土壤有机质与水分反射光谱响应特征综合作用模拟

土壤有机质与水分均对土壤反射光谱特征有显著的影响,但其作用机理难以定量描述。通过对黑龙江省典型黑土区土壤野外高光谱反射率的测定,研究了该区土壤的光谱反射特征;利用BP神经网络方法,以土壤有机质与水分数据作为输入层,以土壤光谱反射率一阶微分作为输出层,建立黑土有机质与水分的高光谱预测模型,并对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行检验。结果表明:土壤有机质与土壤表层0~20 cm含水量之间具有显著的相关性,相关系数为0.59;1570 nm波段处的一阶微分为输出层的模型精度最高,RMES达到0.017,平均绝对误差为0.014,平均相对误差为0.110;模型检验结果表明建立的BP神经网络模型具有良好的稳定性;土壤有机质、含水量对土壤光谱反射率的综合作用得到较准确的描述,可以用于野外土壤有机质与水分的速测。     

东北平原不同类型土壤有机质含量高光谱反演模型同质性研究

土壤有机质含量是反映土壤肥力的重要特征,利用高光谱技术对耕层土壤有机质（OM）含量进行定量化反演可为土壤信息化管理和精准施肥提供重要的依据。本文利用ASD FR 2500高光谱仪在室内条件下测定了风干土壤样品的可见近红外光谱,分析了东北平原不同土壤类型土壤光谱反射率曲线形状变化及土壤有机质含量的光谱反演模型,结果表明,根据土壤光谱反射率曲线变化特点可以初步将东北平原的几种土壤类型划分为三类,其主要区别在于460～1350nm范围内曲线斜率变化的差异。通过相关分析进一步确定了土壤有机质敏感波段为650～750nm,建立了不同土壤类型的有机质含量回归预测模型,并且对不同模型的回归系数和截距进行了方差同质性检验。结果显示,黑土和黑钙土、黑土和暗棕壤的模型没有显著差异,即可以分别构建同质性模型来简化有机质的预测,但是预测精度有所降低。     

基于高光谱数据预测土壤碱化程度最佳模型及其影响因素的研究

为快速准确地估测土壤碱化程度,对实测波段范围为400~900 nm的土壤光谱数据进行了波段差、波段比、波段归一化3种预处理,采用偏最小二乘法(PLSR)建立了不同波段范围的土壤pH的预测模型,并利用测试集数据对模型进行精度检验。结果表明:采用归一化、波段比2种方式对原始光谱进行预处理,可有效地增强光谱与土壤pH的相关性,并抑制干扰信息,其中归一化最优。虽然可见光波段范围(400~750 nm)所建立的预测模型与全波段(400~900 nm)预测模型R2相同,但其RMSEP比全波段减少了0.059,RPD提高了0.2,说明该波段范围包括了反映土壤pH的大部分信息,是建立其预测模型的优势波段。因此,利用可见光波段的光谱数据,采用归一化预处理可以具有较好稳定性和预测能力地预测土壤pH的最佳模型(R2=0.90,RMSECV=0.104)。     

基于光谱吸收特征的土壤含水量预测模型研究

为了定量分析土壤含水量与反射光谱特征之间关系,并为土壤含水量速测提供理论依据。以黑土作为研究对象,测定实验室光谱反射率,利用去包络线方法提取反射光谱特征指标,建立土壤水分含量高光谱预测模型。结果表明:黑土含水量与1 420 nm、1 920 nm附近吸收谷的主要光谱特征(吸收谷深度、宽度、面积)呈显著正相关;1 920 nm附近吸收谷可作为黑土土壤水分的特征吸收谷,由其光谱特征参数预测黑土含水量;以1 920 nm附近吸收谷面积为自变量建立的一元线性回归模型预测精度高,输入量少,可以作为土壤含水量速测仪器研制的理论依据。     

黑土土壤中全氮含量的高光谱预测分析

为实现快速、准确估测土壤氮素含量水平,推动土壤信息化管理进程,该研究利用ASD2500高光谱仪在室内条件下测定了风干土壤样品的可见—近红外光谱。结果表明,通过不同的变换,光谱反射率对数的一阶导数与土壤全氮含量相关性得到增强,以400～600 nm波段范围内相关性最好。该文确定了以反射率对数的一阶导数光谱预测黑土全氮（TN）含量的最佳回归模型,模型所用的波段为可见光波段的556 nm、近红外的1 642和2 491 nm。同时,也确定了利用由可见光波段550和450 nm组成的归一化光谱指数预测黑土TN含量的最佳预测模型。模型通过验证达到较好的效果：利用反射率对数的一阶导数、归一化光谱指数对土壤TN的预测R2分别为0.863、0.829,均方根误差RMSE分别为0.122、0.152。     

