、装袋装置等组成。利用解析作图法对振动筛串联四杆机构进行分析,确定平贝母和土壤混合物能顺利通过筛面的驱动轴转速范围240~535 r/min;对反向螺旋叶片上的平贝母进行受力分析得出减小平贝母碰撞破损的筛下分土机构螺旋叶片转速小于4 m/s;平贝母收获试验样机田间试验表明:该机作业顺畅、性能稳定,匹配动力为13.2 k W的手扶拖拉机,平贝母损失率小于4.9%、损伤率小于4.1%,满足行业标准规定,筛后贝土输送螺旋能顺畅地将贝土分至畦面两侧。该研究为产品级平贝母药材收获机的研制提供技术参考。     

圆周振动清粮装置的试验研究

为了提高清粮装置的工作能力,在双摇杆清粮装置试验台上,将筛面的驱动机构改为双曲柄机构,使筛子在铅垂面内作圆周运动,对筛子的振动频率、振幅、倾角、鱼鳞筛开度和谷粒喂入量等参数对清粮损失率和清洁度的影响进行了单因素试验,分析了圆周振动清粮装置的工作特性,试验表明圆周振动清粮装置具有较强的分离能力和较大的谷粒流量适应范围.     

水田作业工况的拖拉机振动特性

为研究拖拉机在水田工况下的振动特性。该文采用轮胎滚动法测取南京江浦农场水田硬底层纵断面空间函数,对数据进行自相关性检验,分析硬底层垂直位移功率谱密度;以CF700型拖拉机(常发集团)为研究对象,基于轮胎-湿软水田土壤系统,建立水田工况下拖拉机三自由度振动微分方程和仿真模型,以水田硬底层纵断面时间函数为输入矢量,对拖拉机振动特性进行仿真研究,并将仿真结果与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,水田硬底层高程具有统计相关性,其不平度系数Gx(0.1)=316.7×10-6 m3,拟合指数w=-1.651;试验所得拖拉机前桥、后桥及座椅椅面垂向振动频率分别是2.91、3.6及2.5 Hz,与仿真结果相对误差分别为19.9%、7.2%、16.0%。以上结果为面向水田作业的拖拉机振动研究提供路面参考模型,验证了水田工况下拖拉机三自由度平面振动模型的有效性,为拖拉机减振系统的参数设计提供理论依据。     

五自由度混联机器人优化设计与运动学分析

为提高农业自动化程度,拓宽并联机构在农业工程领域的应用,提出一种存在连续转轴、关节数目少、易于控制的两移一转运动冗余平面并联机构,该并联机构任意位置的转轴均为相互平行的连续转轴,使其具备良好的灵活性。基于此平面并联机构,构造出了多种五自由度混联机器人,首先建立了五自由度混联机器人的运动学模型,并对其进行了奇异分析,给出了减少机构奇异位型的条件;然后基于灵活性指标,对并联机构进行了尺寸优化,绘制了用于选取结构尺寸的性能图谱,且借助有限元软件对基于优化所得结构尺寸绘制的具有运动冗余特性的平面机构进行了结构拓扑优化,,完成了整体结构优化前后的静力学分析与对比,结果显示优化前后整体变形仅增大0.51%,优化前后机构优化部分的质量减少33.02%,满足机构变形要求。该混联机器人具有结构简单、运动学模型简单、结构刚度高和模块化程度高的特点,且其结构的变胞性有助于实现机构运动和驱动冗余模式的切换,增强了机器人的可研究性。该文可为混联机器人运动学分析及优化设计提供参考。     

后掠式叶片轴流泵固液两相流数值模拟与优化

针对轴流叶轮在污水固液两相流介质中的磨损问题,该文设计了不同后掠式叶轮结构方案进行优化设计,分别对后掠角度为40°、65°、90°的后掠叶片和原型叶片进行固液两相流数值模拟和试验对比,并分析了不同后掠方案叶轮内固体颗粒的分布特性。数值模拟结果表明,随着后掠角度的增加,叶片压力面固相体积分数会逐渐减少,而叶片吸力面上固相体积分数会先增加后减小,叶轮内固相的径向流动越明显并且叶片后掠角度越大,固相就越难与叶片压力面接触,而越易与叶片吸力面接触;颗粒直径越大,后掠叶片压力面上固相体积分数越大,而叶片吸力面进口边靠近轮毂处的固相体积分数增加;颗粒浓度越大,后掠叶片压力面上固相体积分数减少,叶片吸力面上固相体积分数增加。当优化后的后掠叶片角为90°时,该叶片结构优化了固体颗粒的分布,可大幅降低叶片轮缘处的磨损,提高了轴流叶轮在污水介质中的使用寿命和运行可靠性。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的混流泵流动诱导振动试验

混流泵水力诱导的机组振动是混流泵运行失稳的重要因素之一,为了研究混流泵水力激振诱导的机组振动情况,基于本特利408数据采集系统,测量获得了空载和负载工况下混流泵泵体和泵体基座不同位置处的振动信号,通过希尔伯特-黄变换对原始振动信号进行经验筛分分解,获得了不同模函数分量的频谱分布。研究结果表明,相比空载运行,混流泵负载工况运行时水力诱导的机组振动明显加剧,但在不同方向上,水力激振引起的振动各不相同。X方向上2个工况下的振动频谱分布基本相似,而在Y方向、Z方向和混流泵底座上,负载工况下波形的频带分布变窄,能量分布较为集中,且Z方向的原始振幅要明显大于Y方向,约为Y方向原始振幅的2倍。混流泵负载工况运行时,低频振动占据主要振动能量分布,使得不同模函数分量的主频向低频方向移动,水力诱导混流泵机组的振动以中低频振动为主。该研究可为有效降低或防止混流泵水力诱导的机组振动恶化提供参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.