长期不同施肥紫色水稻土磷的盈亏及有效性

【目的】 研究长期施肥条件下土壤全磷、有效磷 (Olsen-P) 对磷素盈亏的响应,为西南紫色水稻土区科学施用磷肥提供依据。 【方法】 以四川遂宁34年 (1982—2015年) 长期肥料定位试验为平台,试验设8个处理,即不施肥 (CK)、氮肥 (N)、氮磷肥 (NP)、氮磷钾肥 (NPK)、有机肥 (M)、有机肥 + 氮肥 (MN)、有机肥 + 氮磷肥 (MNP) 和有机肥 + 氮磷钾肥 (MNPK),分析了土壤磷素盈亏与全磷、Olsen-P的变化特征。 【结果】 不施磷肥 (CK和N) 作物每年从土壤中带走磷约13.22 kg/hm2,且维持在较低的变化水平;单施有机磷肥处理 (M与MN) 作物携出磷量比不施磷肥提高了约1.73倍,磷素携出量呈增加趋势;施用磷肥 (NP、NPK、MNP和MNPK) 作物携出磷量在41.71～45.62 kg/hm2之间,吸磷量随时间呈下降趋势。不施磷肥土壤磷素常年处于亏缺状态,施磷土壤磷素年均盈余量为8.76～88.79 kg/hm2,有机无机磷肥配施磷盈余量大于单施有机肥和单施无机磷肥,随施肥年限的延续磷盈余量呈上升趋势。土壤中磷含量随磷盈亏而变化,施用无机磷肥或有机无机磷肥配施土壤全磷和Olsen-P增量与磷盈亏呈显著正相关,而不施磷或单施有机磷这种响应关系不明显;土壤每盈余磷100 kg/hm2,NP、NPK、MNP和MNPK处理土壤中全磷分别增加0.14、0.16、0.015和0.018 g/kg,Olsen-P分别提高15.76、17.19、1.96和1.85 mg/kg。 【结论】 土壤磷素有效性随土壤磷素盈亏而变化,与加入磷素形态密切相关,西南紫色水稻土单施无机磷肥提升土壤磷含量的速率大于施用有机肥。      

灌溉与旱作条件下长期施肥塿土剖面磷的分布和移动

利用12年长期定位试验研究了灌溉和旱作条件下不同施肥处理对土土壤剖面全磷与有效磷(Olsen-P)分布和移动的影响。结果表明,土施磷后主要累积在耕层,极大地提高了0—20cm土层全磷与Olsen-P含量。旱作条件下,施用磷肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了100cm以上土体全磷与Olsen-P含量;而化肥配合有机肥,Olsen-P含量在100—300cm土壤剖面中都高于对照(不施肥)和化肥处理。灌溉条件下,与旱作有相同趋势,但磷钾、有机肥配施氮磷钾处理,全磷和Olsen-P不仅在0—300cm剖面中高于对照和氮磷钾处理,而且也高于旱作条件下的相同处理。土上存在磷素的淋失。     

灌溉与旱作条件下长期施肥塿土剖面磷的分布和移动

利用12年长期定位试验研究了灌溉和旱作条件下不同施肥处理对土土壤剖面全磷与有效磷(Olsen-P)分布和移动的影响。结果表明,土施磷后主要累积在耕层,极大地提高了0—20cm土层全磷与Olsen-P含量。旱作条件下,施用磷肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了100cm以上土体全磷与Olsen-P含量;而化肥配合有机肥,Olsen-P含量在100—300cm土壤剖面中都高于对照(不施肥)和化肥处理。灌溉条件下,与旱作有相同趋势,但磷钾、有机肥配施氮磷钾处理,全磷和Olsen-P不仅在0—300cm剖面中高于对照和氮磷钾处理,而且也高于旱作条件下的相同处理。土上存在磷素的淋失。     

长期施肥对塿土磷素状况的影响

利用塿土12年长期肥料定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式对耕层土壤全磷(TP)、有机磷(OP)与有效磷（Olsen-P）的影响。结果表明,施用化学磷肥提高了耕层土壤TP、Olsen-P含量,但并未提高OP含量;对照与磷钾处理的OP含量有降低趋势。当基于含氮量施有机肥时,土壤TP和Olsen-P含量大幅度提高,也提高了OP含量,但OP/TP比率在降低到一定程度后维持在一个较为稳定的水平;即使施用有机肥的处理,磷素也主要以无机形态累积。土壤Olsen-P与TP或两者的增加量都呈显著的线性相关,塿土TP每提高100 mg/kg,Olsen-P增加量约为20.8 mg/kg,且单位土壤全磷增加带来的Olsen-P增加有随施肥时间降低的趋势。在土壤Olsen-P含量达到一定水平时应考虑减少磷肥用量。基于有机肥中磷素含量来推荐有机肥施用或延长其施用的时间间隔,将有助于减少由于有机肥施用带来的磷素大量快速累积。     

长期不同施肥处理水稻土磷素在剖面的分布与移动

稻麦轮作黄泥土施肥试验始于1980年,共布置不施肥、纯化肥、有机肥(猪粪或菜籽饼)、化肥加有机肥、氮肥加秸秆、氮肥加有机肥加秸秆等14种处理。2003年11月麦季取土壤样品分析结果表明:(1)与无肥处理相比,施磷处理和有机肥处理耕层土壤全磷(TP)含量皆有显著增加,并且表现出向下迁移的迹象,有机肥配施NPK化肥处理土壤磷的迁移可达30 cm深度,其余施磷处理均至25 cm。(2)大部分施磷处理在表层0~25 cm内无机磷(I-P)总量发生显著性变化,Ca2-P由于其溶解性强可迁移到30 cm以下,Al-P、Fe-P、Oc-P(闭蓄态磷)的迁移可达25 cm,Ca8-P至20 cm;Ca10-P含量只在有化肥P输入的6个处理的0~15 cm耕层土壤中有显著性增加。(3)土壤有机磷(O-P)含量的变化小于无机磷的变化,只有无机磷配施有机肥的3个处理和仅施PK化肥的处理,其耕层土壤有机磷发生显著性增加。     

不同施肥处理对潮棕壤磷素累积与剖面分布的影响

摘　要 以下辽河平原的长期定位试验为平台,通过比较不同肥料类型和用量条件下表层土壤全磷及土壤剖面（0~80 cm）中速效磷的分布差异,研究长期不同施肥条件对土壤中磷素垂直迁移的影响。结果表明：1）在各施磷肥处理上,土壤磷素收支盈余,表层土壤全磷和速效磷含量均明显升高,且土壤磷收支的盈亏值(x)与土壤速效磷的增减量(y)呈显著直线关系y = 0.070 1x 8.538 9（R2=0.89**）,其中磷素盈余量的15.8%进入到土壤速效库内;2）化肥磷施用量为50和100 kg hm-2时,60~80 cm土层内速效磷含量显著高于对照,说明存在磷素的垂直迁移;3）相对于化肥而言,施用有机肥更易于磷素向下迁移;4）在施肥、有机质含量和作物吸收等多种因素影响下,土壤速效磷在土壤剖面中呈现上下层高、中间层低的空间分布格局,最低值出现在20~40 cm土层。     

长期不同施肥模式红壤性水稻土磷素变化

【目的】研究红壤性水稻土长期不同施肥模式下耕层土壤有效磷含量与全磷含量的变化特征,以及有效磷含量与累积磷盈亏的关系,分析不同形态磷肥对土壤磷素有效性影响的差异,找出最有效的红壤性水稻土磷素培肥施肥方式。【方法】供试土壤取自1981~2012年在江西进行的红壤双季稻稻田长期定位试验。试验自始至终保持水分、农药等日常田间管理与当地习惯相同,统一水稻品种并定期更换。试验设5个处理:施氮钾肥(NK);氮磷钾化肥(NPK);两倍氮磷钾化肥(NPK2);早稻氮磷钾化肥配施紫云英,晚稻氮磷钾化肥配施猪粪(NPKM);长期不施肥(CK)。分析了耕层土壤有效磷含量和全磷含量计算了有效磷增量与累积磷盈亏的相互关系。【结果】试验32年后对照土壤磷年均亏缺22.7 kg/hm2,有效磷含量在低水平下维持平衡;NK处理磷素年均亏缺27.9kg/hm2,显著高于不施肥处理,全磷含量缓慢降低32年累计降低了8.6%,有效磷含量呈持平趋势。NPK、NPK2、NPKM处理土壤磷素均有盈余,年均盈余量分别为33.3、39.0、41.0 kg/hm~2,全磷含量分别增加了32.1%、89.4%、165.1%,有效磷含量分别增加了2.2、6.9、15.3倍,年上升速率分别为0.30、1.18、1.79 mg/kg,有效磷增量与累积磷盈余呈显著正相关。NPK化肥配施有机肥处理不仅提高土壤有效磷及全磷的含量,还显著提高磷素有效性。水稻产量增加量随累积磷投入量和有效磷的增加而增加,前期增加较快后期增加较慢,有效磷含量具有明显的拐点,其值超过20 mg/kg后产量就增加缓慢。【结论】红壤性水稻土在双季稻种植模式下,长期不施磷肥处理土壤全磷含量缓慢降低,有效磷含量可维持低水平下的平衡。施磷处理土壤全磷含量,有效磷含量以及磷素有效性均呈上升趋势且无机磷肥与有机磷肥配施处理上升最快。无机磷肥与有机磷肥配合施用在提高土壤全磷含量的同时也提高磷素的有效性。土壤有效磷超过20 mg/kg后相对产量提高缓慢。氮磷钾化肥与有机肥配合施用是提高耕层土壤磷素库容和提高磷素活化能力的有效措施。     

不同有机肥及用量对矿区复垦土壤有效磷含量及供磷特性的影响

为研究有机肥培肥复垦土壤过程中磷的有效性如何变化、不同有机肥在什么施磷水平下能使作物取得最大生产效率以及合理培肥土壤,依托采煤塌陷定位培肥试验基地(山西省孝义市偏城村),在4个磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm²)研究不同肥料(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和化肥)对玉米产量及土壤速效磷含量的动态变化。经过2年的田间试验,结果表明:(1)施用有机肥和化肥均能显著提高玉米籽粒产量,随着施磷量的增加,玉米籽粒产量呈先增加后基本不变的趋势,通过构建2年磷肥效应方程发现,化肥、鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪处理的最佳施磷量范围分别为67.54~83.02,24.91~38.65,26.10~29.26,50.33~58.38 kg/hm²,可见,3种有机肥推荐施磷量均小于化肥处理;(2)玉米吸磷量和磷肥利用率在各施磷水平下均表现为鸡粪≥猪粪>牛粪>化肥。玉米吸磷量随施磷水平的增加呈先增后基本不变的趋势,磷肥当季回收率表现为随施磷水平的增加呈下降趋势;(3)连续施肥2年后,不同施肥处理在采煤塌陷区复垦土壤上影响的土壤有效磷深度不同。其中,化肥处理在50,100 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高0—60 cm土层Olsen-P含量;鸡粪处理在50 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高0—40 cm土层Olsen-P含量,而100 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高Olsen-P含量到60 cm土层;猪粪处理在50,100 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高0—40 cm土层Olsen-P含量;牛粪处理仅对表层Olsen-P含量有影响。总之,不同有机肥处理之间对作物生长和土壤Olsen-P含量的影响均表现为鸡粪≥猪粪>牛粪,且不同有机肥对于新复垦土壤的推荐施肥量不同,鸡粪和猪粪的推荐施磷量最少,其次为牛粪处理。     

长期定位施肥对潮土磷素下移及有效磷生态阈值的研究

研究长期施肥条件下磷素下移情况及其与0～20 cm土层有效磷含量的关系,明确有效磷生态阈值对作物产量和农业生态安全有重要的意义。试验基于"国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站" 30年定位试验,选取5个处理,即不施磷肥(NK)、施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施(MNPK)、MNPK处理施肥量的1.5倍(1.5NPKM)、氮磷钾化肥与玉米秸秆还田配施(SNPK),采集0～20、 20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土壤样品,分析有效磷含量,研究土壤有效磷垂直变化,并分析0～20 cm土层有效磷含量与磷素下移关系。结果表明,长期施用磷肥可提高有效磷含量,施磷量越高,有效磷含量增加越快;0～20 cm土层有效磷含量15.7～24.7 mg/kg,磷素下移慢,可下移到40～60 cm土层;而有效磷含量大于55.6 mg/kg时,磷素下移速度显著增加,下移到60～80 cm土层,并且下移量更大。综上,磷素下移的深度受耕层有效磷含量的影响,潮土区土壤有效磷生态阈值为25 mg/kg,既满足作物高产对养分的需要,又不对生态环境造成危害。0～20 cm土层有效磷含量为15～25 mg/kg时,控制磷的投入量;当0～20 cm土层有效磷含量超出25 mg/kg,减少磷的投入。     

灌溉与旱作条件下长期施肥(土娄)土剖面磷的分布和移动

利用12年长期定位试验研究了灌溉和旱作条件下不同施肥处理对(土娄)土土壤剖面全磷与有效磷(Olsen - P)分布和移动的影响.结果表明,(土娄)2土施磷后主要累积在耕层,极大地提高了0-20cm土层全磷与Olsen - P含量.旱作条件下,施用磷肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了100cm以上土体全磷与Olsen - P含量; 而化肥配合有机肥,Olsen - P含量在100-300cm土壤剖面中都高于对照(不施肥)和化肥处理.灌溉条件下,与旱作有相同趋势,但磷钾、有机肥配施氮磷钾处理,全磷和Olsen - P不仅在0-300cm剖面中高于对照和氮磷钾处理,而且也高于旱作条件下的相同处理.(土娄)土上存在磷素的淋失.     

Cultivation affected the level of inorganic phosphorus more than the organic pool of the Pampas soils in Argentina

The effects of land use on soil organic and inorganic phosphorus (P) stocks were assessed in the Pampas, Argentina. Three hundred and eighty-six paired sites widely distributed over an area of ca. 50 Mha were sampled. Land use types included soils under trees, uncropped soils, cropped soils at the pasture phase of a mixed rotation, cropped soils at the crop phase of a mixed rotation, and flooded soils. Slight differences in organic P stocks were found among land uses. Organic P was 21–35% lower in flooded soil than in the other treatments in the 0–100 cm depth. Inorganic P was significantly lower (ca. 27%) in pasture and cropped soils than in the uncropped controls at 0–25 cm depth. The ratios of organic P/inorganic P and organic C/organic P decreased with depth and did not significantly differ among the sites. The influence of cultivation on inorganic P to a depth of 100 cm depended on the initial phosphorus content of the soil. Soils rich in phosphorus lost substantial amounts of their phosphorus stocks, in some cases losses were as high as 70%, whereas phosphorus-poor soils presented only small changes in their inorganic P levels.     

Predictive Model for Phosphorus Accumulation in Paddy Soils with Long-Term Inorganic Fertilization

Prediction of accumulation of available phosphorus (P) in paddy soils is crucial for the best management of P fertilizers. Based on the long-term double-rice rotation systems, a predictive model for accumulation rates of Olsen P in paddy soils with chemical fertilization was developed. In paddy soils with more than 40 kg applied P ha^?1, the accumulation of Olsen P in the soils could occur. With the target rice yield of 10 tons ha^?1 per year, the increases in Olsen P in paddy soils were estimated by the model as 0.7, 2.2, and 3.8 mg kg^?1 when P application rates are 40, 60, and 80 kg P ha^?1, respectively. The accumulation rate of Olsen P was relatively high in paddy soils. The predictive model can be used to predict accurately the concentrations of Olsen P in paddy soils based on initial Olsen P, P application rate, and crop yield and to optimize P fertilization for rice crop production and environmental protection.     

Effect of Long-Term Fertilizer Management and Crop Rotations on Accumulation and Downward Movement of Phosphorus in Semi-Arid Subtropical Irrigated Soils

Crop species and their varieties vary in phosphorus (P) requirements for optimum production and response to P application. As crop recovery of added P often ranges from 10 to 40%, the rest accumulates in soil and may create potential for P leaching, depending upon the soil characteristics, duration of P applications, and cropping systems. Accumulation and distribution of Olsen P (plant-available labile P), total inorganic P, and total organic P were investigated in soil profiles of three field experiments differing in rate (9–44 kg P ha^–1), frequency (applied once or twice annually), and duration (4–34 years) of fertilizer P applications, crop rotations, soil characteristics, and irrigation pattern (upland irrigated and flooded-rice crop) in a subtropical region. Profile samples were collected from soil depths of 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm of different treatments in these experiments and analyzed for different forms of P and soil characteristics. The results revealed that (i) annual applications of fertilizer P either to one crop (alternative-applied P) or to both crops (cumulative) led to the accumulation of residual fertilizer P in the form of Olsen P, varying from 44 to 148 kg P ha^–1, and the magnitude of accumulation was proportional to applied fertilizer P rate, frequency, and duration; (ii) majority of residual fertilizer P accumulated as inorganic P (74–89%) followed by organic P (11–26%) and Olsen P (9–19%), illustrating that the inorganic P pool is a major sink for fertilizer P; (iii) application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) alone or in combination with fertilizer P did not affect residual fertilizer P accumulation in soil profile; (iv) incorporation of farmyard manure enhanced the P enrichment of soil profile; (v) irrigation pattern, soil pH (7.1–7.7), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) (trace–0.33%) did not influence P movement to deeper soil layers; silt, clay, and soil organic C (SOC) showed strong relationships with Olsen P (r = 0.827, 0.938, and 0.464, P < 0.01) and enhanced the retention of labile P in the plow layer; and (vi) only 6–29% total residual P moved beyond 30 cm deep in fine-textured soils under 22-year rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 34-year maize (Zea maize L.)–wheat rotations, whereas 41, 27, 20, 9, and 3% were located in soil layers 0–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm deep, respectively, in coarse-textured soil profile under 4-year peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)–sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field. These findings confirmed that interplay between the fertilizer P management (alternative vis-à-vis cumulative P application and optimal vis-à-vis excessive rates of fertilizer P in different crop rotations), amount of labile P accumulated in soil profile, and soil characteristics (silt, clay, and SOC) largely controlled the downward movement and resultant potential for P leaching in subtropical irrigated soils.     

农作措施对集约化土壤中磷形态变化的影响

Phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils is an important factor for soil quality and environmental protection. Understanding of P and its fractions in soils on a regional scale is imperative for effective management or utilization of P and the improvement of P availability in soils. To study spatial variability and changes of soil P and its fractions as affected by farming practices, soil samples were taken in Rugao County, Jiangsu Province of China, an intensive agricultural area in the Yangtze River Delta region, in years of 1982 (n = 1 514), 1997 (n = 1 651), and 2002 (n = 342). High spatial variabilities of Olsen P and total P (TP) were observed throughout the study area. Loamy Stagnic Anthrosols and clay or loamy Aquic Cambosols had significantly higher concentrations of Olsen P and TP than sandy Ustic Cambosols and Aquic Cambosols. Olsen P and TP were increased from 1982 to 2002. The accumulations of Olsen P and TP in the cultivated soils were likely related to the increased application of P fertilizer, organic input, and soil incorporation of crop residues as well as conversion of soil use. Accumulated soil P was dominantly in labile and semi-labile P fractions. These P fractions may be utilized by future crop production by adjusting management practices, but they also pose a serious threat to nearby water bodies. Future strategies should include decreasing P fertilization in soils and supporting sustainable management. The information from this study can be used to monitor changes in soil fertility and environmental risks so that the use of fertilizers can become more rational.     

塑料大棚条件下灌溉方法对土壤磷分布的影响

Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house.However,there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus (P)behavior.In this experiment,drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied,with furrow irrigation method as control,in Mollic Gleysols.Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods.Total, Olsen,organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm)than in the subsoil(20–30,30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm).The Olsen P content throughout 0–60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment.However,the total,organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment,but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment.Under subsurface irrigation treatment,the contents of total,organic and inorganic P at the 0–10 cm layer were 78.0%,1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10–20 cm layer,respectively.But Olsen P content at the 10–20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0–10 cm layer.These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent.     

Microbial Properties of a Loess Soil as Affected by Various Nutrient Management Practices in the Loess Plateau of China

Microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and its relationships with other biological and chemical properties were studied on loess soil with an 11-year long-term fertilization experiment. The results indicated that inorganic fertilizers (F) improved soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and MBP levels and F plus maize stalk (SNPK) improved MBC and MBN. Manuring markedly increased soil MBC, MBN, and MBP levels. Fertilization decreased the ratios of MBC/MBN, MBC/MBP, and MBN/MBP. Microbial biomass phosphorus was positively and linearly correlated with MBC, MBN, organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), water-soluble P, and Olsen P but negatively correlated with soil pH. Microbial biomass phosphorus constituted 2% of TP on control (CK) and inorganic fertilizer treatments and 12% on manure plots. Microbial biomass phosphorus to Olsen P ratios were 50% on CK, F, and SNPK and 80% on manure treatments. Measurements of MBP in soil containing high Olsen P were subject to analytical problems of unknown reasons.     

长期轮作与施肥对农田土壤磷素形态和吸持特性的影响

通过对黄土旱塬地区长期定位施肥(26a)条件下的不同轮作系统的土壤磷素形态和吸持参数的测定,研究了轮作和施肥对土壤磷素吸持特性和磷素形态的影响,以及土壤磷素吸持参数与磷素形态之间的关系。结果表明,长期轮作与施肥都可以减低土壤磷素的最大吸附量（Qm）,相对于其它轮作和连作,在氮磷（NP）施肥下,小麦-玉米-豌豆轮作可以减低土壤的Qm,在氮磷有机肥（NPM）施肥下,小麦-玉米轮作可以减低土壤的Qm。在施肥相同的条件下,小麦-玉米轮作和小麦-豌豆轮作可以显著增加土壤中各形态无机磷的含量,长期轮作比连作可以增加土壤中的有效磷养分,尤其对Ca2-P的提高效果更为显著。相关分析表明,Qm和磷吸持指数（PSI）与全磷（T-P）、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P、Ca10-P和有机磷呈极显著负相关（p＜0.01）,与闭蓄态磷（O-P）呈显著负相关（p＜0.05）,与Al-P关系不显著。土壤有机质（SOM）与Qm、PSI和磷最大缓冲能力（MBC）之间存在极显著负相关关系,与磷吸持饱和度（DPSS）存在显著正相关。通径系数和逐步回归分析表明,在石灰性黑垆土土壤的无机磷形态中,Ca2-P对Olsen-P的贡献最大。     

动物粪液中可溶性磷在土壤中的吸附和迁移特性研究

农田土壤施用动物粪肥引入了大量的可溶性有机物、有机磷和无机磷,了解这些可溶性物质在土壤中的相对移动性及它们之间的相互作用有助于指导农田养分管理。本研究从粪液中分离获得含水溶性无机磷、有机磷和有机物（碳）的溶液,选择了具不同质地和有机质含量的4个土壤（含高量有机质的黄筋泥、含低量有机质的黄筋泥、淡涂泥和清水沙）,应用等温吸附和土柱模拟淋洗方法研究了可溶性有机碳、无机磷和有机磷共存条件下,粪液中可溶性有机态磷和无机态磷在土壤中的吸附和迁移特性。吸附试验表明,可溶性有机物（碳）的存在大大降低了土壤对有机态磷和无机态磷的吸附,表明施用液态有机肥比施用化肥具有更大的磷流失风险。供试土壤对无机态磷的吸附强度高于有机态磷,但对二者的吸附量大小为:黄筋泥>淡涂泥>清水沙;并与粘粒含量、氧化铁含量呈正相关。有机质较高的土壤对有机磷的吸附明显低于有机质低的土壤。淋洗试验表明,在供试土壤中,这3种可溶性物质在土壤中吸持(包括生物吸持)的顺序为:可溶性无机磷>可溶性有机碳>可溶性有机磷;有机态磷比无机态磷更易在土壤中迁移。     

疏浚底泥土地投放中活性磷的下移规律

通过原状土柱淋洗试验研究了运河 (杭州段 )疏浚底泥土地投放后磷在土层中的分布规律。结果表明 ,在连续淋洗的条件下 ,疏浚底泥的土地投放并未显著提高淋洗液中活性磷的浓度 ;但在干湿交替的淋洗条件下疏浚底泥中活性磷的下移作用却相当明显。疏浚底泥土地投放后显著提高了表层1 5cm厚的土层中Olsen P含量 ,而 1 5cm以下土层中的Olsen P的增加并不明显 ,原因可能与疏浚底泥中有机酸的释放及土壤pH的剖面变化特征有关。干湿交替等环境因子的变化对底泥活性磷的下移程度产生更大的影响 ,且底泥用量越大 ,其潜在的影响可能越持久。