辽宁省黄土状母质发育土壤有机质含量高光谱预测模型的构建

  目的  建立辽宁省黄土状母质发育土壤有机质含量的高光谱预测模型,以便快速获取土壤样品的有机质含量。  方法  对省域内黄土状母质发育土壤进行了样品采集,获取样品有机质含量和高光谱数据;选择原始光谱及其一阶微分、二阶微分、倒数对数、倒数对数一阶微分、倒数对数二阶微分6种光谱变换数据作为自变量,与土壤有机质含量进行相关分析,选取特征波段,分别建立多元逐步线性回归（SMLR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和主成分回归（PCR）3种土壤有机质高光谱线性预测模型,并进行了支持向量机（SVM）方法的非线性模型拟合。  结果  土壤有机质含量与其光谱反射率呈负相关关系,对光谱进行不同的数学变换,可以提高土壤有机质含量与光谱反射率的相关性,其中一阶微分和二阶微分的提升效果最佳;相同光谱数据在不同模型中建模精度存在显著差异,以原始光谱反射率一阶微分为自变量的PLSR模型精度最高,建模集和验证集的决定系数（R2）分别为0.958和0.976;3种线性方法建立的最佳预测模型的检验精度为:PLSR > SMLR > PCR。  结论  PLSR模型是辽宁省黄土状母质发育土壤有机质含量的最佳高光谱预测模型,且基于特征波段的建模效果优于全波段;SVM非线性模型的预测精度较低。     

苏北沿海滩涂地区土壤有机质含量的高光谱预测

基于反射高光谱快速、无损的检测优势,以苏北沿海滩涂地区不同成陆年代土壤作为光谱信息源,应用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）方法,研究了原始反射光谱（REF）、微分光谱（FDR）、反射率倒数的对数（lg(1/R)）和波段深度（BD）对不同成陆年代土壤有机质含量的预测精度。结果表明,不同成陆年代土壤有机质含量预测的最佳光谱指标存在差异。REF是构建总体样本有机质含量PLSR预测模型的最佳光谱指标,均方根误差（RMSE）和相关系数（r）分别为2.7231和0.8701;FDR是预测成陆千年土壤样本有机质含量的最佳光谱指标,RMSE和r分别为2.0110和0.9436;BD所构建的成陆百年土壤有机质含量的PLSR预测模型为最优,RMSE和r分别为2.7051和0.8770。相关分析表明,可见光波段、以1 400 nm为中心及1 900～2 450 nm的红外波段是估算土壤有机质含量的最佳波段。     

东北典型黑土区表层土壤有机质含量高光谱反演研究

选择东北典型黑土区——德惠市、扶余市和双城市为研究区,利用便携式地物光谱仪获取土壤光谱数据,基于原始光谱值及一阶微分、倒数的对数、连续统去除变换,分别建立了黑土有机质含量的多元线性逐步回归模型、偏最小二乘回归模型和BP神经网络模型。结果表明:高光谱与土壤有机质含量在多个波段相关性较好,其中有机质与反射率一阶微分处理的相关性最好,在光谱584 nm处其相关性最强(r=-0.60,n=81)。光谱一阶微分处理数据在三种建模方法中的预测及验证精度均高于原始光谱值、倒数的对数和连续统去除变换,因此一阶微分为最佳光谱变换形式。偏最小二乘回归分析的预测效果整体优于多元线性逐步回归分析和BP神经网络分析,光谱一阶微分处理的偏最小二乘回归模型呈现出最佳预测效果,决定系数为0.71、均方根误差为2.29 g kg~(-1)(n=53)。     

苏北滨海土壤碳酸钙含量反射光谱估算研究

土壤属性的快速、精确测定是实现现代精细农业的基础。本研究分析了江苏省北部滨海土壤的属性特征以及碳酸钙的可见-近红外反射光谱特征,探讨利用可见-近红外光谱估算滨海土壤碳酸钙含量的可行性,比较不同光谱反射率数据集、不同预处理方法以及不同建模方法定量反演的优劣。结果表明:(1)苏北滨海土壤有机质含量较低、碳酸钙含量较高,其光谱曲线在2 340 nm处有较明显的碳酸钙吸收特征;(2)滨海土壤碳酸钙含量与土壤的可见-近红外波段反射率呈正相关,且碳酸钙含量高低对于土壤的近红外波段反射率的影响高于可见光波段;(3)可见-近红外反射光谱可用于估算滨海土壤碳酸钙含量。就建模结果而言,381~2 459 nm波段反射光谱数据集、log(1/R)预处理、偏最小二乘回归三者结合的效果比较理想。     

基于高光谱特征的土壤有机质含量估测研究

在室内条件下,利用ASD2500高光谱仪测定了潮土和水稻土自然风干土壤样品的光谱。通过系统分析两种不同类型土壤的高光谱特征差异及其有机质含量的敏感波段区位,建立了土壤有机质含量的光谱估测模型。结果表明,具有相同有机质含量的两种类型土壤整体光谱变化趋势无明显差别,但反射率表现出明显差异,一阶导数变换能较好地显现谱图中的肩峰。潮土和水稻土有机质的敏感波段集中在相同区域,原始反射率在685 nm处相关性最高,而一阶导数光谱在554 nm处相关性最高。通过对整体样本的多元逐步回归分析,筛选出两种土壤有机质相同的敏感波段为800 nm、1 398 nm和546 nm。进一步以一阶导数为自变量,基于1 400nm和554 nm两个波段构建了土壤有机质差值指数SOMDI及估测模型,即Y=4.19 12.85×(R_FD554 R_FD1 400)。利用独立的样本对建立的光谱模型进行了检验,预测决定系数均达0.79以上。上述结果表明,利用高光谱技术可实现土壤有机质的快速监测与诊断。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分，因此，各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中，在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究，而植物中则相对缓慢，但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成，以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI